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193

CHAPTER 4

SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF TRIBAL WOMEN IN TAPI

4.1 INTRODUCTION

The socio-economic conditions of the respondents can be better understood if seen against

the macro economic scenario of the Indian economy. One third of India population lives

below the poverty line. Though the middle class has gained from the changing scenario

during the post liberalization period, large sections of the population still suffer from poverty

and unemployment as well as under employment. The problems of the respondents become

very severe on account of the problems of poverty, unemployment and underemployment.

4.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND

This chapter deals with the socio-economic conditions of the respondents. This includes the

personal and family background, their native place, educational achievements etc. It also

covers their sources of livelihood and income levels. As has been mentioned in the earlier

chapter the respondents have been from tribal areas in five Talukas of Tapi district and from

different communities. The discussion with respect to their socio-economic conditions also

largely focuses on their categories.

4.2.1 Age wise distribution of the Respondents

In order to know the age wise distribution of the respondents, they were divided into

different age groups. These were 21-30, 31-40, 41-50 and 51-60 years. The overall as well as

Taluka wise distribution of the respondents is given in Table 4.1 along with the

graphical presentation.

194

(Source: Field Survey)

The overall age group pattern as shown in Table 4.1 reveals that the majority of respondents

i.e. 125 (41.7%) were in the age group 31-40 years. This was followed by 89 (29.7%)

respondents in age group 41-50 and 79 (26.3%) respondents in the age group of 21-30.

Only 7 (2.3%) respondents were in age group of 51-60.

The trends in different Talukas were almost the same as far as age group of 31-40 years is

concerned, wherein 30 (50%) respondents in Nizer, 21 (35.0%) respondents in Songadh, 29

(48.3%) respondents in Valod and 28 (46.7%) respondents in Vyara Taluka were in this age

group. However in Uchchal a smaller number i.e. 17 (28.3%) respondents fell in this age

group.

Similarly in Nizer 10 (16.7%) respondents, in Songadh 17 (28.3%) respondents, in Uchchal

20 (33.3%) respondents, in Valod 22 (36.7%) respondents and in Vyara 10 (16.7%)

respondents were in the age group of 21-30 years. Whereas 19 (31.7%) respondents in Nizer,

21 (35.0%) respondents in Songadh, 20 (33.3%) respondents in Uchchal, only 9 (15%)

respondents in Valod and 20 (33.3%) respondents in Vyara were in the age group of 41-50

years. Only 1 (1.7%) respondent each in Nizer and Songadh, 2 (3.3%) respondents in Vyara

and 3 (5.0%) respondents in Uchchal were in the age group of 51-60. Not a single

respondent was above 50 in Valod Taluka. Therefore it is noted that majority of respondents

were below 40 years of age.

Taluka ==>

Age Group Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %

21-30 10 16.7 17 28.3 20 33.3 22 36.7 10 16.7 79 26.3

31-40 30 50.0 21 35.0 17 28.3 29 48.3 28 46.7 125 41.7

41-50 19 31.7 21 35.0 20 33.3 9 15.0 20 33.3 89 29.7

51-60 1 1.7 1 1.7 3 5.0 0 0.0 2 3.3 7 2.3

Total ==> 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 300 100.0

Graphical

Presentation

Table 4.1: Age group of the respondents

Nizer Songadh Uchhal Valod Vyara Total

28%

35%

35% 2%

21-30 31-40

41-50 51-60

17%

47%

33%

3%

21-30 31-40

41-50 51-60

26%

42%

30% 2%

21-30 31-40

41-50 51-60

34%

28%

33%

5%

21-30 31-40

41-50 51-60

37%

48%

15%

21-30 31-40

41-50 51-60

16%

50%

32% 2%

21-30 31-40

41-50 51-60

195

4.2.2 Marital Status of the Respondents

The respondents were classified according to their marital status. This distribution is

presented in three categories i.e. married, unmarried and widow in Table 4.2. This grouping

was further subdivided Taluka-wise to give the micro picture.


Table 4.2 reveals that the majority of respondents were married; the number was as high as

285 (95.0%) of respondents who were married, followed by 9 (3.0%) respondents who were

unmarried and 6 (2.0%) respondents who were widows.

Taluka wise breakup showed the same trend. In Nizer 51 (85.0%) respondents were married

followed by 5 (8.3%) respondents who were unmarried, and 4 (6.7%) respondents were

widows. In Songadh 56 (93.3%) respondents were married, while 4 (6.7%) respondents

were unmarried, while in Uchchal 58 (96.7%) respondents were married and 2 (3.3%)

respondents were widows. In Valod and Vyara all 60 (100%) respondents were married.

It was observed that more than 90 percent of respondents were married and they play a very

crucial role in the family. Besides taking care of household activities they have stepped out

to support the family economically.

4.2.3 Community wise breakup of Respondents

The respondents were further identified according to their community, which helped the

micro level analysis of community wise development in each Taluka. A total o f seven

communities were selected for the study which covers of 2 or 3 communities from each

Taluka ==>

Status Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %

Married 51 85.0 56 93.3 58 96.7 60 100.0 60 100.0 285 95.0

Unmarried 5 8.3 4 6.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 9 3.0

Widow 4 6.7 0 0.0 2 3.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 2.0

Total ==> 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 300 100.0

Graphical

Presentation

Table 4.2: Marital Status of the respondents


85

%

8% 7%

Married Unmarried

Widow

93

%

7%

Married Unmarried

Widow

97

%

3%

Married Unmarried

Widow

100

%

Married Unmarried

Widow

100

%

Married Unmarried

Widow

95

%

3% 2%

Married Unmarried

Widow

196

Taluka. The seven communities selected are Halpati, Choudhari, Vasava, Gamit, Kathodi,

Kotwalia and Valvi-Padvi. This distribution is presented in Table 4.3 below


Table 4.3 indicates that the maximum i.e. 90 (30%) respondents were from Gamit

community followed by 50 (16.7%) respondents each from Kotwalia community and

Choudhari community. About 40 (13.3%) respondents were from Valvi-Padvi community,

30 (10.0%) respondents from Halpati and 20 (6.7%) respondents each from Vasava and

Kathodi community. In Nizer Taluka 40 (66.7%) respondents were from Valvi-Padvi

community, followed by 10 (16.7%) each from Vasava and Kathodi community, while in

Songadh Taluka 40 (66.7%) respondents were from Gamit community and balance 20

(33.3%) respondents from Kotwalia community. In Uchchal 40 (66.7%) respondents were

from Gamit community and 10 (16.7%) each from Vasava and Kathodi community. In

Valod 30 (50.0%) respondents were from Halpati community followed by 20 (33.3%) from

Kotwalia and 10 (16.7%) respondents from Chaudhari community. In Vyara 40 (66.7%)

respondents were from Chaudhari community and 10 (16.7%) each from Gamit and Kotwalia

community.

Taluka ==>

Community Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %

Halpati 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 30 50.0 0 0.0 30 10.0

Choudhari 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 10 16.7 40 66.7 50 16.7

Vasava 10 16.7 0 0.0 10 16.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 20 6.7

Gamit 0 0.0 40 66.7 40 66.7 0 0.0 10 16.7 90 30.0

Kathodi 10 16.7 0 0.0 10 16.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 20 6.7

Kotwalia 0 0.0 20 33.3 0 0.0 20 33.3 10 16.7 50 16.7

Valvi - Padvi 40 66.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 40 13.3

Total ==> 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 300 100.0

Graphical

Presentation

Table 4.3: Community wise breakup of the respondents


16

%

17

%

67

%

Vasava Kathodi

Valvi-Padvi

67

%

33

%

Gamit Kotwalia

16

%

67

%

17

%

Vasava Gamit Kathodi

50

%

17

%

33

%

Halpit i Choudhari

Kotwalia

66

%

17

%

17

%

Choudhari Gamit

Kotwalia

10%

17%

6%

30%

7%

17%

13%

Halpitia Choudhari

Vasava Gamit

Kathodi Kotwalia

Valvi-Padvi

197

4.2.4 Educational Status of Respondents

Education plays a very important role in human life. Empowerment of any particular

sector largely depends upon the education level they have achieved. The following table

(Table 4.4) gives us information about the level of literacy of the respondents.


Table 4.4 highlights that the majority i.e. 188 (66.7%) respondents had achieved some level

of education, yet a large section of respondents i.e. 112 (37.3%) had not taken any

education. Out of 188 educated respondents, the majority i.e. 107 (36.7%) respondents have

taken education up to primary level, while 71 (23.7%) respondents have taken education

up to secondary level, followed by 8 (2.7%) respondents who are graduates and 2

(0.7%) respondents have completed education up to pre-graduation. As there is a close

relationship between education and empowerment, it is important to improve the education

level for empowerment of these tribal women.

Though their education level is low they have understood the importance of education and

their children avail education. Total 177 (59.0%) women have taken loan from their SHGs

for the education of their children.

4.2.5 Below Poverty Lin Status of Respondents

According to Office of Tribal Development Programme Songadh, Annual report 2011-12,

52,682 and 59,548 families were under BPL and APL category respectively. i.e. 19,377 BPL

Taluka ==>

Education Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %

No Education 29 48.3 30 50.0 21 35.0 15 25.0 17 28.3 112 37.3

Upto Primary 17 28.3 16 26.7 26 43.3 29 48.3 19 31.7 107 35.7

Upto Secondary 10 16.7 12 20.0 12 20.0 16 26.7 21 35.0 71 23.7

Pre-Graduation 1 1.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.7 2 0.7

Graduation 3 5.0 2 3.3 1 1.7 0 0.0 2 3.3 8 2.7

Total ==> 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 300 100.0

Graphical

Presentation

Table 4.4: Educational Status of the respondents


48

%

28

%

17

%

2% 5%

No Edu. Primary

Secondary Pre- Grad

Graduation

50

% 27

%

20

%

3%

No Edu. Primary

Secondary Graduation

35

%

43

%

20

%

2%

No Edu. Primary

Secondary Graduation

25

%

48

%

27

%

No Edu. Primary

Secondary

28

%

32

%

35

%

2% 3%

No Edu. Primary

Secondary Pre- Grad

Graduation

37

%

35

%

24

%

1% 3%

No Edu. Primary

Secondary Pre- Grad

Graduation

198

families were in Nizer, 11,720 were in Uchchal, 9,427 were in Vyara, 6,903 were in Valod

and 5,255 were in Songadh. In total APL category 33,139 APL families were in Vyara,

11,540 in Valod, 7,453 in Songadh, 5,442 in Uchchal and 1,974 were in Nizer. (Office of

Tribal Development Programme Songadh, Annual Report 2011-12).

