chapter 14: adapting to the effects of climate change · adapting water resources management to the...

404 USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018

IntroductionAdapting to climate change, or adjusting to current or

future climate and its effects (Noble et al. 2014), is critical to minimizing the risks associated with climate change impacts. Adaptation actions can vary from passive (e.g., a “wait and see” approach), to relatively simple (e.g., in-creasing harvest rotation age), to complex (e.g., managing forest structure and processes across large landscapes for a future range of conditions) (Spittlehouse and Stewart 2003). Many adaptation actions are complementary to other land management goals and actions, and most land managers already have the tools and knowledge to start addressing climate change. However, managers may need to make some adjustments, considering new issues, scale and loca-tion of implementation, timing, and prioritization of actions (Swanston et al. 2016). For example, it will be increasingly important to prioritize which management actions to take, and where to take those actions, based on the vulnerability of resources to climate change and the likelihood that ac-tions in those places will be effective.

Federal land and water management agencies are re-quired to consider climate change in planning and project analysis, and to begin preparing for the effects of climate change (Federal Register 2009, 2013; USDA FS 2012). The processes and tools for developing adaptation strategies and tactics have differed within and among Federal agencies (Halofsky et al. 2015). However, as outlined in Peterson et al. (2011b), key steps in the process include: (1) education on basic climate change science, integrated with knowledge of local resource conditions and issues (review); (2) evalua-tion of the sensitivity of specific natural resources to climate change (rank); (3) development and implementation of adaptation strategies and tactics (resolve); and (4) monitor-ing of the effectiveness of adaptation options (observe), with adjustments as needed.

The development of climate change adaptation strate-gies and tactics is conducted in the third (“resolve”) step. Adaptation strategies describe how adaptation options could be employed, but they are still broad and general in their application across ecosystems. Tactics are more specific adaptation responses and can provide prescriptive directions for actions to be applied on the ground. At the broadest level, climate change adaptation strategies can be differentiated into four types: (1) resistance, (2) resilience, (3) response, and (4) realignment strategies (Millar et al.

Chapter 14: Adapting to the Effects of Climate Change

Jessica E. Halofsky

2007). The resistance strategy includes tactics that forestall impacts to protect highly valued resources. Resistance strategies are only a short-term solution but often describe the intensive and localized management of rare and isolated species (Heller and Zavaleta 2009). The resilience strategy includes tactics that improve the capacity of systems to return to desired conditions after disturbance. The response strategy employs tactics to facilitate transition of systems from current to new desired conditions. Finally, the realign-ment strategy uses restoration practices to ensure persistence of ecosystem processes and functions in a changing climate.

The Intermountain Adaptation Partnership (IAP) project incorporated all steps in the adaptation process. An initial kickoff meeting with leadership and managers from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service (USFS) Intermountain Region involved review of basic climate change information set in a local context. The initial meet-ing was followed by a vulnerability assessment process that evaluated potential effects of climate change on water and soils (Chapter 4), fish and aquatic habitat (Chapter 5), forest vegetation (Chapter 6), nonforest vegetation (Chapter 7), ecological disturbance (Chapter 8), terrestrial species (Chapter 9), outdoor recreation (Chapter 10), infrastructure (Chapter 11), cultural resources (Chapter 12), and ecosys-tem services (Chapter 13). Vulnerability assessments set the stage for hands-on development of adaptation options (the “resolve” step) by resource managers in a series of five workshops across the IAP region. Managers engaged in facilitated discussions and completed worksheets, adapted from Swanston and Janowiak (2012), identifying key cli-mate change vulnerabilities and related adaptation strategies (overarching approaches for resource planning and manage-ment) and tactics (on-the-ground management actions). Participating land managers were encouraged to use the Climate Change Adaptation Library (http://adaptationpart-ners.org/library.php) for ideas on adaptation strategies and tactics, and to identify several types of strategies, including resilience, response, and realignment strategies. They also identified where tactics could be applied and opportuni-ties for implementation of tactics, where applicable. This chapter describes adaptation strategies and tactics developed in the workshops for each of the 10 resource areas covered in the vulnerability assessment. This chapter covers only adaptation strategies and tactics considered high priority by resource managers and discussed in the workshops. It is thus not intended to be an exhaustive list of possible actions.

