chapter 14 (part 1)
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Chapter 14 (Part 1). Electron transport. Chemiosmotic Theory. Electron Transport: Electrons carried by reduced coenzymes are passed through a chain of proteins and coenzymes to drive the generation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 14 (Part 1)
Electron transport
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Chemiosmotic Theory• Electron Transport: Electrons carried by
reduced coenzymes are passed through a chain of proteins and coenzymes to drive the generation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
• Oxidative Phosphorylation: The proton gradient runs downhill to drive the synthesis of ATP
• Electron transport is coupled with oxidative phosphorylation
• It all happens in or at the inner mitochondrial membrane
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Outer Membrane – Freely permeable to small molecules and ions. Contains porins with 10,000 dalton limitInner membrane – Protein rich (4:1 protein:lipid). Impermeable. Contains ETR, ATP synthase, transporters.Cristae – Highly folded inner membrane structure. Increase surface area.Matrix- “cytosol” of the mitochondria. Protein rich (500 mg/ml) Contains TCA cycle enzymes, pyruvate dehydrogenase, fatty and amino acid oxidation pathway, DNA, ribosomesIntermembrane Space – composition similar to cytosol
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Reduction Potentials• High Eo' indicates a strong tendency to be
reduced • Crucial equation: Go' = -nF Eo'
• Eo' = Eo'(acceptor) - Eo'(donor)
• NADH + ½ O2 + H+ NAD++ H+ + H2O
NAD++ H+ + 2e- NADH Eo’ = -0.32½ O2 + 2e- + 2H+ H2O Eo’ = 0.816Go‘= -nF(Eo'(O2) - Eo'(NADH)) Go‘= -nF(0.82 –(-0.32)) = -nF(1.14) = -2(96.5 kJ mol-1V-1)(1.136) = -220 kJ mol-1
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Electron Transport• Four protein complexes in the
inner mitochondrial membrane • A lipid soluble coenzyme (UQ,
CoQ) and a water soluble protein (cyt c) shuttle between protein complexes
• Electrons generally fall in energy through the chain - from complexes I and II to complex IV
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Standard reduction potentials of the major
respiratory electron carriers.
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Complex I• NADH-CoQ Reductase • Electron transfer from NADH to CoQ • More than 30 protein subunits - mass of
850 kD• 1st step is 2 e- transfer from NADH to FMN• FMNH2 converts 2 e- to 1 e- transfer • Four H+ transported out per 2 e-
NADH + H+
FMN
Fe2+S
CoQ
NAD+ FMNH2 Fe3+S CoQH2
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Succinate
FAD
Fe2+S
CoQFumarate FADH2 Fe3+S CoQH2
Complex II• Succinate-CoQ Reductase • aka succinate dehydrogenase (from TCA
cycle!) • four subunits• Two largest subunits contain 2 Fe-S proteins• Other subunits involved in binding succinate
dehydrogenase to membrane and passing e- to Ubiquinone
• FAD accepts 2 e- and then passes 1 e- at a time to Fe-S protein
• No protons pumped from this step
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Q-Cycle• Transfer from the 2 e- carrier
ubiquinone (QH2) to Complex III must occur 1 e- at a time.
• Works by two single electron transfer steps taking advantage of the stable semiquinone intermediate
• Also allows for the pumping of 4 protons out of mitochondria at Complex III
• Myxothiazol (antifungal agent) inhibits electron transfer from UQH2 and Complex III.
UQ
UQ.-
UQH2
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Complex III• CoQ-Cytochrome c Reductase • CoQ passes electrons to cyt c (and pumps H+) in
a unique redox cycle known as the Q cycle • Cytochromes, like Fe in Fe-S clusters, are one-
electron transfer agents • cyt c is a water-soluble electron carrier• 4 protons pumped out of mitochondria (2 from
UQH2)
CoQH2 cyt b ox Fe2+S cyt c1 ox cyt c red
CoQ cyt b red Fe3+S cyt c1 red cyt c ox
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cyt c red
cyt a ox
cyt a3 red
O2
cyt c ox cyt a red cyt a3 ox 2 H2O
Complex IV• Cytochrome c Oxidase • Electrons from cyt c are used in a four-
electron reduction of O2 to produce 2H2O • Oxygen is thus the terminal acceptor of
electrons in the electron transport pathway - the end!
• Cytochrome c oxidase utilizes 2 hemes (a and a3) and 2 copper sites
• Complex IV also transports H+ (2 protons)
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Inhibitors of Oxidative Phosphorylation
• Rotenone inhibits Complex I - and helps natives of the Amazon rain forest catch fish!
• Cyanide, azide and CO inhibit Complex IV, binding tightly to the ferric form (Fe3+) of a3
• Oligomycin and DCCD are ATP synthase inhibitors
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Shuttling Electron Carriers into the Mitochondrion
• The inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH.
• Electrons carried by NADH that are created in the cytoplasm (such as in glycolysis) must be shuttled into the mitochondrial matrix before they can enter the ETS
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Glycerol phosphate shuttle
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malate/aspartate shuttle system
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Electron transport is coupled to oxidative phosphorylation
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Uncouplers• Uncouplers disrupt the tight coupling
between electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation by dissipating the proton gradient
• Uncouplers are hydrophobic molecules with a dissociable proton
• They shuttle back and forth across the membrane, carrying protons to dissipate the gradient
• w/o oxidative-phosphorylation energy lost as heat
• Dinitrophenol once used as diet drug, people ran 107oF temperatures
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O2N OH
NO2 H
O2N O
NO2