To understand the improvement in the status of respondents after they joined SHGs it

was important to understand the BPL status of the respondents. Table 4.5 reflects the BPL

Status of the respondents. BPL and APL status of respondents were verified by checking

their BPL and APL cards issued by Taluka Panchayat.


The majority of respondents i.e. 274 (91.3%) were living below Poverty Line while only 26

(8.7%) respondents were living above Poverty Line. Taluka wise breakup was very

similar wherein in Nizar Taluka 58 (96.7%), in Songadh Taluka 53 (88.3%), in Uchchal

Taluka 54 (90.0%), in Valod Taluka 60 (100.0%) and in Vyara Taluka 49 (81.7%)

respondents were living below Poverty Line.

In spite of better educational ratio more than 90% respondents were observed to be below

poverty line, which suggests that there exist very few opportunities to generate regular

income generation and saving. In the next few chapters we will try to evaluate whether the

efforts of the Government and private groups through SHGs etc. to empower these tribal

families have really made an impact or not.

Taluka ==>


Yes 58 96.7 53 88.3 54 90.0 60 100.0 49 81.7 274 91.3

No 2 3.3 7 11.7 6 10.0 0 0.0 11 18.3 26 8.7

Total ==> 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 300 100.0

Graphical

Presentation

Table 4.5: BPL Status of the respondents


97

%

3%

Yes No

88

%

12

%

Yes No

90

%

10

%

Yes No

100

%

Yes No

82

%

18

%

Yes No

91

%

9%

Yes No

199

4.2.6 Annual Family Income of Respondents

The families were divided in four groups according to their annual income as upto Rs.

50,000, between Rs. 50,001 and Rs. 1,00,000, between Rs. 1,00,001 and Rs. 1,50,000

and above Rs. 1,50,000. The analysis of the same is shown in Table 4.6 below.


Table 4.6 reveals that the majority of responde family income was below Rs. 50,000 per

annum, which was very disturbing. Overall figures show that 184 (61.3%) responde

family income was below Rs. 50,000 per annum while 113 (37.7%) responde family

income was between Rs. 50,001 and Rs. 1,00,000. Only 1 (0.3%) respondent reported

income between Rs. 1,00,001 and Rs. 1,50,000, while 2 (0.7%) responde annual family

income was above Rs. 1,50,000. Taluka wise breakup shows that only in Vyara the

majority i.e. 44 (73.3%) respondents reported family income between Rs. 50,001 and Rs.

1,00,000 whereas in all other Talukas the majority of respondents reported their family

annual income to be up to Rs. 50,000. In Valod 50 (83.3%) respondents, in Nizar 46

(76.7%) respondents, in Uchchal 38 (63.3%) respondents and in Songadh 34 (56.7%)

respondents reported the annual family income up to Rs. 50,000. Only one (0.7%)

respondent in Songadh reported the annual family income between Rs. 1,00,001 and Rs. 1,

50,000 and only 2 (0.3%) respondents from Songadh reported family income above Rs.

1,50,000.

Taluka ==>

Income Level Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %

Below

Rs. 50,00046 76.7 34 56.7 38 63.3 50 83.3 16 26.7 184 61.3

Rs. 50,001

to

Rs. 1,00,000

14 23.3 23 38.3 22 36.7 10 16.7 44 73.3 113 37.7

Rs. 1,00,001

to

Rs. 1,50,000

0 0.0 1 1.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.3

Rs. 1,50,001

and Above0 0.0 2 3.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.7

Total ==> 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 300 100.0

Graphical

Presentation

Table 4.6: Annual family income of the respondents


77

%

23

%

Below 50K 50K - 100K

57

%

38

%

2% 3%


100K-150K Above150K

63

%

37

%


83

%

17

%


27

%

73

%


61

%

38

%

0% 1%


100K-150K Above150K

200

It is observed that 99.00% responde family income was below Rs. 1,00,000 per annum

which was very low and barely enough to take care of their day to day livelihood. It is

understood that under such circumstances spending money for education or health would be

very difficult, which in turn acts as a hurdle in the improvement.

4.2.7 Number of children

Respondents were divided into three groups according to number of children, as

The analysis of the same is shown

in Table below.


The Table 4.7 highlights that the majority i.e. 148 (49.3%) respondents had up to two

children, while 131 (43.7%) had more than two children and 21 (7.0%) respondents did not

have any children. Taluka wise breakup shows that in Nizer 26 (43.3%) respondents had up

to two children while in Songadh it was 33 (55.0%), in Uchchal and Valod it was 28

(46.7%), and in Vyara 33 (55.0%) respondents had up to two children. Similarly in Uchchal

and Valod 28 (46.7%) respondents had more than two children followed by Nizer 27

(45.0%), Vyara 26 (43.3%) and Songadh 22 (36.7%) respondents having more than two

children. In Nizer Taluka 7 (11.7%) respondents had no children followed by Songadh 5

(8.3%), Uchchal with 4 (6.7%) each and in Vyara 1 (1.7%) respondents having no children.

To summarize, more than 55.0% respondents had up to two children which indicates that the

family planning is being followed by the respondents in Tapi District.

Taluka ==>


No Children 7 11.7 5 8.3 4 6.7 4 6.7 1 1.7 21 7.0

up to 2 Children 26 43.3 33 55.0 28 46.7 28 46.7 33 55.0 148 49.3

Above 2 Children 27 45.0 22 36.7 28 46.7 28 46.7 26 43.3 131 43.7

Total ==> 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 300 100.0

Q 4.7: Number of Children


Graphical

Presentaion

12

%

43

%

45

%

None up to 2 above 2

8%

55

%

37

%


7%

46

%

47

%


7%

46

%

47

%


2%

55

%

43

%


7%

49

%

44

%


201

4.2.8 Fa Main Occupation

The main occupation of all families was agriculture. They were either working as casual

workers or as seasonal labourers or had a small piece of land. However there were a few

respondents who were involved in more than one occupation. Seven main occupations were

identified as Dairy, Papad Making, Carpet Making, Owned Shop, Service (Job), Bamboo

work and others. Following Table 4.8 gives detailed information about the main occupations

of the respondents who were involved in more than one occupation.


Table 4.8 reveals that only 95 (31.67%) respondents had a different occupation which was

the main source of their income besides agriculture and related activities. Taluka wise

figures show that in Valod Taluka 31 (32.6%) respondents had some main occupation along

with agriculture followed by Nizer where 24 (25.3%) respondents, Songadh where 21

(22.1%) respondents and in Vyara 15 (15.8%) respondents had a main occupation while in

Uchchal only 4 (4.2%) respondents had a core activity. It was also highlighted that the

majority i.e. 56 (58.9%) responde main occupation was Bamboo work, while 21 (22.1%)

respondents were involved in Dairy products, followed by 10 (10.5%) respondents who

had their own shops. Four (4.2%) responde main occupation was Papad making and

two respondents were in service. Balance 2 (2.2%) respondents were involved in Carpet

making and Jaggery selling. Taluka wise figures show that in Nizar Taluka majority i.e. out

Taluka ==>

Occupation Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %

Dairy & Animal

Husbadry14 58.3 0 0.0 1 25.0 3 9.7 3 20.0 21 22.1

Papad making 2 8.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 6.5 0 0.0 4 4.2

Carpet making 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 3.2 0 0.0 1 1.1

Owned Shop 1 4.2 1 4.8 2 50.0 5 16.1 1 6.7 10 10.5

Service 1 4.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 6.7 2 2.1

Bamboo work 5 20.8 20 95.2 1 25.0 20 64.5 10 66.7 56 58.9

Other (Jaggery) 1 4.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.1

Total ==> 24 25.3 21 22.1 4 4.2 31 32.6 15 15.8 95 100.0

Graphical Presentation

Table 4.8: Main Occupation of respondents

Nizer Songadh Uchchal Valod Vyara Total

Dairy Papad

making

Carpet

making

Owned

Shop

Service Bamboo

work

Other

(Jaggery)

22.1

4.2 1.1 10.5

2.1

58.9

1.1

202

of 24 respondents, 14 (58.3%) respondents have Dairy as their main occupation, while in

Songadh out of 21 respondents; 20 (96.2%) respondents had Bamboo work as their main

occupation. In Vyara Taluka 10 (66.7%) respondents out of 15 and in Valod 20 (64.5%)

respondents out of 31 had Bamboo work as their primary occupation. It is necessary to bring

awareness of the programs run by SHGs amongst the tribal women, as that will enable more

women to get associated with SHGs and they will get some occupation to support their

families.

Besides agricultural activities, about 81 percent respondent main occupation was

Bamboo work and dairy products, which shows that they were highly dependent on the

natural resources in their area.

4.3 NGOs AND SHGs

NGOs have played a major role in the empowerment of the women in Tapi district. There

were 3 NGOs and one government organisation that were considered for this study. NGOs

had formed the Self Help Groups (SHG) in various villages to reach out as many tribal

women as possible and this structure also helped in handling the project / work effectively

and efficiently. Following sections discusses the structure of NGOs, GOs, SHGs and the

respondents associated with them.

4.3.1 NGOs

Government organizations (GO) and non-government organizations (NGOs) have started

putting efforts in Tapi district towards the empowerment of the tribal women through SHGs.

Some of the NGOs were BAIF-GRISERV, Bhasha Sanshodhan & Prakashan Kendra, Uthan

Mahila Saving and Credit Society, & GO promoted Sakhi Mandals through Anganwadies

which were chosen for the study and analysis. All 300 respondents were associated with one

of these four organisations.


Taluka ==>

NGO Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %

Utthan 10 16.7 10 16.7 10 16.7 10 16.7 10 16.7 50 16.7

BAIF 10 16.7 10 16.7 10 16.7 10 16.7 10 16.7 50 16.7

Bhasha 10 16.7 10 16.7 10 16.7 10 16.7 10 16.7 50 16.7

Sakhi Mandal 30 50.0 30 50.0 30 50.0 30 50.0 30 50.0 150 50.0

Total ==> 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 300 100.0

Table 4.9: Number of respondents per NGO


203

As shown in Table 4.9 Uthan, BAIF, and Bhasha are the NGOs and Anganwadies (G.O)

functioning in all five Talukas. Equal number of respondents i.e. 10 (16.7%) were selected in

the sample (50.0%) and from Sakhi Mandal SHGs of 30 members of same community

in every Taluka have been selected for the study i.e. (50.0%).

4.3.2 Self Help Groups (SHG)

The following Table shows the breakup of the same based on Taluka, Community, NGO

and SHG.

