BIOCHEMISTRYBIOCHEMISTRY

The chemistry of lifeThe chemistry of life

ORGANIC COMPOUNDORGANIC COMPOUND

Contains Contains CARBONCARBON and and HYDROGENHYDROGEN Ex. CEx. C66HH1212OO6 6 is is GLUCOSEGLUCOSE

INORGANIC COMPOUNDINORGANIC COMPOUND

Does NOT contain carbon and Does NOT contain carbon and hydrogen together.hydrogen together. ExamplesExamples

HH22O = waterO = water COCO2 2 = carbon dioxide= carbon dioxide

ATOMSATOMS

One of the simplest units of matterOne of the simplest units of matter Made of:Made of:

ProtonsProtons-have a positive charge (+)-have a positive charge (+) ElectronsElectrons-have a negative charge (-)-have a negative charge (-) NeutronsNeutrons-have NO charge (0)-have NO charge (0)

ELEMENTELEMENT

Made of one kind of atomMade of one kind of atom Examples:Examples:

C = CarbonC = Carbon H = HydrogenH = Hydrogen O = OxygenO = Oxygen N = NitrogenN = Nitrogen

COMPOUNDCOMPOUND

Two or more atoms are Two or more atoms are chemically chemically combinedcombined and held together by and held together by bondsbonds..

FOUR GROUPS OF ORGANIC FOUR GROUPS OF ORGANIC MOLECULESMOLECULES

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates ProteinsProteins LipidsLipids Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

All organic molecules are made of All organic molecules are made of C,H,O,NC,H,O,N

CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES

ExamplesExamples BreadBread CandyCandy BrowniesBrownies PastaPasta RiceRice BeansBeans

All carbohydrates are made of sugars. (C,H,O)All carbohydrates are made of sugars. (C,H,O)

CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES

3 different types of carbohydrates3 different types of carbohydrates MonosaccharideMonosaccharide DisaccharidesDisaccharides PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides

CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides Made of one sugarMade of one sugar End in –oseEnd in –ose Source of energySource of energy Has chemical formula CHas chemical formula C66HH1212OO6 6

Ratio of H to O is 2:1Ratio of H to O is 2:1 Examples:Examples:

GlucoseGlucose FructoseFructose MaltoseMaltose LactoseLactose

CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES

DisaccharideDisaccharide End in –oseEnd in –ose Ratio of H to O is 2:1Ratio of H to O is 2:1 Consist of 2 sugar moleculesConsist of 2 sugar molecules

Example:Example: sucrosesucrose

CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES

PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides 3 or more sugars combined3 or more sugars combined Complex structureComplex structure

ExamplesExamples CelluloseCellulose StarchesStarches

HOW ARE MOLECULES COMBINED?HOW ARE MOLECULES COMBINED?

Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis The process by which molecules are The process by which molecules are

joined together by removing water. joined together by removing water.

HOW ARE COMPOUNDS BROKEN HOW ARE COMPOUNDS BROKEN DOWN?DOWN?

HydrolysisHydrolysis The process by which compounds are The process by which compounds are

separated from each other by adding separated from each other by adding water.water.

PROTEINSPROTEINS

Made of Amino AcidsMade of Amino Acids Always contain C,H,O,Always contain C,H,O,NN All structures in an organism are made of All structures in an organism are made of

proteins.proteins. Proteins make up:Proteins make up:

EnzymesEnzymes Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue Blood CellsBlood Cells Cell Growth and RepairCell Growth and Repair HormonesHormones

PROTEINSPROTEINS

• Amino Acids are bonded together Amino Acids are bonded together with peptide bonds. with peptide bonds.

• 3 Different types3 Different types Monopeptide (1 Amino Acid)Monopeptide (1 Amino Acid) Dipeptide (2 Amino Acids)Dipeptide (2 Amino Acids) Polypeptide (3 Amino Acids)Polypeptide (3 Amino Acids)

AMINO ACID STRUCTUREAMINO ACID STRUCTURE

Amino Acids are made of 3 parts:Amino Acids are made of 3 parts: An amino groupAn amino group A carboxyl groupA carboxyl group An R side chainAn R side chain

Amino AcidsAmino Acids

There are 20 types of amino acidsThere are 20 types of amino acids 8 of them are essential8 of them are essential

Ex. Tryptophan, Alanine, Arginine, Ex. Tryptophan, Alanine, Arginine, Proline, SerineProline, Serine

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS OF 2 DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS OF 2 AMINO ACIDSAMINO ACIDS

HYDROLYSIS OF A PROTEINHYDROLYSIS OF A PROTEIN

LIPIDSLIPIDS

Also called fats, oils and waxesAlso called fats, oils and waxes Organic (made of C, H, O)Organic (made of C, H, O) No ratio of H to ONo ratio of H to O Found in all living thingsFound in all living things Used for Used for

energy storageenergy storage source of energysource of energy insulationinsulation ProtectionProtection sub-structure of cell membranesub-structure of cell membrane

LIPIDSLIPIDS

Lipids are made of two parts:Lipids are made of two parts: GlycerolGlycerol 3 Fatty Acids 3 Fatty Acids

LIPIDSLIPIDS

Two types of fatty acidsTwo types of fatty acids SaturatedSaturated

Fats that are NOT double bonded and are Fats that are NOT double bonded and are solid at room temperaturesolid at room temperature

Ex. Butter, bacon grease, Crisco, cheeseEx. Butter, bacon grease, Crisco, cheese

UnsaturatedUnsaturated Fats that are double bonded.Fats that are double bonded.