USDA Forest Service RMRS-GTR-375. 2018 405

Adapting Water Resources Management to the Effects

of Climate ChangeAcross the IAP region, lower snowpack and increased

drought with changing climate are likely to lead to lower base flows, reduced soil moisture, wetland loss, riparian area reduction or loss, and more frequent and possibly severe wildfire (Luce and Holden 2009) (table 14.1). In response to these changes, managers identified four main adaptation strategies: (1) conserve water; (2) store water; (3) manage for highly functioning riparian areas, wetlands, and ground-water-dependent ecosystems; and (4) develop policies for water rights (table 14.1). Although these adaptation options may do little to alleviate some of the direct consequences of shifting precipitation, snowpack timing, and temperature changes for ecosystems during drought conditions (e.g.,Vose et al. 2016), they can affect downstream water availability and consequences of hydrological drought.

Lower soil moisture and low flows in late summer, combined with increasing demand for water with population growth, are expected to reduce water availability for aquatic resources, recreation, and municipal uses (Chapter 4). A key adaptation strategy is to improve water conservation (Water Resources and Climate Change Workgroup 2016). For example, identify feasible and effective water-saving tactics. Drought-tolerant plants can be used for landscaping (table 14.1). Livestock water improvements can be managed ef-ficiently (e.g., cattle troughs and float valves). The benefit of water conservation can be communicated to public land user groups, and over the long term, increasing water conserva-tion and reducing user expectations of water availability will help to ensure adequate water supply.

In principle, replacing snowpack storage with storage in constructed reservoirs to carry water over from winter into summer could benefit municipal water supplies and irriga-tors in locations with irrigated agriculture. However, the degree of potential benefit varies substantially with existing water right regulations, reservoir operating rules, snowpack sensitivity to temperature and precipitation, expectations for future precipitation, and the role and future of summer pre-cipitation. The benefits of replacing snowpack storage with reservoir storage are based on the rationale that only timing is changing and total runoff volumes remain unchanged. If precipitation increases, temperature-induced changes could be compensated for in relatively cold regions (Luce et al. 2014). On the other hand, if precipitation decreases, total flow volume will be reduced, and it will be harder to fill reservoir storage because of other rights for water farther downstream that might not be fulfilled. Given the sizable financial and ecological costs of constructing dams and high-elevation reservoirs, coupled with the uncertainties around precipitation, a cost-benefit analysis is advised be-fore considering dam construction.

Shifting dam operation is another possibility for increas-ing water storage. It would cost significantly less than constructing reservoirs but would require some investment in monitoring upstream snowpack, soil, and weather. Streamflow forecasting informs management decisions on the balance between water storage for irrigation and mainte-nance of storage capacity to buffer potential flooding (e.g., Wood and Lettenmaier 2006). The current state of snow-pack is more beneficial than climate or weather forecasts for predicting runoff in basins with substantial snowmelt contributions (Wood et al. 2015). In addition to informing reservoir operation, improved runoff forecasting can be used to improve decisions for how to best use available water (Broad et al. 2007).

Reduced overall base flows (especially in summer) are expected to reduce riparian and wetland habitat and water storage. Managing for riparian, wetland, and groundwater-dependent ecosystem function can increase water storage and slow the release of water from the landscape (Peterson and Halofsky 2017). Specifically, ecosystem function can be improved through active or passive restoration and by designing infrastructure to accommodate changes in flows (table 14.1). Some adaptation strategies that could help to maintain and improve groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) include: decommissioning and improving road systems to increase interception of precipitation and local retention of water, improving grazing management prac-tices, and maintaining more water at developed spring sites through improved engineering practices (e.g., float valves, diversion valves, pumps) (Peterson and Halofsky 2017). Promoting and establishing (where currently extirpated) American beaver populations, water storage in beaver dam complexes and ponds, and beaver-related overbank flow processes could also help increase water storage (Pollock et al. 2014, 2015). Common and scientific names for species mentioned in this chapter are given in Chapters 5, 6, and 8, and Appendix 3.