Table 4.10 NGO and SHG

Taluka Community SHG NGO

Nizer

Vasava Mahalaxmi Uthan

Valvi Padvi Kamini MM Bhasha

Kathodi Ravina MBG BAIF

Valvi Padvi Geeta SM Sakhi Mandal

Valvi Padvi Priti SM Sakhi Mandal

Valvi Padvi Adarsh SM Sakhi Mandal

Songadh

Kotwalia Devmogra BG Uthan

Gamit Ekta MBG Bhasha

Kotwalia Gayatri MSLG BAIF

Gamit Adivasi SM Sakhi Mandal

Gamit Navjivan SM Sakhi Mandal

Gamit Vikas SM Sakhi Mandal

Uchchal

Gamit Navmandal MMG Uthan

Vasava Jai Bhavani SF Bhasha

Kathodi Navajivan MBG BAIF

Gamit Rachna SM Sakhi Mandal

Gamit Shreya SM Sakhi Mandal

Gamit Roshni SM Sakhi Mandal

Valod

Choudhari Jagruti MBG Uthan

Kotwalia Mariyam Adim G Bhasha

Kotwalia Nilkanth MSLG BAIF

Halpati Shradha BG Sakhi Mandal

Halpati Ganesh SM Sakhi Mandal

Halpati Krupa SM Sakhi Mandal

Vyara

Gamit Graise MBG Uthan

Choudhari Vijay MM Bhasha

Kotwalia Mahalaxmi MSG BAIF

Choudhari Sadhana SM Sakhi Mandal

Choudhari Shradha SM Sakhi Mandal

Choudhari Nilkhanth SM Sakhi Mandal


204

As Table 4.10 reveals; every NGO has promoted various Self Help Groups (SHG) in all the

Talukas. Out of these, a total of 30 SHGs were considered for the study, these SHGs were

also linked with different communities. Ten respondents from each SHG were considered for

data collection.

4.3.3 Date of joining SHG

As mentioned in chapter 3, Tapi district came into existence only after 2007. However some

of the NGOs and SHGs were functioning much before Tapi was carved out as a new district.

The following Table gives information about the year of respondents joining the SHGs.


As Table 4.11 shows, around 40 (13.3%) respondents had joined SHGs before Tapi district

came into existence. However the majority have joined the SHGs after the formation of Tapi

district. Only 20 (6.7%) respondents joined SHGs during 2007-08, and the trend was on

t h e rise from 2008 onwards. Total 58 (19.3%) respondents joined SHGs in the year 2008-

09, while 92 (30.7%) and 90 (30%) respondents joined SHGs in the year 2009 and 2010

respectively. Those SHGs registered upto March 2010 have been considered for the study.

Smt. Sitaben Amitbhai Padvi- BHASHA-Nizer

Sitaben Padvi is associated with Kamini Group from Nizer promoted by BHASHA.

She is married but not educated. She knows how to sign on bank papers. Their

family occupation is agricultural activities. She joined SHG to get some income

which will support her and her family. Today there is no connectivity with NGO

leader or government officials as Nizer is far away from main center Vyara. They

need some guidance to start sustainable income. She is ready to do hard work.

There is not much improvement in her income, as they are engaged in plate making

activity, which is completely seasonal.

Taluka ==>


Before 2006 0 0 10 16.7 0 0.0 10 16.7 20 33.3 40 13.3

2007 10 16.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 10 16.7 20 6.7

2008 10 16.7 20 33.3 18 30.0 10 16.7 0 0.0 58 19.3

2009 20 33.3 20 33.3 32 53.3 20 33.3 0 0.0 92 30.7

2010 20 33.3 10 16.7 10 16.7 20 33.3 30 50.0 90 30.0

Total ==> 60 100.0 60 100.0 60 100.0 60 100.0 60 100.0 300 100.0

Table 4.11 Date of Joining SHG


205

As the survey was conducted in the year 2012-13, last three years data was collected to do

better comparison.

4.3.4 Frequency of Meetings in SHG

Joining an SHG is a crucial activity of accumulation of social capital, as in the Self Help

Groups the involvement of all or majority of the members is a key factor. It is imperative

that all members to meet regularly; review the progress and decide on the future road map.

It was observed that the SHG meetings were normally conducted once a month.

Social capital:

Social capital refers to the institution, relationships, and norms that shape the quality and

is critical for society to prosper economically and for development to be sustainable. Social

capital is not just the sum of institutions which underpin a society it is the glue that holds

things together (social cpital overview n.d.). Social capital is the expected collective or

economic benefit derived from the preferencial treatment and cooperation between

individuals and groups (social capital, Wikipedia, free encyclopedia n.d.).

4.3.5 Attendance at the meetings

The majority of the respondents confirmed that they were attending the meetings regularly

unless they had some problem. About 236 (78.7%) respondents confirmed that they

attended the meetings regularly while 35 (11.7%) respondents said that they attended the

meetings sometimes. The remaining 29 (9.7%) respondents did not attend the meetings

regularly.

4.3.6 Selection of Office Bearers, Pradhan and Mantri

Every SHG has a structure where some members become office bearers to take care of the

administration of the group, which is monitored by a Pradhan or Mantri. When the

respondents were asked how they select the office bearers, all 300 (100.0%) respondents

confirmed that the office bearers and Pradhan and Mantri were selected on the basis of

consensus.

206

4.3.7 Major activities of the SHG members

To understand the socio-economic conditions of the communities it was necessary to

understand and evaluate every income generating source which would throw light on their

current conditions.

SHGs help the respondents in the respective areas to generate the income and improve their

standard of living. Respondents in the study were associated with nine different activities.

Two common activities amongst all 300 (100.0%) respondents were savings and giving

loans. In the study group about 184 were associated with dairy related activities, 50

respondents were involved in bamboo activities. 17 respondents were in fisheries related

activities, 20 respondents were associated with making plates from leaves, 19 respondents

were involved in masala making, about 22 respondents were involved in stitching work, 10

were involved in seasonal work such as jaggery selling, 11 respondents were involved in

Papad making and 15 respondents were involved in embroidery activity. SHG activities are

shown in Table 4.12 below followed by the analysis.


Table 4.12 presents the classification of SHG members according to their activities. Dairy

activity constituted the major share accounting for 184 (61.3%), followed by Bamboo work

by 50 (16.7%). Stitching was recorded as the third major activity, as reported by about 22

Taluka ==>

Activities Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %

Dairy 20 33.3 43 71.7 41 68.3 20 33.3 60 100.0 184 61.3

Papad Making 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 11 18.3 0 0.0 11 3.7

Masala Making 0 0.0 9 15.0 10 16.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 19 6.3

Bamboo work 0 0.0 20 33.3 0 0.0 20 33.3 10 16.7 50 16.7

Embroidery 0 0.0 5 8.3 0 0.0 10 16.7 0 0.0 15 5.0

Fish Selling 7 11.7 0 0.0 10 16.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 17 5.7

Jaggery selling 10 16.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 10 3.3

Plate making 20 33.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 20 6.7

Stitching 10 16.7 2 3.3 0 0.0 10 16.7 0 0.0 22 7.3


Table 4.12: Economic Activities of the Respondents


Dairy Papad

Making

Masala

Making

Bamboo

work

Embroidery Fish Selling Jaggery

selling

Plate

making

Stitching

61.3

3.7 6.3 16.7

5.0 5.7 3.3 6.7 7.3

207

(7.3%) respondents in the survey. Besides these three activities all other occupations were

more or less equally divided in the range of 3 percent to 6 percent.

Taluka wise breakup shows that of the respondents from Vyara Taluka 60 (100.0%)

respondents were associated with activities related to Dairy and Dairy Products. In

Valod Taluka Dairy and Bamboo activity were the main activities since 20 (33.3%)

respondents each were associated only with these two activities. In Uchchal once again

Dairy was preferred as the main activity wherein 41 (68.3%) respondents were associated

with Dairy activities followed by Fish Selling and Masala making as other activities with

which 10 (16.7%) respondents were associated. In Songadh, besides Dairy activities where

43 (71.7%) respondents were associated, Bamboo Work activity has also provided

livelihood to 20 (33.3%) respondents. Finally in Nizer, Dairy and Plate making activity were

the main activities where 20 (33.3%) respondents each were associated with these two

activities.

4.3.8 Monthly contribution of SHG

About 280 respondents said that the monthly contribution was Rs. 50 and the remaining

20 respondents paid Rs. 100 on monthly basis to SHGs.

4.3.9 Membership of multiple SHG

When the respondents were asked whether they have a membership of any other SHG the

response of all 300 respondents was No .

4.4 CHANGE IN GENERAL STANDARD OF LIVING AFTER JOINING SHG

This section gives in-depth analysis of the improvement in the status of the respondents after

joining the SHG. The micro level study covers, Taluka wise, Community wise, SHG wise

and NGO wise analysis.

Even though the following sections are highlighted the improvement in the standard of living

of the respondents, it was important to note the views of respondents themselves.

Responde views are recorded in the following table.

208


As we can see in the Table 4.13, more than 80 percent respondents felt that there was a

change after joining SHG. To be more precise, 195 (65.0%) respondents felt that there

was a moderate change in their life after joining SHG, followed by 51 (17.0%) respondents

who felt that there was a considerable change, while 54 (18.0%) respondents felt that there

was no change at all. One good point is that not a single respondent said that there was

deterioration in their life status after joining SHG.

Taluka wise breakup gives the micro level picture of the same. The only two Talukas

where respondents felt that there was no change were Nizer and Valod. In Nizer Taluka 33

(55.0%) respondents felt that there was no change in their life status while 23 (38.8%) said

that there was a moderate change and 4 (6.7%) respondents felt the change was considerable.

Similarly in Valod 18 (30.0%) respondents felt that there was no change about 36 (60.0%)

respondent recorded moderate change and 6 (10.0%) respondents felt that the change was

considerable. Songadh recorded very good results where 56 (93.3%) respondents said that

there was a moderate change and balance 4 (6.7%) respondents said that there was

considerable change in their life status

Even Uchchal reported very positive results where 55 (91.7%) respondents felt that there

was a moderate change in their life status, followed by 3 (5.0%) respondents who said there

was no change and only 2 (3.3%) respondents felt that there was considerable change. The

best results were recorded in Vyara where 100% respondents felt that there was a

change and in fact t h e majority i.e. 35 (58.3%) respondents confirmed that the change

was considerable, while balance 25 (41.7%) respondents said that the change was moderate.

