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Organic compound = compound that contains carbon

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4 valence electrons... So it can have 4 covalent bonds

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Terms Macromolecules: The 4 molecules of life are called macromolecules (largest) Monomer = building blocks- 1 unit (smallest) Polymer = compound made up of smaller monomers- more than 1 unit. (middle)

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They are the non-hydrocarbon part of the molecule They are clusters of atoms that influence the properties of the molecules they compose Hydroxyl Group -OH Carboxyl Group -COOH Amino Group -NH 2 Carbonyl Group -CO

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Contain: Functional groups: C, H, and O -OH (hydroxyl) -CO (carbonyl) Function: Source of Energy

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Monomer Polymer = Monosaccharide (simple sugar) = Disaccharides and polysaccharides Skip 7 lines

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simple sugars contain C, H, & O in a 1:2:1 ratio Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 3 Most Common 1 2 1 1.Glucose 2.Fructose 3.Galactose = fuel for cells = sweetest = milk sugar http://www.insideweightloss.info/blog/diet-tips-%E2%80%93-all-about-sugar/

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Isomer= compounds with the SAME chemical formula, but different structural formulas Example: glucose, fructose, and galactose are all isomers of each other... C 6 H 12 O 6

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Is a double sugar formed when 2 monosaccharides combine in a dehydration synthesis rxn 3 Types 1.Maltose 2.Sucrose 3.Lactose = glucose + glucose = glucose + fructose = glucose + galactose

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Fructose

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Is a complex molecule made of 3 or more monosaccharides 3 Types 1.starch 2.glycogen 3.cellulose = sugar storage in plants = sugar storage in animals (in muscles) = structural component to plant cells (cell wall)

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Contain: C, H, O, and N Function: 1. Structural component to living things (helps build muscle mass) 2. Control cell processes and reactions (enzymes)

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Monomer Polymer = amino acid = protein (folded polypeptide chain)

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Contains 2 functional groups -NH 2 (amino group) and -COOH (carboxyl group) General aa structure R-group = different for each type of amino acid There are 20 different amino acids

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20 different amino acids: http://nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/dna/a/translation/aminoacids.html Protein alphabet

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Amino acids join by a dehydration synthesis rxn to form dipeptides and polypeptides

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Primary Structure 1. Form a chain of aa Secondary Structure 2. Twist or fold the chain of aa (alpha helix or pleated sheet) Tertiary structure 3. Fold the chain onto itself (globular subunit) Quaternary Structure 4. Bring 2 to 4 aa subunits together

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Correct folding is critical. If conditions are not right (temp, pH), this process will not take place or can be reversed (denaturation) and proteins cannot funciton!

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Enzymes are made of proteins. They help speed up reactions and are UNCHANGED by the reaction. Image from: http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~wilsonkg/old/gene2005/syllabus_F03_23.jpg

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Contain:C, H, and O Function: - Membranes of cells - Stored Energy http://www.red-spirit-energy-healing.com/essential-fats.html

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Lipids are not typical monomers and polymers Monomer- Fatty Acid Chain - Carboxyl Group - HydroCarbon Chain

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=long hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl group attached

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--Saturated C are full of H (no double bonds) --Unsaturated C are NOT full of H (double bonds)

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Most contain (monomer): Glycerol and fatty acid Triglyceride

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Types of Lipids (polymers): Function Storage of energy STRUCTURE 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol 1. Triglyceride

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Types of Lipids (polymers): Function Component of cell membranes STRUCTURE 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate group, 1 glycerol 2. Phospholipid Image from: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect02.htm

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http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectures f04am/lect02.htm Types of Lipids (polymers): Function 1. Component of cell membranes (cholesterol) 2. Starting material for sex hormones STRUCTURE 4 fused rings with functional group attached 3. Steroids

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http://wps.aw.com/wps/media/objects/1976/2024209/assets/YouDecide/diet.html Homework: Go to online textbook. Select you decide from left side of page. Select unit 1: You Decide: Low-fat or Low-carb Diets Which is Healthier? Work through all of the steps of the activity. On step 7, the last step, you will be asked to type in a response to the question. After typing your response, copy and paste it into a Word document and print it out to turn in.

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Contain: Functional groups: C, H, O, N, P None that we discussed Function: 1. Store and transmit info to carry out cell processes and make protein 2. Transmit genetic info from one generation to the next

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Monomer Polymer = nucleotide = Nucleic acid 1. Sugar 2. Phosphate 3. Nitrogen base 2 types: 1. DNA 2. RNA Image from: http://www.yourdictionary.com/dna