Vegetation management, such as mechanical treatments and prescribed fire, can be used to achieve vegetation den-sity and composition that are optimum for water balance and healthy watersheds (table 14.1). Harvesting trees to increase water yield has been a practice of interest for some time (e.g., Bates and Henry 1928). In general, removing trees increases water yields, since trees are major consumers of water on the landscape (Brown et al. 2005; Jones and Post 2004; Troendle and King 1987; Troendle et al. 2010) but comes with certain caveats. For example, increases in water yield are generally greater in moister environments or years, with lower increases in drier locations or years (e.g., Brown et al. 2005). In some circumstances in drier climates, canopy removal will reduce water yields because of increased growth of understory plants and increasing solar radiation reaching the soil surface (Adams et al. 2011; Guardiola-Claramonte et al. 2011). Overall, areas where increases in water yield are desired are the same areas in which forest harvest is least effective (Troendle et al. 2010; Vose et al. 2012). Thinning treatments have proven ineffective for



Tabl

e 14

.1—

Wat

er r

esou

rces

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns fo

r th

e In

term

ount

ain

Ada

ptat

ion

Part

ners

hip

regi

on.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Inc

reas

ed d

roug

ht w

ill le

ad to

low

er b

ase

flow

s, h

ighe

r tr

ee m

orta

lity,

low

er r

ange

land

pro

duct

ivity

, los

s of

hab

itat,

low

er s

oil m

oist

ure,

w

etla

nd lo

ss, r

ipar

ian

area

red

uctio

n or

loss

, and

mor

e fr

eque

nt a

nd p

ossi

bly

mor

e se

vere

wild

fire

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: C

onse

rve

wat

er

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icPr

omot

e xe

risc

ape

faci

litie

sPr

ovid

e co

nser

vatio

n ed

ucat

ion

Bet

ter

man

age

lives

tock

wat

er im

prov

emen

ts

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

dmin

istr

ativ

e fa

cilit

ies;

cam

pgro

unds

In p

ublic

out

reac

h; c

omm

uniti

es; F

ores

t web

site

s;

kios

ks; l

ocal

env

iron

men

tal p

rogr

ams;

Sm

okey

Bea

r m

essa

ges

Cat

tle tr

ough

s; fl

oat v

alve

s; in

gro

undw

ater

-de

pend

ent e

cosy

stem

s (d

evel

oped

and

und

evel

oped

)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

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roac

h: S

tore

wat

er

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ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icM

anag

e sp

ecia

l-us

e da

ms

on h

igh-

el

evat

ion

mou

ntai

n la

kes;

man

age

prop

osal

s fo

r re

serv

oir

cons

truc

tion

and

addi

tions

Con

duct

veg

etat

ion

man

agem

ent (

e.g.

, mec

hani

cal

trea

tmen

ts, p

resc

ribe

d fir

e, a

nd w

ildla

nd fi

re u

se)

to d

evel

op a

ppro

pria

te v

eget

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n de

nsity

and

co

mpo

sitio

n fo

r op

timal

wat

er b

alan

ce a

nd h

ealth

y w

ater

shed

s (e

.g.,

aspe

n/co

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r an

d w

ater

yie

ld)

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duct

mea

dow

res

tora

tion

and

prom

ote

heal

thy,

ac

tive

beav

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olon

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re c

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acti

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re fi

re s

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anag

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nsity

and

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sitio

n (e

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re c

onife

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ave

repl

aced

as

pen)

; ide

ntify

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here

wild

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fire

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ld

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n ap

prop

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ctic

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ting

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pact

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area

s;

whe

re th

ere

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uffic

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hab

itat f

or b

eave

r an

d th

ey

will

not

inte

rfer

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ith in

fras

truc

ture

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: D

evel

op p

olic

ies

for

wat

er r

ight

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

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ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

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icD

evel

op p

olic

ies

rega

rdin

g sk

i-ar

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ater

ri

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pol

icie

s re

gard

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lives

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man

agem

ent

wat

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se a

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gard

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d se

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es (e

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inst

ream

use

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re c

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i are

asG

razi

ng a

llotm

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Nat

iona

l For

est l

ands

and

adj

acen

t lan

ds

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itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Cha

nges

in ty

pe a

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mou

nt o

f pre

cipi

tatio

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adin

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cha

nges

in ti

min

g of

wat

er a

vaila

bilit

y

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ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

anag

e fo

r hi

ghly

func

tioni

ng r

ipar

ian

area

s th

at c

an a

bsor

b an

d sl

owly

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ease

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flow

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land

scap

e

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ific

tact

ic –

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c ta

ctic

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ific

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ic –

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lity

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term

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d co

nditi

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of p

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itted

ac

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es (e

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graz

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, and

util

ize

best

m

anag

emen

t pra

ctic

es fo

r Fe

dera

l act

ions

Impl

emen

t act

ive

stre

am c

hann

el a

nd r

ipar

ian

area

res

tora

tion

(e.g

., na

tura

l cha

nnel

des

ign,

log

stru

ctur

es, r

econ

nect

ing

flood

plai

ns),

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assi

ve

rest

orat

ion

(e.g

., ap

prop

riat

e m

anag

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t of b

eave

r po

pula

tions

, red

uctio

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oval

of a

ctiv

ities

that

are

de

trim

enta

l to

ripa

rian

func

tion)