Taluka ==>

Change Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %

Considerable 4 6.7 4 6.7 2 3.3 6 10.0 35 58.3 51 17.0

Moderate 23 38.3 56 93.3 55 91.7 36 60.0 25 41.7 195 65.0

No Change 33 55.0 0 0.0 3 5.0 18 30.0 0 0.0 54 18.0

Deteriorated 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0

Total ==> 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 300 100.0

Table 4.13: Change after joining SHG


Graphical

Presentation

7%

38

% 55%

Considerable Moderate

No Change

7%

93

%


3%

92

%

5%


No Change

10%

60%

30%


No Change

58

%

42

%


17

%

65

%

18

%


No Change

209

4.4.1 Average monthly expenditure on children ducation

Taluka wise analysis

Nizer Taluka: The following table throws light on the spending by respondents on


In Nizer Taluka the 6 SHGs are Mahalaxmi, Kamini Mahila Mandal, Ravina Mahila Bachat

Group, Geeta SM, Priti SM and Adarsh SM. As per the Table 4.14 -A; the overall analysis

shows that Adarsh Sakhi Mandal has produced the best result by showing positive 108.3

percent improvement. Respondents were spending hardly Rs. 144/- per month on their

children s education before joining SHG and after joining they were able to spend Rs. 300/-

per month. The second best performance was of Mahalaxmi SHG where the figures show

improvement by 82.85%. The spending on children s education increased from Rs. 350/- to

Rs. 640/-. This was followed by Ravina MBG (58.82%), Kamini MM (52.70%) and

Priti SM (35.42%) respectively. The lowest improvement was recorded by Geeta SM

(20.97%).

As graph 4.1 and graph 4.2 displays; there has been improvement in the spending on

Uthan BAIF Bhasha Sakhi M Uthan BAIF Bhasha Sakhi M Uthan BAIF Bhasha Sakhi M

Vasava Mahalaxmi 350 640 82.86%

Valvi Padvi Kamini MM 370 565 52.70%

Kathodi Ravina MBG 255 405 58.82%

Valvi Padvi Geeta SM 496 600 20.97%

Valvi Padvi Priti SM 240 325 35.42%

Valvi Padvi Adarsh SM 144 300 108.33%

Table 4.14 - A: Comparison of family's average spending on children's education before and after Joining SHG

54.91%

Nizer

293 408

Improvement

%

Total Mean for Nizer (NGO) 64.79%

Family's Average Spending on

Education Before Joining SHGs


Education After Joining SHGs

325 537

Taluka Community SHG

Total Mean for Nizer (GO)

210

NGOs were functional while the same improved from Rs. 293 to Rs. 408 in the areas where

the GOs were functional. Hence we note the contribution towards the improvement by

NGO Performance in Nizer Taluka:

The performance of three NGOs and GOs was functional in Tapi District is shown below.

One SHG was associated with each NGO in each Taluka however three Sakhi Mandals were

associated with GOs and hence the average of three Sakhi Mandals was taken for analysis.

As shown in Graph 4.3 and Graph 4.4, in Nizer Taluka the best performance recorded

was for Uthan wherein the overall improvement share recorded was 33.0 percent. It

was followed by BAIF with 24.0 percent improvement share, GO with 22.0 percent and

Bhasha with 21.0 percent respectively. Uthan has been the most successful NGO which

has produced the best results and topped the chart in Nizer.

Songadh Taluka: The following table throws light on the spending by respondents on



Kotwalia Devmogra BG 265 455 71.70%

Gamit Ekta MBG 720 1,320 83.33%

Kotwalia Gayatri MSLG 130 410 215.38%

Gamit Adivasi SM 1,646 1,969 19.62%

Gamit Navjivan SM 1,200 1,419 18.25%

Gamit Vikas SM 1,330 1,640 23.31%

Table 4.14 - B: Comparison of family's average spending on children's education before and after Joining SHG





Improvement

%

1,392 1,676 20.39%Total Mean for Songadh (GO)

Total Mean for Songadh (NGO) 372 728 123.47%

Songadh


211

In Songadh Taluka the 6 SHGs are Devmogra Bachat Group, Ekta Mahila Bachat Group,

Gayatri MSLC, Adivasi Sakhi Mandal, Navjivan Sakhi Mandal and Vikas Sakhi Mandal. As

per the Table 4.14 -B; the overall analysis shows that Gayatri MSLC has produced the best

result by showing positive improvement of 215.3 percent. Respondents were spending

hardly Rs. 130/- per month on their children s education before joining the SHG and after

joining they were able to spend Rs. 410/- per month. The second best performance in

Songadh Taluka was of Ekta MBG where the figures show improvement by 83.3 percent.

The spending on children s education increased from Rs. 720/- to Rs. 1,320/-. This was

followed by Devmogra BG (71.7%), Vikas SM (23.3%) and Adivasi SM (19.0%)

respectively. The lowest improvement was recorded by Navjivan SM 18.2 percent.

As graph 4.5 and graph 4.6 displays; there has been substantial improvement in the spending

NGOs were functional while the same was improved from Rs. 1392 to Rs. 1,676 in the areas

where the GOs were functional. Hence the contribution towards the improvement by NGOs

NGO Performance in Songadh Taluka:




212

As shown in Graph 4.7 and Graph 4.8; in Songadh Taluka the best performance

recorded was for BAIF wherein the overall improvement share recorded was 55.0

percent. It was followed by Bhasha with 21.0 percent improvement share, Uthan with 19.0

percent, and GO with 5.0 percent respectively. BAIF has been the most successful NGO

which has produced the best results and topped the chart in Songadh.

Uchchal Taluka: The following table throws light on the spending by respondents on


In Uchchal Taluka the 6 SHGs are Navmandal MMG, Jai Bhavani SF, Navajivan

MBG, Rachna SM, Shreya SM and Roshni SM. As per the Table 4.14 -C, overall analysis

shows that Navajivan MBG has produced the best result by showing positive improvement

of 221.4 percent. Respondents were spending Rs. 210/- per month on their children s

education before joining SHG while after joining they were able to spend Rs. 675/- per

month. The second best performance in Uchchal Taluka was of Rachna SM where the

figures show improvement by 124.0 percent. The spending on children s education

increased from Rs. 500/- to Rs. 1,120/-. This was followed by Shreya SM (47.3%), Roshni


Gamit Navmandal MMG 410 550 34.15%

Vasava Jai Bhavani SF 500 580 16.00%

Kathodi Navajivan MBG 210 675 221.43%

Gamit Rachna SM 500 1,120 124.00%

Gamit Shreya SM 230 339 47.39%

Gamit Roshni SM 255 346 35.69%

90.52%

Table 4.14 - C: Comparison of family's average spending on children's education before and after Joining SHG

Total Mean for Uchchal (GO) 328 602 69.03%





Improvement

%

Uchchal

Total Mean for Uchchal (NGO) 373 602


213

SM (35.6%) and Navjivan MMG (34.1%) respectively. The lowest improvement was

recorded by Jai Bhavani SF (16.0%).

As graph 4.9 and graph 4.10 displays; there has been better improvement in the spending on

NGOs were functional while the same was improved from Rs. 328 to Rs. 602 in the areas

where the GOs were functional. Hence we note the contribution towards the improvement

education.

NGO Performance in Uchchal Taluka:




As shown in Graph 4.11 and Graph 4.12; in Uchchal Taluka the best performance


percent. It was followed by GO with 20.0 percent improvement share, Uthan with 10.0

214

percent, and Bhasha with 5.0 percent respectively. BAIF has been the most successful

NGO which has produced the best results and topped the chart in Uchchal.

Valod Taluka: The following table throws light on the spending by respondents on


In Valod Taluka the 6 SHGs are Jagruti MBG, Mariyam Adim Group, Nilkanth MSLG,

Shradha BG, Ganesh SM and Krupa SM. As per the Table 4.14 -D; the overall analysis

shows that Nilkanth MSLG has produced the best result by showing positive improvement of

133.3 percent. Respondents were spending barely Rs. 90/- per month on their children s

education before joining SHG while after joining they were able to spend Rs. 210/- per

month. The second best performance in Valod Taluka was of Mariyam Adim Group where

the figures show improvement by 80.3 percent. The spending on children s education

increased from Rs. 255/- to Rs. 460/-. This was followed by Shradha BG (31.5%), Krupa

SM (10.6%) and Ganesh SM (5.8%) respectively. The lowest improvement was recorded by

Jagruti MBG (3.8%).



Choudhari Jagruti MBG 390 405 3.85%

Kotwalia Mariyam Adim G 255 460 80.39%

Kotwalia Nilkanth MSLG 90 210 133.33%

Halpati Shradha BG 190 250 31.58%

Halpati Ganesh SM 1,200 1,270 5.83%

Halpati Krupa SM 470 520 10.64%





Improvement

%

245

Table 4.14 - D: Comparison of family's average spending on children's education before joining and after Joining SHG

Valod

Total Mean for Valod (GO) 620 680

72.52%

16.02%

Total Mean for Valod (NGO) 358


215

the


the GOs were functional. Hence we note the contribution towards the improvement by

NGO Performance in Valod Taluka:




As shown in Graph 4.15 and Graph 4.16; in Valod Taluka the best performance


percent. It was followed by Bhasha with 34.0 percent improvement share, GO with 7.0

percent, and Uthan with 2.0 percent respectively. BAIF has been the most successful NGO

which has produced the best results and topped the chart in Valod.

Vyara Taluka: The following table throws light on the spending by respondents on



Gamit Graise MBG 475 570 20.00%

Choudhari Vijay MM 1,000 1,580 58.00%

Kotwalia Mahalaxmi MSG 455 790 73.63%

Choudhari Sadhana SM 1,370 1,650 20.44%

Choudhari Shradha SM 1,370 1,650 20.44%

Choudhari Nilkhanth SM 940 1,090 15.96%

Community SHG

Table 4.14 - E: Comparison of family's average spending on children's education before and after Joining SHG





Improvement

%Taluka

50.54%

Total Mean for Vyara (GO) 1,227 1,463 18.94%

Vyara

Total Mean for Vyara (NGO) 643 980

216

In Vyara Taluka the 6 SHGs are Graise MBG, Vijay MM, Mahalaxmi MSG, Sadhana SM,

Shradha SM and Nilkanth SM. As per the Table 4.14 -E; overall analysis shows that

Mahalaxmi MSG has produced the best result by showing positive improvement of 73.6

percent. Respondents were spending Rs. 455/- per month on their children s education

before joining the SHG while after joining they were able to spend Rs. 790/- per month.

