Organic ChemistryOrganic compound = compound that contains carbon

Except: ◦CO2

◦CO

What is so special about carbon???

4 valence electrons . . .

So it can have 4 covalent bonds

◦Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms by using single, double and triple bonds.

◦Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.

–Straight chain, branched or rings

Chemical Formula:

CH4

CO2

H20

NH3

CH3CH2CH2CH3

Structural Formula:

Remember: Chemical Formula vs. Structural Formula

Terms

•Macromolecules: The 4 molecules of life are called macromolecules (large) – Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids

•Monomer = building blocks

•Polymer = large compound made up of smaller monomers

Functional groups

They are the non-hydrocarbon part of the molecule

They are clusters of atoms that influence the properties of the molecules they compose

Hydroxyl Group-OH

Carboxyl Group-COOH

Amino Group-NH2

Carbonyl Group-C=O

1. CARBOHYDRATES!•Contain

:

•Functional groups:

C, H, and O

-OH (hydroxyl) -C=O (carbonyl)

•Function: Source of Energy

1. CARBOHYDRATES! (CONTINUED)

•Monomer

•Polymer

= Monosaccharide(simple sugar)

= Disaccharides and polysaccharides

• simple sugars

• contain C, H, & O in a 1:2:1 ratio

Example:

C6H12O6

3 Most Commo

n

Monomer:

*Monosaccharide

1 2 1

1.Glucose

2.Fructose

3.Galactos

e

= fuel for cells

= sweetest

= milk sugar

http://www.insideweightloss.info/blog/diet-tips-%E2%80%93-all-about-sugar/

Isomer=compounds with the SAME chemical formula, but

different structural formulasExample:

glucose, fructose, and galactose are all isomers of each other . . . C6H12O6

Is a double sugar formed when 2 monosaccharides combine in a dehydration synthesis rxn

3 Type

s

Polymer:*Disaccharide

1.Maltose

2.Sucrose

3.Lactose

= glucose + glucose

= glucose + fructose

= glucose + galactose

Dehydration synthesis

Fructose

Hydrolysis

Is a complex molecule made of 3 or more monosaccharides

3 Type

s

Polymer:

*Polysaccharide

1.starch

2.glycogen

3.cellulose

= sugar storage in plants

= sugar storage in animals(in muscles)

= structural component to plant cells (cell wall)

Fiber!!

Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

2. PROTEINS•Contain: C, H, O, and

N•Function:

1. Structural component to living things (helps build muscle mass)

2. Control cell processes and reactions

(enzymes)

2. PROTEINS (CONTINUED)

•Monomer

•Polymer

= amino acid

= protein (folded polypeptide

chain)

• Contains 2 functional groups

-NH2 (amino group) and -COOH (carboxyl group)

Monomer: **amino acids

General aa structure

• R-group = different for each type of amino acid

• There are 20 different amino acids

20 different amino acids:

http://nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/dna/a/translation/aminoacids.html

“Protein alphabet”

Amino acids join by a dehydration synthesis rxn to form dipeptides and polypeptides

Polymer: Protein

Steps to go from aa to proteinPrimary Structure

1. Form a chain of aa

Secondary Structure2. Twist or fold the chain of aa(alpha helix or pleated sheet)

Tertiary structure3. Fold the chain onto itself

(globular subunit)

Quaternary Structure 4. Bring 2 to 4 aa subunits

together

Correct folding is critical.

If conditions are not right (temp,

pH), this process will not

take place or can be reversed (denaturation) and proteins

cannot funciton!

Special note on Enzymes Enzymes are

made of proteins.

They help speed up reactions and are UNCHANGED by the reaction.

Image from: http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~wilsonkg/old/gene2005/syllabus_F03_23.jpg

3. LIPIDS!•Contain:

C, H, and O

•Function:Depends on

typehttp://www.red-spirit-energy-healing.com/essential-fats.html

3. LIPIDS (CONTINUED)

•Lipids are not typical monomers and polymers

2. LIPIDS(CONTINUED)

• Most contain (“monomer”):

Glycerol and fatty acid

Fatty Acids=long hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl group attached

Fatty Acids--Saturated C are full of H

(no double bonds)

--Unsaturated C are NOT full of H

(double bonds)

Types of Lipids (“polymers”):

FunctionStorage of energy

STRUCTURE3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol

1. Triglyceride

Types of Lipids (“polymers”):

FunctionComponent of cell membranes

STRUCTURE2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate group, 1 glycerol

2. Phospholipid

Image from: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect02.htm

http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect02.htm

Types of Lipids (“polymers”):

Function1. Component of cell membranes

(cholesterol)2. Starting material for sex hormones

STRUCTURE4 fused rings with functional group attached

3. Steroids

4. NUCLEIC ACIDS•Contain:

•Functional groups:

C, H, O, N, P

None that we discussed

•Function:1. Store and transmit info to carry

out cell processes and make protein

2. Transmit genetic info from one generation to the next

•Monomer

•Polymer

= nucleotide

= Nucleic acid

4. NUCLEIC ACIDS (CONTINUED)

1. Sugar2. Phosphate3. Nitrogen base

2 types:1. DNA2. RNA

Image from: http://www.yourdictionary.com/dna