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ign

new

infr

astr

uctu

re a

nd r

ebui

ld e

xist

ing

infr

astr

uctu

re to

acc

omm

odat

e flo

odin

g (e

.g.,

plac

e or

rel

ocat

e in

fras

truc

ture

out

side

of r

ipar

ian

area

s;

desi

gn s

trea

m c

ross

ings

to m

inim

ize

rest

rict

ion

of

flow

abo

ve b

ankf

ull d

epth

; and

min

imiz

e im

perv

ious

su

rfac

es)

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?In

per

mits

In d

egra

ded

ripa

rian

eco

syst

ems

Ever

ywhe

re



increasing water yields in the long term (Lesch and Scott 1997; Wilm and Dunford 1948), but thinning treatments can be useful in augmenting snow accumulation depths, for wildlife or recreational benefit (Sankey et al. 2015; Wilm 1944).

Canopy removal for streamflow augmentation is not always beneficial. Canopy reduction treatments may lead to advanced timing of runoff (Luce et al. 2012). An example of large-scale canopy loss in an area with vegetation and climate similar to the IAP region is the Boise River Basin, where about 45 percent of one basin burned while the other was left relatively unchanged after 46 years of calibration. This allowed for detection of a 5 percent increase in water yield from the 494,211-acre burned basin, providing an av-erage of an additional 50,000 acre-feet of water storage each year. However, the average timing of release advanced by 2 weeks because the exposed snowpack melted faster, and most of the additional runoff was available prior to April, when it would be of little use in bolstering low flows. Large-scale canopy treatments can also affect water quality, for example by warming stream temperatures (Isaak et al. 2010) or increasing sediment from additional road construction and use (Black et al. 2012; Luce and Black 1999).

A comprehensive summary of strategies and tactics for adapting water resource management to the effects of cli-mate change can be found in Appendix 4.

Adapting Soils Management to the Effects of Climate ChangeThough there has been a focus on forest soils manage-

ment to increase carbon storage to mitigate climate change (e.g., Malmsheimer et al. 2008), little information is avail-able on adapting management to maintain soil resistance and resilience to climate change. Changes in soils will take time, but unfortunately, they cannot be restored easily or quickly. Proactive, preventive methods are needed to increase the resistance and resilience of soils to climate change effects. Maintaining and protecting soil cover (both canopy and ground cover) and cryptobiotic crusts are critical to mitigat-ing heating of the soil surface and reducing evaporation and runoff (table 14.2). Utilizing grazing management systems that promote healthy root systems in plants can help them to survive short-term weather events, such as periods of drought and temperature increases, and can protect soils. Other tactics that help to increase soil resilience include promoting native plant species and plant diversity, limiting establishment and expansion of invasive plants that disturb soil processes, and restoring degraded systems. Managers may also want to consider soil climate vulnerability map-ping at various scales to categorize soils for their resilience to climate change (table 14.2).

Adapting Fisheries and Aquatic Habitat Management to the Effects of Climate Change

Many options are available to facilitate climate change adaptation and improve the resilience of fish populations. Adaptation for fish conservation has been the subject of several comprehensive reviews (Beechie et al. 2013; Isaak et al. 2012; ISAB 2007; Luce et al. 2013; Mantua and Raymond 2014; Rieman and Isaak 2010; Williams et al. 2015). Resource managers used information from these re-views and a vulnerability assessment for aquatic organisms (Chapter 5) to develop adaptation strategies and tactics for aquatic organisms in the IAP region (table 14.3). Strategies focused on increasing resilience of native fish species by restoring structure and function of streams, riparian areas, and wetlands; monitoring for invasive species and eliminat-ing or controlling invasive populations; understanding and managing for community-level patterns and processes; and conducting biodiversity surveys to describe current baseline conditions and manage changes in fish distribution.

To increase resilience of native fish species and habitats, specific tactics include reconnecting floodplains and side channels to improve hyporheic and base flow conditions, ensuring that passage for aquatic organisms is effective, and maintaining large wood in forested riparian areas for shade and recruitment to streams (Peterson and Halofsky 2017). Accelerating restoration in riparian areas and meadows may be an effective and lasting way to improve hydrologi-cal function and water retention. Prioritizing watershed restoration is critical because funds, labor, and time for management of native fish populations are limited (Peterson et al. 2013). Maintaining or restoring American beaver populations provides a “natural” engineering alternative for water retention (Pollock et al. 2014, 2015). Managers may consider augmenting snowpack with snow fences, such as on the Wasatch Plateau, to increase late summer flows.