The second best performance in Vyara Taluka was of Vijay MM where the figures

show improvement by 58.0 percent. The spending on children s education increased from

Rs. 1,000/- to Rs. 1,580/-. This was followed by Sadhana SM (20.4%), Shradha SM (20.4%)

and Graise MMG (20.0%) respectively. The lowest improvement was recorded by Nilkanth

SM (15.9%).


the respondents where the NGOs are functional. Total average

NGOs were functional while the same was improved from Rs. 1,227 to Rs. 1,463 in the areas

where the GOs were functional. Hence we note the contribution towards the improvement

NGO Performance in Vyara Taluka:




217

As shown in Graph 4.19 and Graph 4.20; in Vyara Taluka the best performance


percent. It was followed by Bhasha with 34.0 percent improvement share, Uthan with 12.0


which has produced the best results and topped the chart in Vyara.

Tapi District analysis -

Overall Performance of NGOs and Talukas

Graph 4.21 and Graph 4.22 revealed that

BAIF has been the most successful NGO

which has produced the best results and

topped the chart in all Talukas except in

Nizer. In Nizer Taluka, a unit of GO

(Sakhi Mandal) has shown the best results.

This analysis is symbolic of the progress that

parents who were the respondents in this study.

218

Overall Performance of Sakhi Mandal (government organization) in Tapi District -

Graph 4.23 reveals that Government

organization has shown better results in

Uchchal Taluka.

Overall performance in Tapi District community wise -

Graph 4.24 reveal that amongst all

communities Kathodi and Kotwalia

communities have benefited most after joining

SHGs in spite of being the vulnerable tribes.

The reason must be that the most of the

respondents in Kathodi and Kotwalia

Community were associated with BAIF which has proved to be the most successful NGO in

Tapi District.

Rasilaben Choudhari - Uthan

Rasilaben Choudhari from Valod is associated with Uthan (Jagriti Mahaila Bachat

gat). She has taken education up to the primary level. Her family has a small piece of

land. But she had no freedom to spend money for herself. She joined SHG in 2008.

As dairy activity made her empowered, she takes important decisions in the family,

sends her children to school and uses her own money for her expenses. Today she is

very happy.

219

4.4.2 Average monthly expenditure on


Nizer Taluka: The following table throws light on the spending by respondents on Family

joining an SHG.


As shown in Table 4.15 -A; in Nizer Taluka the overall analysis shows that Ravina MBG has

produced the best result by showing positive 108.0 percent improvement. Respondents

were spending Rs. 500/- per month on their family healthcare before joining SHG and after

joining they were able to spend Rs. 1,040/- per month. The second best performance was of

Adarsh SM where the figures show improvement by 89.8 percent. The spending on

healthcare increased from Rs. 355/- to Rs. 655/-. This was followed by Priti SM (35.3%),

Kamini MM (24.0%) and Geeta SM (7.6%) respectively. The lowest improvement was

recorded by Mahalaxmi (7.1%).

As graph 4.25 and graph 4.26 displays; there has been good improvement in the spending on

e the


Vasava Mahalaxmi 1,260 1,350 7.14%

Valvi Padvi Kamini MM 1,290 1,600 24.03%

Kathodi Ravina MBG 500 1,040 108.00%




Improvement

%


Average Spending on Family

Healthcare Before Joining SHGs


Healthcare After Joining SHGs

1,017 1,330

483 645

Table 4.15 - A: Comparison of family's average spending on family health care before and after Joining SHG

44.31%

Nizer



220


the GO were functional. Hence we note the contribution towards the improvement by NGOs





As shown in Graph 4.27 and Graph 4.28; in Nizer Taluka the best performance


percent. It was followed by GO with 24.0 percent improvement share, Bhasha with 13.0

percent, and Uthan with 4.0 percent respectively. BAIF has been the most successful NGO

which has produced the best results and topped the chart in Nizer.

Songadh Taluka: The following table throws light on the spending by respondents on




Gamit Ekta MBG 930 1,490 60.22%


Gamit Adivasi SM 1,286 1,462 13.69%

Gamit Navjivan SM 1,256 1,770 40.92%

Gamit Vikas SM 1,285 1,792 39.46%

Songadh

1,276 1,675 31.35%Total Mean for Songadh (GO)


Table 4.15 - B: Comparison of family's average spending on family health care before and after Joining SHG





Improvement

%Taluka Community SHG

221

As shown in Table 4.15 -B; in Songadh Taluka the overall analysis shows that Gayatri

MSLG has produced the best result by showing positive improvement of 83.3 percent.

Respondents were spending Rs.420/- per month on their family healthcare before joining an

SHG and after joining they were able to spend Rs. 770/- per month. The second best

performance was of Ekta MBG where the figures show improvement by 60.2 percent. The

spending on healthcare increased from Rs. 930/- to Rs. 1,490/-. This was followed by

Navjivan SM (40.9%), Vikas SM (39.4%) and Devmogra BG (24.1%) respectively. The

lowest improvement was recorded by Adivasi SM (13.6%).

As graph 4.29 and graph 4.30 displays; there has been substantial improvement in the

Rs. 942 where

the NGOs were functional while the same improved from Rs. 1,276 to Rs. 1,675 in the areas

where the GO were functional. Hence we note the contribution towards the improvement by

NGOs (64.0%) and by GO (36.0%) with regard to spending on famil





222

As shown in Graph 4.31 and Graph 4.32; in Songadh Taluka the best performance



percent and Uthan with 12.0 percent respectively. BAIF has been the most successful NGO

which has produced the best results and topped the chart in Songadh.

Uchchal Taluka: Following table throws

Healthcare in Uchchal Taluka before and after joining an SHG.


As shown in Table 4.15 -C; in Uchchal Taluka the overall analysis shows that Shreya SM

has produced the best result by showing positive improvement of 68.3 percent.

Respondents were spending Rs.600/- per month on their family healthcare before joining the

SHG and after joining they were able to spend Rs. 1,010/- per month. The second best

performance was of Navjivan MBG where the figures show improvement by 64.8 percent.

The spending on healthcare increased from Rs. 740/- to Rs. 1,220/-. This was followed by

Jai Bhavani SF (55.26%), Rachana SM (47.54%) and Roshani SM (27.96%) respectively.

The lowest improvement was recorded by Navjivan MMG (6.36%). This may be since the


Gamit Navmandal MMG 1,100 1,170 6.36%

Vasava Jai Bhavani SF 1,140 1,770 55.26%

Kathodi Navajivan MBG 740 1,220 64.86%

Gamit Rachna SM 610 900 47.54%

Gamit Shreya SM 600 1,010 68.33%


Uchchal

Total Mean for Uchchal (NGO) 993 1,387






Improvement

%

42.16%

Table 4.15 - C: Comparison of family's average spending on family health care before and after Joining SHG


223

respondents associated with this SHG were already spending Rs. 1,100/- before joining the

SHG.


the respondents where the Government Organizations are functional.

where the NGOs were functional while the same improved from Rs. 558 to Rs. 835 in the

areas where the GO were functional. Hence we note the contribution towards the

healthcare.








224


which has produced the best results and topped the chart in Uchchal.

Valod Taluka:

Healthcare in Valod Taluka before and after joining an SHG.


As shown in Table 4.15 -D; in Valod Taluka the overall analysis shows that Nilkanth

MSLG has produced the best result by showing positive improvement of 75.4 percent.

Respondents were spending Rs. 285/- per month on their family healthcare before

joining the SHG and after joining they were able to spend Rs. 500/- per month. The

second best performance was of Shradha BG where the figures show improvement by 34.5

percent. The spending on healthcare increased from Rs. 840 to Rs. 1130. This was followed

by Mariyam Adim G (22.8%), Jagruti MBG (21.6%) and Ganesh SM (9.8%) respectively.

The lowest improvement was recorded by Krupa SM (5.6%).


were functional while the same improved from Rs. 1,017 to Rs. 1,173 in the areas where the


Choudhari Jagruti MBG 995 1,210 21.61%



Halpati Shradha BG 840 1,130 34.52%

Halpati Ganesh SM 1,320 1,450 9.85%


16.66%


Valod

Total Mean for Valod (GO) 1,017 1,173

39.98%623


Table 4.15 - D: Comparison of family's average spending on family health care before and after Joining SHG





Improvement

%

225

GO were functional. Hence we note the contribution towards the improvement by NGOs





As shown in Graph 4.39 and Graph 4.40; in Valod Taluka the best performance recorded

was for BAIF wherein the overall improvement share recorded was 55.0 percent. It was

followed by Bhasha with 17.0 percent improvement share, Uthan with 16.0 percent, and GO

with 12.0 percent respectively. BAIF has been the most successful NGO which has

produced the best results and topped the chart in Valod.

Vyara Taluka:

Healthcare in Vyara Taluka before and after joining an SHG.


As shown in Table 4.15 -E; in Vyara Taluka the overall analysis shows that Mahalaxmi

MSG has produced the best result by showing positive improvement of 66.6 percent.



Choudhari Vijay MM 980 1,400 42.86%


Choudhari Sadhana SM 1,450 1,650 13.79%

Choudhari Shradha SM 1,450 1,650 13.79%

Choudhari Nilkhanth SM 1,140 1,420 24.56%


Total Mean for Vyara (GO) 1,347 1,573 17.38%

Vyara

48.71%

Table 4.15 - E: Comparison of family's average spending on family health care before joining and after Joining SHG





Improvement


226

Respondents were spending Rs. 360/- per month on their family healthcare before joining

the SHG and after joining they were able to spend Rs. 600/- per month. The second best

performance was of Vijay MM where the figures show improvement by 42.8 percent. The

spending on healthcare increased from Rs. 890/- to Rs. 1,400/-. This was followed by Graise

MBG (36.6%), Nilkanth SM (25.5%) respectively. The lowest improvement was recorded

by Sadhana SM and Shradha SM with 13.7 percent each.


were functional while the same improved from Rs. 1,347 to Rs. 1,573 in the areas where the

GO were functional. Hence we note the contribution towards the improvement by NGOs





227

As shown in Graph 4.43 and Graph 4.44; in Vyara Taluka the best performance recorded


followed by Bhasha with 26.0 percent improvement share, Uthan with 26.0 percent, and GO

with 11.0 percent respectively. BAIF has been the most successful NGO which has

produced the best results and topped the chart in Vyara.

Tapi District analysis - family Health Care

Graph 4.45 and Graph 4.46 reveal that BAIF

has been the most successful NGO which has

produced the best results and topped the

chart in all Talukas except in Uchchal. In

Uchchal a unit of Sakhi Mandal has shown

the best figures. This analysis is symbolic of

the progress that has eventually resulted in

the improvement in spending on Family Healthcare by the respondents in this study. We can

draw one more finding that overall performance of NGOs is far better than Government

organization in the health sector except in Uchchal.