Ex. Olive oil, Canola OilEx. Olive oil, Canola Oil

LIPIDSLIPIDS

In a typical lipid molecule, there are In a typical lipid molecule, there are carboxyl groups carboxyl groups

NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Contains genetic information (heredity)Contains genetic information (heredity) Controls cellular activitiesControls cellular activities Found in all living thingsFound in all living things It is organic (C, H, O, N, P)It is organic (C, H, O, N, P)

NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS

DNA is made of units called DNA is made of units called nucleotidesnucleotides Nucleotides consist of:Nucleotides consist of:

A phosphate group A phosphate group A monosaccharide (ribose)A monosaccharide (ribose) A nitrogenous base (A, T, G, or C)A nitrogenous base (A, T, G, or C)

A NUCLEOTIDEA NUCLEOTIDE

DNADNA

Double helixDouble helix Bases:Bases:

Adenine (A)Adenine (A) Thymine (T)Thymine (T) Guanine (G)Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)Cytosine (C)

DNA bases are bonded using DNA bases are bonded using hydrogen bondshydrogen bonds

RNARNA

Carries genetic information from the Carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes, for protein nucleus to the ribosomes, for protein synthesissynthesis

Single stranded (NOT double helix)Single stranded (NOT double helix) Smaller than DNASmaller than DNA

RNARNA

Made of nucleotides Made of nucleotides Contains sugar, phosphate group and 1 Contains sugar, phosphate group and 1

basebase Bases in RNA:Bases in RNA:

Adenine (A)Adenine (A) Uracil (U)Uracil (U) Guanine (G)Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)Cytosine (C)

ENZYMESENZYMES

Made of proteinsMade of proteins Contain: ____ _____ _____ _____Contain: ____ _____ _____ _____

Enzymes are organic Enzymes are organic catalystscatalysts Catalysts are chemicals that help chemical Catalysts are chemicals that help chemical

reactions occurreactions occur Enzymes remain the same during a chemical Enzymes remain the same during a chemical

reactionreaction Always end in –aseAlways end in –ase

Ex. Lipase, Protease, Glucase, LactaseEx. Lipase, Protease, Glucase, Lactase

ENZYMESENZYMES

Lock-and-Key ModelLock-and-Key Model

ENZYMESENZYMES

In the Lock and Key Model, enzymes In the Lock and Key Model, enzymes must fit their must fit their substrate substrate (enzymes are (enzymes are ““specificspecific””))

ENZYMESENZYMES

Each enzyme can work on only one Each enzyme can work on only one specific substratespecific substrate

Ex. Ex. Lipase works only on __________Lipase works only on __________ Sucrase works only on ____________Sucrase works only on ____________ Protease works only on ____________Protease works only on ____________ __________ works only on fructose__________ works only on fructose

ENZYMESENZYMES

Enzymes help perform dehydration Enzymes help perform dehydration synthesissynthesis

ENZYMESENZYMES

Enzymes help perform hydrolysis Enzymes help perform hydrolysis

ENZYMESENZYMES

Re-draw and label each part of the Re-draw and label each part of the picturepicture

ENZYMESENZYMES

Enzymes are effected by the Enzymes are effected by the following factors:following factors: TemperatureTemperature pHpH Concentration of enzymeConcentration of enzyme Concentration of substrateConcentration of substrate

ENZYMESENZYMES

TemperatureTemperature Enzymes work best at an Enzymes work best at an optimum optimum

temperaturetemperature Optimum temperature for human enzymes Optimum temperature for human enzymes

is ______, C or _________, Fis ______, C or _________, F Enzyme activity is slower as Enzyme activity is slower as

temperature gets too cold or too hottemperature gets too cold or too hot

ENZYMESENZYMES

TemperatureTemperature

ENZYMESENZYMES

TemperatureTemperature At high temperatures, enzymes will lose At high temperatures, enzymes will lose

their shapetheir shape They They denaturedenature Misshapen enzymes no longer fit in the Lock Misshapen enzymes no longer fit in the Lock

and Key Model, so chemical reactions do not and Key Model, so chemical reactions do not take placetake place

ENZYMESENZYMES

pHpH Enzymes rate of reaction is effected by Enzymes rate of reaction is effected by

the amount of acid or base in an the amount of acid or base in an environmentenvironment

ENZYMESENZYMES

pHpH

ENZYMESENZYMES

Optimum pH for two different Optimum pH for two different enzymesenzymes

ENZYMESENZYMES

ConcentrationConcentration Increasing the concentration (amount) Increasing the concentration (amount)

of an enzyme or substrate, will only of an enzyme or substrate, will only increase the rate of reaction, to a pointincrease the rate of reaction, to a point

ENZYMESENZYMES

Co-enzymesCo-enzymes Enzymes work with co-enzymes to Enzymes work with co-enzymes to

speed up the rate of reactions.speed up the rate of reactions. Ex. vitaminsEx. vitamins