In stream systems adjacent to grasslands and shrublands, livestock grazing can damage aquatic habitat, causing stress that may be exacerbated by warmer stream temperatures (Peterson and Halofsky 2017). An important adaptation ap-proach is to manage livestock grazing to restore ecological function of riparian vegetation and maintain streambank conditions. Specifically, managers can work to ensure that standards and guidelines for water quality are adhered to and monitored; alter the duration, timing, and intensity of grazing to improve streambank vegetative conditions; and make improvements that benefit water quality (e.g., offsite watering, fencing).

Interactions with nonnative fish species and other aquatic organisms are a significant stress for native cold-water fish species, and brook trout are a particular concern in the IAP region (Chapter 5). Removal of nonnative fish species, although challenging in some locations, may be the best option for maintaining or restoring native fish populations.



Tabl

e 14

.2—

Soils

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns fo

r th

e In

term

ount

ain

Ada

ptat

ion

Part

ners

hip

regi

on.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge w

ill r

esul

t in

chan

ges

in s

oil t

empe

ratu

re a

nd s

oil m

oist

ure,

thus

affe

ctin

g so

il pr

oces

ses

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ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se s

oil r

esis

tanc

e an

d re

silie

nce

to c

limat

e ch

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Spec

ific

tact

ic –

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c Ta

ctic

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ific

tact

ic –

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c ta

ctic

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aint

ain

or in

crea

se s

oil c

over

to

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gate

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bon

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apor

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nd r

unof

f

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ize

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silie

nce

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roug

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ts

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tact

ic –

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ific

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prot

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r (c

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ound

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ver)

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age

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ditio

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soi

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m

atte

r

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and

min

imiz

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pans

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vasi

ve

spec

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s re

stor

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n ef

fort

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are

as

that

can

sup

port

man

agem

ent

obje

ctiv

es

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re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?N

atio

nal,

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iona

l and

For

est

leve

l pla

nnin

g an

d gu

idan

ce;

proj

ect d

esig

n; n

atio

nal b

est

man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

Nat

iona

l, R

egio

nal a

nd F

ores

t le

vel p

lann

ing

and

guid

ance

; pr

ojec

t des

ign;

nat

iona

l bes

t m

anag

emen

t pra

ctic

es

Nat

iona

l, R

egio

nal a

nd F

ores

t lev

el

plan

ning

and

gui

danc

e; p

roje

ct

desi

gn; n

atio

nal b

est m

anag

emen

t pr

actic

es



Tabl

e 14

.3—

Aqu

atic

org

anis

ms

adap

tatio

n op

tions

for

the

Inte

rmou

ntai

n A

dapt

atio

n Pa

rtne

rshi

p re

gion

.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: War

mer

str

eam

tem

pera

ture

s m

ay fa

vor

nonn

ativ

e sp

ecie

s

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se r

esili

ence

of n

ativ

e fis

h sp

ecie

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icM

anag

e liv

esto

ck g

razi

ng to

res

tore

ec

olog

ical

func

tion

of r

ipar

ian

vege

tatio

n an

d m

aint

ain

vege

tate

d st

ream

bank

con

ditio

ns

Mai

ntai

n la

rge

woo

d in

fore

sted

rip

aria

n ar

eas

for

shad

e an

d w

ood

recr

uitm

ent t

o st

ream

s; r

econ

nect

flo

odpl

ains

and

sid

e ch

anne

ls to

impr

ove

hypo

rhei

c an

d ba

seflo

w c

ondi

tions

; con

duct

mea

dow

res

tora

tion;

au

gmen

t sno

wpa

ck w

ith s

now

fenc

es o

n th

e W

asat

ch

Plat

eau

to in

crea

se la

te s

umm

er fl

ows

Red

uce

habi

tat f

ragm

enta

tion

of n

ativ

e tr

out h

abita

t thr

ough

bar

rier

rem

oval

(e

.g.,

culv

erts

and

wat

er d

iver

sion

s);

