Carbon Compound

FATS

Fats and oils are chemically similar, but differ in physical

states.

What is FAT?

- Fats and oil are mixtures of different esters.

- Fats are formed from 3 molecules of long-chain carboxylic acids called fatty acidswith 1 molecules of alcohol called glycerol.

H │H ― C ― OH │ H ― C ― OH │ H ― C ― OH │ H

Fatty acids- R1 , R2 , R3 contains

12 to 18 carbon atoms per molecule- R1 , R2 , R3 are three

alkyl groups which may be the same or different- group: carboxylic acid

O ║OH ― C ― R1

O ║OH ― C ― R2

O ║OH ― C ― R3

Glycerol- propane-1,2,3-triol- group: alcohol

Formation of a fat molecule

Importance of fats and oils

PROVIDE ENERGY-Stored in body-Use as required

NUTRIENTS- Helps the absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins

(A, D, E and K

PROTECTION TO INTERNAL ORGAN- Act as protection cushion to prevent

the vital organs from injury

THERMAL INSULATION- Fats under the skin help to

keep our body warm

Saturated and unsaturated fats

- Fat or oil molecules is affected by parent fatty acids.- Fatty acids can be differentiated in two ways;

i. the length of the carbon chains (12 to 18 carbon atoms)ii. saturated or unsaturated

Saturated fats Differences Unsaturated fats

Saturated Types of fatty acid Not saturated

No double bond Type of bonding Have double bonds

High melting point and solids at room temperature.

Melting point Lower melting points and are liquids at room temperature.

Animal fats Sources Plant or vegetable oils

Maximum Hydrogen content Can be increased

High Cholesterol content Low

Saturated Fats

•Fats contain esters of glycerol and saturated fatty acids. - Example: i. Tristearin ( glycerol + stearic acid)ii. Tripalmitin (glycerol + palmitic acid)

Tristearin

H O │ ║H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)14 — CH3

│ │ O │ ║H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)14 — CH3

│ │ O │ ║H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)14 — CH3

│ H

Tripalmitin

Unsaturated Fats- Fats contain esters of glycerol and unsaturated fatty acids. Example:

i. Triolein (glycerol + oleic acid)

H O │ ║H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)7 — CH ═ CH — (CH2)7 — CH3

│ │ O │ ║H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)7 — CH ═ CH — (CH2)7 — CH3

│ │ O │ ║H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)7 — CH ═ CH — (CH2)7 — CH3

│ H

Converted unsaturated fats to saturated fats

•Unsaturated fats can be converted into saturated fats by process called catalytic hydrogenation.

The hydrogenation process is carried out by bubbling hydrogen gas through hot, liquid oil in the presence of fine particles of nickel catalyst.

a) Unsaturated organic compounds have at least one pair of double or triple bond.

b) When an unsaturated compound is treated with hydrogen, the double or triple bonds will be broken.

c) Two new empty bonds will be created for each double bond.

d) Hydrogen atoms will then attaches itself to new bonds of the carbon atom.

Double bond Hydrogen

Single bond

Example : Margarine

Hydrogenation process

Effect of fats on health•Saturated fats (animal oil) will raise the level of

cholesterol.

•Cholesterol causes fatty deposite or the wall of veins or arteries.

•Blood circulation is restricted and will raise the blood pressure

•Arteriosclerosis, can result in heart attack.

•Unsaturated fats (plant oil) do not contain cholesterol.- Do not cause cardiovascular problems.