Overall Performance of Sakhi Mandal (GO) in Tapi District Family Health Care

Graph 4.47 reveals that GO has shown

better results in Uchchal Taluka

228

Overall performance in Tapi District community wise

Graph 4.48 reveals that amongst all


community have benefited most after

joining SHGs in spite of being the

vulnerable tribes. The reason must be that

the most of the respondents in Kathodi and

Kotwalia Community were associated with

BAIF which has proved to be the most successful NGO in Tapi District.

4.4.3 Average monthly expenditure on Self Healthcare

Following table gives a detailed analysis of the money spent by the respondents on their

own health care before joining an SHG and after joining. All the Talukas have reported

the progress.


Nizer Taluka: The following table throws light on the spending by respondents on Self

Healthcare in Nizer Taluka before and after joining SHG.


As shown in Table 4.16 -A; in Nizer Taluka the overall analysis shows that Ravina MBG has

produced the best result by showing positive improvement of 143.9 percent. Respondents

were spending Rs. 205/- per month on their own healthcare before joining the SHG and after

joining they were able to spend Rs. 500/- per month. The second best performance was of

Mahalaxmi where the figures show improvement by 52.9 percent. The spending on

healthcare increased from Rs. 340/- to Rs. 520/-. This was followed by Kamini MM (43.7%),


Vasava Mahalaxmi 340 520 52.94%

Valvi Padvi Kamini MM 160 230 43.75%

Kathodi Ravina MBG 205 500 143.90%




Improvement

%


Average Spending on Self Healthcare

Before Joining SHGs


After Joining SHGs

235 417

226 297

Table 4.16 - A: Comparison of respondent's average spending on Self health care before and after Joining SHG

32.14%

Nizer



229

Adharsh SM (36.1%) and Priti SM (31.9%) respectively. The lowest improvement was

recorded by Geeta SM with 28.3 percent.

As graph 4.49 and graph 4.50 displays; there has been good improvement in the spending on

self-healthcare by the respondents where the NGOs are functional. Total average spending on

self-healthcare was Rs. 235 which improved up to Rs. 417 where the NGOs were functional

while the same improved from Rs. 226 to Rs. 297 in the areas where the GOs were

functional. Hence we note the contribution towards the improvement by NGOs (71.0%) and

by GO (29.0%) in regards to spending on self-healthcare.





As shown in Graph 4.51 and Graph 4.52; in Nizer Taluka the best performance


percent. It was followed by Uthan with 19.0 percent improvement share, Bhasha with 16.0

230


which has produced the best results and topped the chart in Nizer.

Songadh Taluka: The following table throws light on the spending by respondents on Self

Healthcare in Songadh Taluka before and after joining an SHG.


As shown in Table 4.16 -B; in Songadh Taluka the overall analysis shows that Navjivan SM

has produced the best result by showing positive improvement of 171.9 percent.

Respondents were spending Rs. 127 per month on their own healthcare before joining the

SHG and after joining they were able to spend Rs. 344 per month. The second best

performance was of Gayatri MSLG where the figures show improvement by 90.0 percent.

The spending on self-healthcare increased from Rs. 100 to Rs. 190. This was followed by

Ekta MBG (41.6%), Vikas SM (25.4%) and Devmogra BG (11.4%) respectively. The

lowest improvement was recorded by Adivasi SM with 0.5 percent.

As graph 4.53 and graph 4.54 displays; there has been substantial improvement in the

ved up to

Rs. 298 where the NGOs were functional while the same improved from Rs. 161 to Rs. 249



Gamit Ekta MBG 360 510 41.67%


Gamit Adivasi SM 174 175 0.57%

Gamit Navjivan SM 127 344 170.87%

Gamit Vikas SM 181 227 25.41%

Songadh

161 249 65.62%Total Mean for Songadh (GO)


Table 4.16 - B: Comparison of respondent's average spending on Self health care before and after Joining SHG


Before Joining SHGs


After Joining SHGs

Improvement


231

in the areas where the GOs were functional. Hence we note the contribution towards the

improvement by NGOs (42.0%) and by GO (58.0%) in regards to spending on

healthcare.





As shown in Graph 4.55 and Graph 4.56; in Songadh Taluka the best performance recorded


followed by GO with 31.0 percent improvement share, Bhasha with 20.0 percent, and Uthan

with 6.0 percent respectively. BAIF has been the most successful NGO which has produced

the best results and topped the chart in Songadh.

Uchchal Taluka: The following table throws light on the spending by respondents on Self-

Healthcare in Uchchal Taluka before and after joining an SHG.



Gamit Navmandal MMG 170 195 14.71%

Vasava Jai Bhavani SF 450 670 48.89%

Kathodi Navajivan MBG 160 265 65.63%

Gamit Rachna SM 119 129 8.40%

Gamit Shreya SM 119 148 24.37%


Uchchal

Total Mean for Uchchal (NGO) 260 377



Before Joining SHGs


After Joining SHGs

Improvement

%

43.07%

Table 4.16 - C: Comparison of respondent's average spending on Self health care before and after Joining SHG


232

As shown in Table 4.16 -C; in Uchchal Taluka the overall analysis shows that Navajivan

MBG has produced the best result by showing positive improvement of 65.6 percent.

Respondents were spending Rs. 160 per month on their own healthcare before joining the

SHG and after joining they were able to spend Rs. 265 per month. The second best

performance was of Jai Bhavani SF where the figures show improvement by 48.8 percent.

The spending on self-healthcare increased from Rs. 450 to Rs. 670. This was followed by

Roshni SM (33.3%), Shreya SM (24.3%) and Navjivan MMG (14.7%) respectively. The

lowest improvement was recorded by Rachna SM with 8.4 percent.

As graph 4.57 and graph 4.58 displays; there has been improvement in the spending on self-

health care by the respondents where the NGOs are functional. Total average spending on




by GO (34.0%) in regards to spending on self-healthcare.





233





which has produced the best results and topped the chart in Uchchal.

Valod Taluka: The following table throws light on the spending by respondents on Self-

Healthcare in Valod Taluka before and after joining an SHG.


As shown in Table 4.16 -D; in Valod Taluka the overall analysis shows that Nilkanth MSLG

has produced the best result by showing positive improvement of 83.3 percent. Respondents

were spending Rs. 120 per month on their own healthcare before joining the SHG and after

joining they were able to spend Rs. 220 per month. The second best performance was of

Mariyam Adim G where the figures show improvement by 48.4 percent. The spending on

self-healthcare increased from Rs. 165 to Rs. 245. This was followed by Krupa SM

(25.0%), Shradha BG (14.2%) and Jagruti MBG (8.8%) respectively. The lowest

improvement was recorded by Ganesh SM with 7.8 percent.


Choudhari Jagruti MBG 170 185 8.82%



Halpati Shradha BG 280 320 14.29%

Halpati Ganesh SM 510 550 7.84%


15.71%


Valod

Total Mean for Valod (GO) 343 390

46.88%152


Table 4.16 - D: Comparison of respondent's average spending on Self health care before and after Joining SHG


Before Joining SHGs


After Joining SHGs

Improvement

%

234


healthcare of the respondents where the NGOs are functional. Total average spending on




by GO (25.0%) with regard to spending on self-healthcare.





As shown in Graph 4.63 and Graph 4.64; in Valod Taluka the best performance recorded


followed by Bhasha with 31.0 percent improvement share, GO with 10.0 percent and Uthan

with 6.0 percent respectively. BAIF has been the most successful NGO which has produced

the best results and topped the chart in Valod.

235

Vyara Taluka: The following table throws light on the spending by respondents on Self-

Healthcare in Vyara Taluka before and after joining an SHG.


As shown in Table 4.16 -E; in Vyara Taluka the overall analysis shows that Nilkanth SM

has produced the best result by showing positive improvement of 48.0 percent. Respondents

were spending Rs. 250 per month on their own healthcare before joining the SHG and

after joining they were able to spend Rs. 370 per month. The second best performance was

of Graise MBG where the figures show improvement by 20.5 percent. The spending on self-

healthcare increased from Rs. 112 to Rs. 135. This was followed by Vijay MM (13.0%),

Mahalaxmi MSG (11.5%) and Sadhana SM (4.2%) respectively. Surprisingly Shradha

SM did not show any improvement.


healthcare of the respondents where the Private Government Organizations are functional.

Total average spending on self-healthcare was Rs. 157 which improved up to Rs. 180 where

the NGOs were functional while the same improved from Rs. 397 to Rs. 443 in the areas

where the GO were functional. Hence we note the contribution towards the improvement by

NGOs (46.0%) and by GO (54.0%) in regards to spending on self-healthcare.



Choudhari Vijay MM 230 260 13.04%


Choudhari Sadhana SM 470 490 4.26%

Choudhari Shradha SM 470 470 0.00%

Choudhari Nilkhanth SM 250 370 48.00%


Total Mean for Vyara (GO) 397 443 17.42%

Vyara

15.04%

Table 4.16 - E: Comparison of respondent's average spending on Self health care before and after Joining SHG


Before Joining SHGs


After Joining SHGs

Improvement


236





As shown in Graph 4.67 and Graph 4.68; in Vyara Taluka the best performance recorded

was for Uthan wherein the overall improvement share recorded was 33.0 percent. It was

followed by GO with 28.0 percent improvement share, Bhasha with 21.0 percent, and BAIF

with 18.0 percent respectively. Uthan has been the most successful NGO which has

produced the best results and topped the chart in Vyara.

Tapi District analysis - Self Health Care

Graph 4.69 and Graph 4.70 reveal that BAIF has

been the most successful NGO who has produced

the best results and topped the chart in almost all

Talukas except in Songadh and Vyara. In Songadh

and Vyara the units of Sakhi Mandal have shown

the best figures. This analysis is symbolic of the

237

progress that has eventually resulted in the improvement in Own Healthcare spending by

the respondents in this study.

Overall Performance of Sakhi Mandal (government organization) in Tapi District - Self

Health Care

Graph 4.71 reveals that GO has shown better

results in Songadh Taluka.

Overall performance in Tapi District community wise - Self Health Care

Graph 4.72 reveals that amongst all


communities have benefited most after

joining SHGs in spite of being the

vulnerable tribes. The reason must be that

the most of the respondents in Kathodi and

Kotwalia Community were associated with

BAIF which has proved to be the most successful NGO in Tapi District.