rest

ore

nativ

e tr

out t

o hi

gh e

leva

tion,

co

ld w

ater

ref

ugia

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

ll pe

renn

ial a

nd in

term

itten

t str

eam

s an

d w

etla

nds

All

pere

nnia

l and

inte

rmitt

ent s

trea

ms

and

wet

land

sPr

iori

tize

area

s ba

sed

on s

ite-s

peci

fic

cond

ition

s

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

onito

r fo

r in

vasi

ve s

peci

es a

nd s

uppr

ess/

elim

inat

e/co

ntro

l pop

ulat

ions

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icC

ondu

ct e

nvir

onm

enta

l DN

A (e

DN

A)

mon

itori

ng fo

r ea

rly

dete

ctio

n of

in

vasi

ons

Red

uce

or s

uppr

ess

broo

k tr

out p

opul

atio

nsM

aint

ain

or c

onst

ruct

bar

rier

s to

pr

even

t spr

ead

of n

on-n

ativ

e sp

ecie

s in

he

adw

ater

s

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?H

igh-

valu

e po

pula

tions

that

are

thou

ght

to b

e at

sig

nific

ant r

isk

of in

vasi

onH

eadw

ater

lake

s th

at a

ct a

s so

urce

pop

ulat

ions

; sm

all,

isol

ated

str

eam

s w

here

com

plet

e er

adic

atio

n is

po

ssib

le.

Sout

hern

por

tions

of I

AP

regi

on w

here

st

ream

hab

itats

are

sm

alle

r an

d m

ore

frag

men

ted



Tabl

e 14

.3 (

cont

inue

d)—

Aqu

atic

org

anis

ms

adap

tatio

n op

tions

for

the

Inte

rmou

ntai

n A

dapt

atio

n Pa

rtne

rshi

p re

gion

.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge w

ill le

ad to

shi

fts in

nat

ive

spec

ies

dist

ribu

tions

and

com

mun

ity r

eorg

aniz

atio

n

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: C

ondu

ct b

iodi

vers

ity s

urve

ys to

des

crib

e cu

rren

t bas

elin

e co

nditi

ons

and

man

age

dist

ribu

tion

shift

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icFo

rmal

ize,

exp

and

and

stan

dard

ize

biol

ogic

al m

onito

ring

pro

gram

s (e

.g.,

man

agem

ent i

ndic

ator

spe

cies

)

Use

mod

ern,

low

-cos

t tec

hnol

ogie

s lik

e eD

NA

, DN

A

barc

odin

g, a

nd d

igita

l pho

to p

oint

sU

se a

ssis

ted

mig

ratio

n to

est

ablis

h po

pula

tions

in s

uita

ble

but c

urre

ntly

un

occu

pied

hab

itats

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?St

ream

s, r

iver

s, a

nd la

kes

thro

ugho

ut

the

IAP

regi

onSt

ream

s, r

iver

s, a

nd la

kes

thro

ugho

ut th

e IA

P re

gion

Con

side

r ha

bita

ts o

utsi

de o

f his

tori

cal

rang

e (e

.g.,

nort

hern

ext

ent o

f spe

cies

di

stri

butio

ns) i

n ad

ditio

n to

his

tori

cal

rang

e

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

DSp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– E

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

F

Tact

icU

se d

igita

l tec

hnol

ogy

in d

ata

colle

ctio

n an

d da

taba

se u

ploa

dsSt

ream

line

and

inte

grat

e fie

ld c

rew

dat

a co

llect

ion

prot

ocol

sFu

lly u

tiliz

e ex

istin

g co

rpor

ate

data

base

s an

d le

gacy

dat

aset

s

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Ev

eryw

here

Ever

ywhe

reEv

eryw

here

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge m

ay le

ad to

loss

of b

iodi

vers

ity a

nd e

xcee

ding

eco

logi

cal t

ype

thre

shol

ds (b

ecau

se o

f cha

nges

in c

onne

ctiv

ity,

tem

pera

ture

, and

wat

er q

uant

ity)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: U

nder

stan

d an

d m

anag

e fo

r co

mm

unity

leve

l pat

tern

s an

d pr

oces

ses

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icU

tiliz

e th

e be

st a

vaila

ble

tech

nolo

gy

to m

onito

r, re

cord

, and

dis

trib

ute

info

rmat

ion

rega

rdin

g th

e di

stri

butio

n of

a b

road

arr

ay o

f aqu

atic

spe

cies

(e.g

., us

e eD

NA

, nat

iona

l dat

abas

es)

Dev

elop

and

impr

ove

unde

rsta

ndin

g, a

dapt

ive

actio

ns,

and

mod

els

rela

ted

to n

on-g

ame

aqua

tic s

peci

es (e

.g.,

mus

sels

, dac

e, s

culp

in, s

prin

g sn

ails

, and

am

phib

ians

)

Con

tinue

to r

efine

and

impr

ove

unde

rsta

ndin

g, a

dapt

ive

actio

ns, a

nd

mod

els

rela

ted

to c

old

wat

er s

alm

onid

s

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?



