chapter 14 part 4
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Chapter 14 Part 4. The Impact of the Reformation on Women and the Counter Reformation. Protestant Women. Luther: a woman’s place is in the home…that’s why God gave her a wide fundament to sit upon! - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 14Part 4
The Impact of the Reformation on Women and
the Counter Reformation
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Protestant Women Luther: a woman’s place is in the
home…that’s why God gave her a wide fundament to sit upon!
Luther DID promote the idea that all of us had a special calling to our occupations…so all women had a calling to be home makers
Calvin believed in the subjugation of women to preserve moral order
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Marriage Protestant churches had greater
official control over marriage than the Catholic church did
Protestant suppressed common law marriages
Catholic governments followed the Protestant example
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Marriage Marriage became more
companionate…emphasis on love
Luther and his wife, Katerina von Bora, served as a good example of a companionate marriage
Luther: sex to be enjoyed Catholic Church: sex only for
procreation
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Increased women’s literacy
The emphasis on all being able to read the Bible worked in favor of increased women’s education
Religion was the most appropriate subject for women to study
Women were expected to teach their children so
Schools for girls appeared
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Philip Melanchthon …Confessions of Augsburg guy
Played a huge role in establishing schools for girls in the Protestant German states
BUT Protestant women did not have the opportunity the Catholic women had in terms of serving the Church
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Status of Women Continued to diminish Women gradually lost rights to
manage their own property or to make legal transactions in their own name
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Catholic Women Continued opportunities to serve the
Church through religious orders
Angela Merici : founded the Ursuline order of nuns in the 1530’s to provide education and religious training for girls
Wanted to combat heresy through Christian education
Order was approved by Pope Paul III in 1544
Much activity in France and the New World
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Catholic Women Teresa de Avila (Spanish) Leader in
the reform movement for monasteries and convents
Believed that an individual could have a direct relationship with God through prayer and contemplation
Had visions of saints
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The Catholic Reformationand Counter Reformation
Two movements at first but merged by 1560
Catholic Reformation began with Pope Julius II in 1517 with the Laterine Council: To clarify Catholic doctrine. Produced the doctrine of Transubstantiation
(Hus) and continued with Adrian VI (unusual Dutch Pope)
Counter Reformation: a reaction to Protestantism: how to bring ‘em back to the Catholic Church
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Pope Paul III Was the most important Pope in
reforming the Church and challenging Protestantism
Was not interested in new doctrines but in improving existing doctrines to improve Church discipline
Goal was twofold: to respond to critics within the Church regarding Church abuses AND to respond to the gains of Protestantism
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The Council of Trent 1545-1563
Three sessions Established Catholic dogma for the
next 4 centuries
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Outcomes of the Council of Trent
1. Equal validity of Scripture, Church traditions, and writings of Church fathers
2. Salvation by good works and faith3. All 7 sacraments valid4. Transubstantiation was reaffirmed5. Monasticism, celibacy of clergy,
and purgatory were reaffirmed
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Outcomes of Trent6. Approved the Index of Forbidden
Books Books that supported Protestantism or
that were overly critical of the Church (like those of Erasmus) were banned from Catholic countries
Severe punishments for anyone possessing a book on the list
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More outcomes…7. Church reforms: abuses in the sale
of indulgences, sale of Church offices curtailed
8. Bishops given more control over clergy: were callings genuine?
9. Seminaries established to train priests
10. Valid marriages were public marriages
11. Established the Papal Inquisition (in the Papal States, parts of Italy. 6 Cardinals given full powers
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New Religious Orders 1540 The Jesuits (Society of Jesus)
Founder: Ignatious Loyola Organized order in military fashion
Spiritual Exercises used to train Jesuits
3 Goals: Reform the Church through education Preach Gospel to pagan peoples Fight Protestantism
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The Jesuits Beginning in 1542 oversaw the Italian
and the Spanish Inquisition
In Spain: persecution of Moriscos and Christian Jews who were suspected of “Backsliding”
In Italy: Pope Paul IV issued a Papal Bull accusing the Jews of killing Christ and ordering that Jews be placed in Ghettos in Papal states
The persecution of Jews increased all over Europe
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Eastern Europe Remained Catholic as well as
Southern German States, Spain, Portugal, 10 of the 17 provinces of the Netherlands (now Belgium), Italy
Jesuit schools among the finest in Europe
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Results of the Reformation
Western European Christian Unity was shattered
BUT religious enthusiasm was rekindled
Church abuses were finally curtailed
Religious wars to follow
The rise of Baroque Art (began as part of the Catholic Reformation
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Baroque Art Began as part of the Catholic
Reformation To teach and demonstrate in an
(emotional way) the awesome glory and power of the Catholic Church
Was encouraged by the Papacy, the Jesuits
Was big in France, Flanders, Austria, S. Germany and Poland
Later spread to Protestant countries and regions
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Baroque Art Tried to overwhelm the viewer Emphasized grandeur, emotion,
movement, spaciousness and unity surrounding a certain theme
Was literally HUGE Will later be used by monarchs to
emphasize THEIR power and glory (Louis XIV & Versailles)
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Architecture and Sculpture
Bernini (1598-1650) baroque architect and sculptor Emotion AND motion
Many fountains throughout Rome The Colonnade in front of St. Peter’s
Basilica in Rome (his greatest architectural achievement)
The Canopy over the high altar of St. Peter’s
The Ecstasy of St. Teresa his altarpiece evokes tremendous emotion
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The Ecstasy of St. Teresa
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Bernini’s David
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The Colonnade (Bernini)
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Baroque painting Broad areas of light and shadow Color: more true to nature Concerned with overall dynamic
effect: not so concerned with clarity of detail
Designed to give the viewer a spontaneous personal experience
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Carvaggio (Roman) 1571-1610
First important Baroque painter Highly emotional scenes Sharp contrasts of light and dark for
dramatic effect Sometimes used ordinary people for
models for Biblical scenes (and was criticized for it)
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Adoration of the Shepherds
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Peter Paul Reubens (Flemish)
1577-1640 Worked for the Hapsburg court in
Brussels (the capital of the Spanish Netherlands)
Emphasized color and sensuality Animated figures, melodramatic,
huge About one half of his work dealt with
Christian subjects Was known for his sensual nudes,
Saints, Angels, Roman Goddesses, Water Nymphs
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Rubens: The Issue of Souls in Purgatory