4.4.4 Participation in political activities

Besides the improvement in spending on family health care and childre it was

necessary to evaluate improvement in their own health status as well. It was also important

to take into consideration their active participation in social activities. The following table

gives information about their active participation in political activities in their areas.

238


As depicted in Table 4.17 out of 300 respondents 255 (85.0%) respondents were active in

political activities; 61 (20.3%) were active even before joining SHGs while 194 (64.7%)

became active only after joining SHGs, balance 45 (15.0%) did not participate in political

activities.

The Taluka wise picture was not very different wherein more than 50 percent respondents

had become active after joining SHG. In Nizer Taluka only 7 (11.7%) respondents were

actively participating in political activities and 44 (73.3%) respondents became active

after joining SHG, balance 9 (15.0%) never participated. Similarly in Songadh 19

(21.7%) respondents were active, 40 (66.7%) became active after joining SHG and only 1

respondent did not participate in political activities. In Uchchal, 6 (19.0%) respondents were

active and 44 (73.3%) became active after joining SHG; balance 10 respondents were not

active in political activities. In Valod 10 respondents were already active in political

activities and 32 (53.3%) respondents joined them after getting associated with SHG, while

18 (30.0%) respondents opted to stay away from the political activities. In Vyara 19 (21.7%)

respondents were involved in political activities even before joining an SHG while 34

(56.7%) became active after joining SHG and 7 (11.7%) remained non-participants.

4.4.5 Type of participation in political activities

It is important to understand the nature of participation of the respondents in the

political activities. This is recorded in the following table, where in some of the

respondents reported their participation in more than one political activity.

Taluka ==>

Participation Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %

Before SHG 7 11.7 19 31.7 6 10.0 10 16.7 19 31.7 61 20.3

After SHG 44 73.3 40 66.7 44 73.3 32 53.3 34 56.7 194 64.7

No Particiaption 9 15.0 1 1.7 10 16.7 18 30.0 7 11.7 45 15.0

Total ==> 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 60 20.0 300 100.0

Graphical

Presentation

Table 4.17: Participation in political activity


12

%

73

%

15

%

Before SHG

After SHG

No Participation

32

%

66

%

2%

Before SHG

After SHG

No Participation

10

%

73

%

17

%

Before SHG

After SHG

No Participation

17

%

53

%

30

%

Before SHG

After SHG

No Participation

31

%

57

%

12

%

Before SHG

After SHG

No Participation

20

%

65

%

15

%

Before SHG

After SHG

No Participation

239


As Table 4.18 depicts the majority of respondents i.e. 235 respondents participated in voting

only, while 66 respondents also took active part in campaigning activity, 41 attended political

meetings regularly while 12 respondents were election candidates of gram panchayat

election. Taluka wise breakup shows that in Vyara Taluka maximum i.e. 52 respondents

participated in voting followed by Uchchal and Nizer Taluka where 48 respondents each,

Songadh where 45 respondents participated in voting, while Valod was the Taluka where

lowest number of voters were recorded which was 42. Out of 66 respondents who were

involved in campaigning activity, maximum 24 were from Uchchal Taluka, followed by 14

in Vyara, 13 in Songadh, 8 in Nizer and 7 in Valod. Similarly out of 41 respondents who

regularly attended the political meetings the majority i.e., 19 were from Songadh, 9 from

Nizer, 6 from Vyara, 5 from Valod and 2 respondents were from Uchchal. Political

participation was much higher in Nizer, Songadh, Vyara and Uchchal and was lowest in

Valod Taluka. But numbers of election candidates were comparatively higher in Valod.

4.4.6 Participation in decision making

It was important to see and analyse whether respondents have any right in decision making

at home and up to what level. The following table sheds some light on these questions.

Taluka ==>

Participation Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %

Voting only 48 72.7 45 57.0 48 64.9 42 71.2 52 68.4 235 66.4

Campaign 8 12.1 13 16.5 24 32.4 7 11.9 14 18.4 66 18.6

Meeting 9 13.6 19 24.1 2 2.7 5 8.5 6 7.9 41 11.6

Contested elections 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.0 5 8.5 4 5.3 12 3.4

Total ==> 66 100.0 79 100.0 74 100.0 59 100.0 76 100.0 354 100.0


Table 4.18: Type of participation in political activity


73%

12%

14% 1%

Voting only Campaign

57% 16%

24%

3%


65%

32%

3%


71%

12% 9%

8%


68%

19%

8% 5%


66%

19%

12% 3%


240


Table 4.19 gives a very clear picture about the participation of respondents in decision

making at home. The figures are very encouraging and reveal that out of 300 respondents

272 (90.7%) respondents could take the decisions regarding saving while 239 (79.7%)

respondents could take the decision on voting and 231 (77.0%) respondents were involved in

decision making for their children s education. However; only 110 (36.7%) respondents

were involved in major financial decisions like land related investments such as participating

in a yearly land auction for harvesting of mangoes etc. Just above half i.e. 169 (56.3%)

respondents could take decisions on family planning and were allowed to make the decision

on number of children. The data also reveals that hardly 31 (10.3%) respondents out of 300

were allowed to participate in decisions regarding their children s marriage.

Taluka wise breakup did not show any different picture. In Nizer Taluka 58 (96.7%)

respondents could participate in decisions related to savings, 55 (91.7%) respondents could

participate in decisions regarding voting, 40 (66.7%) respondents could decide about

their children s education, 27 (45.0%) could participate in family planning decisions, 22

(36.7%) respondents were involved in decisions like purchase of land etc. and only 5 (8.3%)

could decide on their children s marriage.

In Songadh Taluka 56 (93.3%) respondents could participate in decisions related to savings,

55 (91.7%) respondents could participate in decision regarding voting, 42 (70.0%)

respondents could decide about their children s education, 37 (61.7%) could participate in

family planning decisions, 28 (46.7%) were involved in land purchasing decisions and only

14 (23.3%) could decide on their children s marriage.

Taluka ==>

Type of decisions Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %

A. no. of children 27 45.0 37 61.7 39 65.0 34 56.7 32 53.3 169 56.3

B. Marriage of Children 5 8.3 14 23.3 4 6.7 2 3.3 6 10.0 31 10.3

C. Investment / Land 22 36.7 28 46.7 14 23.3 19 31.7 27 45.0 110 36.7

D. Saving 58 96.7 56 93.3 59 98.3 47 78.3 52 86.7 272 90.7

E. Voting 55 91.7 55 91.7 55 91.7 31 51.7 43 71.7 239 79.7

F. Education of Children 40 66.7 42 70.0 53 88.3 47 78.3 49 81.7 231 77.0


Table 4.19: Participation in decision making


13% 2%

11%

28% 27%

19%

A B C D E F

16% 6%

12%

24%

24%

18%

A B C D E F

17% 2%

6%

26% 25%

24%

A B C D E F

19

% 1%

11%

26

%

17

%

26

%

A B C D E F

15%

3%

13%

25

%

21

%

23

%

A B C D E F

16

% 3%

10%

26

%

23

%

22

%

A B C D E F

241

In Uchchal Taluka almost all i.e. 59 (98.3%) respondents could participate in decisions

related to savings, 55 (91.7%) respondents could participate in decisions regarding voting, 53

(88.3%) respondents could decide about their children s education, 39 (65.0%) could

participate in family planning decisions, 14 (23.3%) were involved in land purchasing

decisions and only 4 (6.7%) could decide on their children s marriage.

In Valod Taluka the picture was a bit different and it was observed that not many

respondents participated in decision making in the family. Figures show that 47 (78.3%)

respondents could participate in decisions related to savings, 47 (78.3%) respondents

could participate in decision regarding children s education, 34 (56.7%) respondents could

decide about family planning, 31 (51.7%) could participate in voting decisions, 19 (31.7%)

were involved in land purchasing decisions and only 2 (3.3%) could decide on their

children arriage.

In Vyara Taluka figures show that 52 (86.7%) respondents could participate in

decisions related to savings, 49 (81.7%) respondents could participate in decisions regarding

children s education, 43 (71.7%) respondents could decide about voting, 32 (53.3%) could

participate in family planning decisions, 27 (45.0%) were involved in land ( invested in

hiring the land at the time of Mango season instead of purchasing) decisions and only 6

(10.0%) could decide on their children s marriage.

4.4.7 Improvement in lifestyle after joining SHG

Besides the basic improvement, the survey was also able to reveal the change in the standard

of living of the respondents. The following table gives insights about the improvement in the

lifestyle of the respondents.

Ms. Apnuben Ravidashbhai Gamit - Uthan

Apnuben from Uchchal is associated with Navmandal SHG of Uthan since 2009.

She has taken education up to the primary level. She is an agricultural labourer and

her family members were not involving her in any decision making at the household

level. It is only because of participation in dairy activities that she has got dignity in

her house. Today she takes important decisions in the family and is also responsible

for all the bank transactions.

242


Table 4.20 reveals that there is definitely an improvement in the lifestyle of the respondents.

Televisions have taken place of traditional radios, number of two wheeler have increased

significantly, more respondents now have telephone connections and the best part is that

100% of the respondents now have mobile phones. The major credit for this change goes

to the SHGs since this change has occurred only after respondents joined the SHG.