Environmental DNA (eDNA) monitoring can be useful for early detection of invasive species (table 14.3). To increase resilience of native species, maintaining or increasing habitat connectivity will be important to maintain access to summer cold-water refugia (Isaak et al. 2012). In some situ-ations, however, improving habitat connectivity may present a dilemma, because newly accessible waters can be invaded by nonnative fish species that can extirpate native species (Fausch et al. 2009). In some cases, barriers can be installed to prevent nonnative species invasions. Native populations above barriers may be secure but could be susceptible to loss from extreme disturbance events in limited habitats, requiring human intervention to reestablish or supplement populations.

In a warmer climate, it is almost certain that increased wildfire occurrence will contribute to erosion and sediment delivery to streams, thus reducing water quality for fisher-ies (Luce et al. 2012). Increasing resilience of vegetation to wildfire may reduce the frequency and severity of fires when they occur. Hazardous fuels treatments that reduce forest stand densities and surface fuels are an adaptation tactic that is already widely used in dry forest ecosystems (Halofsky and Peterson 2016). Disconnecting roads from stream networks is especially important because roads are a major source of sediment delivery to streams (Luce et al. 2012). Finally, erosion control measures can reduce postfire sediment delivery and are often a component of Burned Area Emergency Response (commonly known as “BAER”) on Federal lands.

Management actions in a changing climate will be more effective when informed by baseline surveys and long-term monitoring (Isaak et al. 2016). More data are needed for streamflow (more sites), stream temperature (annual data from sensors maintained over many years), and distributions of aquatic organisms. These data can be used for improved status-and-trend descriptions and to develop robust (more accurate and precise) models for species to understand the interactions of climate change, natural variation, and land management on aquatic species. The NorWeST stream temperature database (described in Chapter 5) could provide information for monitoring network design. The feasibility of monitoring at small to broad scales is increasing with the advent of rapid, reliable eDNA inventories of aquatic organisms (Thomsen et al. 2012) and the availability of inexpensive, reliable temperature and flow sensors (USEPA 2014).

A comprehensive summary of strategies and tactics for adapting fisheries and aquatic habitat management to the effects of climate change can be found in Appendix 5.

Adapting Forest Vegetation Management to the Effects

of Climate ChangeIn the IAP region, wildfire exclusion, combined with ex-

tensive even-aged timber management and other land uses, has resulted in dry forests at risk to wildfire, insects, and disease (Schoennagel et al. 2004). As in other adaptation efforts (Halofsky and Peterson 2016; Peterson and Halofsky 2017), many tactics developed by IAP managers were focused on increasing resilience of forests to disturbance, mainly fire (table 14.4). Thinning and prescribed fire can both be used to reduce forest density and promote drought- and disturbance-resilient species, such as western larch. Promoting landscape diversity, in terms of species, age classes, and structure, is also likely to increase forest resil-ience to wildfire, insects, and disease (Janowiak et al. 2014). Promoting legacy trees of disturbance-resilient species may help to increase postfire regeneration. Managers may also want to increase seed collection and ensure that adequate nursery stock is available for postdisturbance planting (e.g., serotinous lodgepole pine) (Halofsky and Peterson 2016). Better understanding of potential disturbance regimes of the future and potential thresholds will help managers to better assist in ecosystem transition (Janowiak et al. 2014). With larger fires in the future, it will also be increasingly impor-tant for agencies to coordinate and work across boundaries to manage and suppress fire (Spies et al. 2010).

The area of alpine and subalpine vegetation will probably decrease in the IAP region, and frequency of drought and fire is likely to increase in subalpine forests (Chapter 6). Development of a consistent monitoring framework that can capture ecosystem changes with shifting climate is a key adaptation approach (Halofsky and Peterson 2016). For example, tracking tree species regeneration and distribution will help managers to determine how species are respond-ing to climatic changes and how to adjust management accordingly (e.g., guidelines for planting). For species that are currently stressed, such as spruce and fir species in the subalpine zone, seed collection, regeneration treatments, and planting may be necessary to ensure their persistence on the landscape.