Table 4.20 depicts that 103 (34.3%) respondents had radios before joining SHGs and only

45 (15.0%) respondents had radios after joining SHGs. Two major reasons for this drop were

that radios have been replaced by television sets and also because 100.0 percent respondents

have cell phones and most of them have radios in their cell phone instrument. As regards

the television sets, 33 (11.0%) respondents had televisions before joining SHG and 161

(53.7%) respondents owned televisions after they joined SHG. Only 8 (2.7%) respondents

had telephone lines which went up to 15 (5.0%) after joining SHG. The most dramatic

improvement was in owning of the mobile phones, wherein while only 81 (27.0%)

Taluka ==>

Commodities owned Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %

17 28.3 11 18.3 11 18.3 38 63.3 26 43.3 103 34.3

10 16.7 8 13.3 7 11.7 12 20.0 8 13.3 45 15.0

1 1.7 15 25.0 2 3.3 0 0.0 15 25.0 33 11.0

27 45.0 26 43.3 38 63.3 33 55.0 37 61.7 161 53.7

1 1.7 2 3.3 1 1.7 0 0.0 4 6.7 8 2.7

4 6.7 3 5.0 0 0.0 2 3.3 6 10.0 15 5.0

13 21.7 28 46.7 8 13.3 5 8.3 27 45.0 81 27.0

60 100.0 60 100.0 60 100.0 60 100.0 60 100.0 300 100.0

0 0.0 5 8.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 12 20.0 17 5.7

15 25.0 21 35.0 4 6.7 21 35.0 49 81.7 110 36.7

0 0.0 1 1.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.7 2 0.7

0 0.0 1 1.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.7 2 0.7

0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.7 0 0.0 1 1.7 2 0.7

0 0.0 0 0.0 1 1.7 0 0.0 1 1.7 2 0.7

0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0

0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0

Telephone

Before

After

Mobile

Before

After

Two wheeler

Before

After

Car

Before

After

Land

Before

After

Own House

Before

After


Table 4.20: Change in life style before and after joining SHG


Radio

Before

After

TV

Before

After

0

100

200

300

Radio TV Telephone Mobile Two

wheeler

Car Land

Before

After

243

respondents had mobile phones before joining SHG, all 300 (100.0%) respondents

confirmed that they owned and could afford to have a mobile phone after they joined the

SHG. This change is very important since all the respondents were now accessible even

while they were working in the field or in remote areas. One more major and positive

change was observed in t h e case of two wheelers. Only 17 (5.7%) respondents owned

two wheelers before joining an SHG and the figure went up to 110 (36.7%) after they joined

the SHG. There was no change with regard to ownership of car, land and own house of the

respondents; two respondents had their own car before and after joining the SHG, similarly 2

respondents had their land before and after joining the SHG.

Taluka wise picture shows the same trend

where in Nizer only one (1.7%) respondent had

a television before joining SHG and the number

went up to 27 (45.0%), 13 (21.7%) respondents

had mobile phones and the number increased

up to 60 (100.0%) and in case of two wheelers

not a single respondent had a two wheeler

before joining SHG and after joining 15 (25.0%) respondents owned it.

In Songadh Taluka 15 (25.0%) respondents

owned television sets earlier and after joining

SHGs 26 (48.3%) respondents owned it.

Similarly 28 (46.7%) respondents had mobile

phones before joining SHG and after joining

60 (100.0%) respondents had mobile phones.

There was an increase in ownership of two

wheelers as well, wherein only 5 (8.3%) respondents owned two wheelers before joining

SHG and 21 (35.0%) respondents were the proud owners of the two-wheeler after joining

SHGs.

In Uchchal Taluka the only 2 (3.3%)

respondents had television sets and the figure of

television owners went up to 38 (63.3%) after

joining SHG. In case of mobile phones only 8

244

(13.3%) respondents owned it before joining SHG while after joining SHGs all 60 (100.0%)

respondents owned mobile phones. There was not much change with regard to two wheeler.

In Valod Taluka none of the respondents owned television sets and after joining SHGs 33

(55.0%) respondents owned it, similarly only 5

(8.3%) respondents had mobile phones before

joining SHG and after joining 60 (100.0%)

respondents were using mobile phones.

There was an increase in ownership of two

wheelers from zero respondents owning two-

wheelers before joining SHG to 21 (35.0%) respondents owning it after joining SHGs.

Finally in Vyara Taluka about 15 (25.0%) respondents had a television set before joining

SHG and the number went up to 37 (61.7%).

With regard to mobile phones 27 (45.0%)

respondents had mobile phones and the number

increased to 60 (100.0%) after joining SHGs.

Similarly in case of two wheelers 12 (20.0%)

respondents had two wheelers before joining

SHG and after joining 49 (81.7%) respondents

owned two-wheeler.

4.4.8 Other activities of SHGs in villages

Besides the normal activities related to income generating activities, i.e., savings and

financial activities, SHGs also played a major role in various other areas towards

development. Some questions were asked during the survey, about village cleanliness, gram

panchayat activities, environmental activities and health related activities. The views from

the respondents are noted in the following table.

245


As Table 4.21 reveals that besides financial and income generating activities SHGs also

played a pivotal role in other social activities. All 300 (100.0%) respondents confirmed

that SHGs were very active in village cleanliness and health activities, while 124

respondents recorded that SHGs were also helping them in Gram Panchayat activities. For

example they provide training about the functionary of Gram Panchayat. Similarly 100

respondents confirmed that SHGs were doing some work of environmental activities i.e. tree

plantation.

In all Talukas 100 percent respondents confirmed that SHGs were doing work towards

village cleanliness and health activities. Besides these two activities, in Nizer Taluka 15

respondents informed that SHGs also help them in Gram Panchayat activities and 23

respondents said that the SHGs are working in environment related activities. Similarly in

Songadh Taluka, 2 and 20 respondents recorded that SHGs are active in Gram Panchayat

and Environmental projects respectively. In Uchchal 36 respondents said that the SHG is

assisting them in Gram Panchayat activities and 15 said they also handle environment related

activities. In Valod 40 respondents said that an SHG is functional in Gram Panchayat

activities and 26 respondents said that SHGs also work in environment related activities.

Finally in Vyara 31 and 16 respondents confirmed that SHGs work in Gram Panchayat and

Environmental activities respectively.

4.5 CONCLUSION

Background: Out of 300 respondents chosen for this study, 204 respondents were below

40 years of age with majority i.e. 125 who were in the age group between 30 and 40. It was

very encouraging that respondents were associated with SHGs at a n early age. It was

also very commendable that 285 out of 300 respondents i.e. 95 percent women were married

and associated with the Self Help Groups. This indicates that these tribal women had

freedom even after their marriage. This also indicates that women in these tribal areas

Taluka ==>

Activities

Village Cleanliness

Gram Panchayat activities

Environment activities

Health activities

60

40

26

60

60

31

16

60

300

124

100

300

60

15

23

60

60

2

20

60

60

36

15

60

Table 4.21: SHG activities in village


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play a very important role in the family not only for house hold work but also to support

the family to earn the livelihood and take some major decisions related to family.

Respondents belonged to various communities and the majority of them were from the

Gamit community. This community resides mainly in Songadh and Uchchal Talukas of Tapi

district. As far as education is concerned 188 respondents out of 300 had obtained some

level of education and majority had either taken education up to primary or secondary level.

In spite of being literate the majority of respondents were below poverty line. The survey

showed that 274 respondents were below poverty line. The family income per annum of the

majority of respondents was below Rs.1,00,000/- which was good enough to take care of day

to date family affairs but not sufficient enough to take care of children education as well as

health related issues. Since respondents stayed mainly in tribal zones, besides agricultural

activities they were dependent upon the natural resources and hence bamboo work was

one of the main occupations in these areas. The second major occupation was dairy related

activities.

SHG and NGOs:

Total six SHGs in each Talukas associated with 3 NGOs and one GO of 10 respondents

from each SHG were considered in the sample. Hence total 60 respondents from each

Taluka were considered for the survey. Four NGOs considered for survey were BAIF,

BHASHA, and UTHAN & SAKHI MANDAL. Total 30 SHGs were considered for the

survey. More than 85% respondents joined the SHGs after Tapi was carved out as a separate

district i.e. after 2007. SHGs normally conduct meetings once in a month and more than

75% respondents attend the meeting on regular basis. Office bearers Pradhan and Mantri

were appointed with consensus of the members. The membership of the SHGs could be

obtained simply by contributing Rs.50 to Rs.100 per month. All the respondents had

membership of single SHG.

Activities of SHGs:

The major activity of the SHGs was Micro Financing such as managing savings of the

members and providing them loans as and when required at a very nominal rate of interest

i.e. 1-2 percent. All 300 respondents confirmed using the loan facilities provided by the

SHGs. Financial implication of this will be discussed in chapter 5. However, more

than 80 percent respondents felt that there was a positive change after joining SHG. To be

247

more precise, 195 (65.0%) respondents felt that there was a moderate change in their life

after joining SHG, followed by 51 (17.0%) respondents who felt that there was considerable

change, while 54 (18.0%) respondents felt that there was no change at all. At Taluka level

it was observed that in Vyara Taluka 58 percent respondents felt that the change was

considerable while in other Talukas majority respondents felt that change was moderate.

Change after joining SHG:

Micro level study shows that there has been improvement in amounts spent by the

respondents on essential matters such as childre education. family health care and self-

health care etc. It was observed that in all Talukas there was an improvement in spending on

children s education after the respondents have joined the SHGs. Amongst the NGOs, BAIF

was the most successful NGO which had achieved consistency in all Talukas as far

children s education was concerned. Similarly there was substantial improvement with

regard to expenditure on self and family health care after respondents joined SHGs. Even

here BAIF was in top position proving that they had the best network and strategies to bring

positive development in the life of the members associated with them.

Joining SHGs did not only help respondents to improve their earnings but also helped them

in getting involved in other social activities of the society as well. Political participation

was one such activity. More than 60 percent respondents confirmed that they started

participating in political activities after joining SHGs, while only 20% or so were

started participating earlier. There was awareness amongst the members about their voting

rights, which resulted in maximum voting. More than 65 percent respondents confirmed that

they participate in voting. Besides voting 100 respondents also confirmed that they were

active in campaigning and regularly attended the political meetings. This too can be

considered as a major achievement of SHG.

It was also observed that these tribal women respondents are now not only involved in

household work but they have become more independent, and are supporting their respective

families. This has given them respect in the family and they have become major decision

makers in the family. More than 90 percent respondents participated in decisions regarding

savings; more than 75 percent respondents participated in taking decisions about voting and

education of their children, while more than 50 percent respondents also participated in

decisions related to family planning. Finally it was observed that there was also an

248

improvement the life style of the respondents after joining SHGs. Radios were replaced by

television sets, land lines were replaced by mobile phones and many respondents were able

to buy their own vehicles even though it was just a two wheeler. The most encouraging fact

was that 100 percent respondents could afford to have mobile phones after joining SHGs.

This change in the lifestyle of the respondents would help further improvements since it takes

care of three major areas in development i.e. information, communication and commuting.

Television keeps them posted about the current affairs in the country, while mobile facilities

help them to keep in touch with the rest of the world and facilities such as two wheeler help

them in commuting and saving time in transportation. However none of them managed to

buy land or house from their income.

Finally, SHGs were also very active in development of villages by participated in cleanliness

drive and maintaining hygiene etc. Such drives help in controlling viral epidemics and

eventually create healthy surroundings. SHGs were also actively participating in health care

activities in the villages by conducting medical camps etc.

References:

Choudhari Appa Rao, Chintalapudi Sai Kumar (2011). Women empowerment through SHGs

and Micro Finance. The associated Publishers

Office of Tribal Development Programme Songadh, Annual Report 2011-12

Social capital overview, n.d. retrived from web.worldbank.org

Social capital, n.d. free encyclopedia

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