Climate change will probably accelerate whitebark pine mortality through increased mountain pine beetle activity, fire, and white pine blister rust (Chapter 8). There is also likely to be a loss of site conditions that support whitebark pine (Chapter 6). To promote resilient whitebark pine communities, managers may want to focus restoration ef-forts on sites less likely to be affected by climate change (i.e., refugia). A variety of management strategies can be implemented to promote whitebark pine, including fire man-agement with fuelbreaks, removing competing species (e.g., subalpine fir), and increasing structural and age-class di-versity of whitebark pine communities (Keane et al. 2017). Genetically selected seedlings can be planted to promote



Tabl

e 14

.4—

Fore

sted

veg

etat

ion

adap

tatio

n op

tions

for

the

Inte

rmou

ntai

n A

dapt

atio

n Pa

rtne

rshi

p R

egio

n.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Inc

reas

ed d

istu

rban

ce w

ith c

limat

e ch

ange

will

affe

ct p

atte

rns,

str

uctu

re, a

nd s

peci

es c

ompo

sitio

n at

larg

e sp

atia

l sca

les

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: C

reat

e la

ndsc

ape

patte

rns

that

are

res

ilien

t to

past

and

exp

ecte

d di

stur

banc

e re

gim

es

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icC

ontin

ue r

esea

rch

on e

xpec

ted

futu

re

dist

urba

nce

regi

mes

; eva

luat

e po

tent

ial

tran

sitio

ns a

nd th

resh

olds

Impr

ove

com

mun

icat

ion

acro

ss b

ound

arie

s

Man

age

for

dive

rsity

of s

truc

ture

and

pat

ch s

ize

with

fire

and

mec

hani

cal t

reat

men

ts

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Lo

cal,

Reg

iona

l, an

d N

atio

nal s

cale

sIn

tern

ally

and

ext

erna

lly (w

ith p

artn

ers)

W

ater

shed

(s)

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Lac

k of

dis

turb

ance

has

cau

sed

shift

s in

spe

cies

com

posi

tion

and

stru

ctur

e in

dry

mix

ed-c

onife

r fo

rest

s, p

uttin

g th

em a

t ris

k of

hi

gh-s

ever

ity fi

re w

ith c

limat

e ch

ange

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

aint

ain

and

rest

ore

spec

ies

and

age-

clas

s di

vers

ity

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icId

entif

y an

d m

ap h

ighe

st r

isk

area

s at

la

rge

spat

ial s

ales

to p

rovi

de c

onte

xt fo

r pr

iori

tizat

ion

Red

uce

stan

d de

nsity

and

shi

ft co

mpo

sitio

n to

war

d sp

ecie

s th

at a

re m

ore

fire

adap

tive

and

drou

ght t

oler

ant

Res

tore

age

cla

ss d

iver

sity

whi

le p

rote

ctin

g le

gacy

tr

ees

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

ll la

nds

Prio

ritiz

e hi

ghes

t ris

k st

ands

in te

rms

of fi

re,

inse

cts,

and

dis

ease

Prio

ritiz

e hi

ghes

t ris

k st

ands

in te

rms

of fi

re, i

nsec

ts,

and

dise

ase

that

cur

rent

ly c

onta

in a

com

pone

nt o

f le

gacy

tree

s

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Wes

tern

larc

h ha

bita

t and

reg

ener

atio

n m

ay b

e re

duce

d w

ith c

limat

e ch

ange

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se th

e co

mpe

titiv

e ab

ility

of w

este

rn la

rch

and

its r

esili

ence

to c

hang

ing

fire

regi

mes

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Tact

icC

reat

e ga

ps in

fore

sts

to r

educ

e co

mpe

titio

n an

d in

crea

se la

rch

vigo

rR

egen

erat

e la

rch

with

app

ropr

iate

site

pre

para

tion

(e.g

., pr

escr

ibed

bur

ning

, fol

low

ed b

y pl

antin

g);

crea

te a

ppro

pria

te fi

re r

egim

es a

nd fu

el lo

ads

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?St

ands

with

larc

h

Hab

itats

that

can

sup

port

larc

h

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge m

ay le

ad to

an

incu

rsio

n of

upp

er tr

eelin

e in

to a

lpin

e co

mm

uniti

es

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: A

cqui

re in

form

atio

n to

dev

elop

a b

ette

r un

ders

tand

ing

of h

igh-

elev

atio

n sy

stem

sen

sitiv

ity to

clim

ate

chan

ge

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icEs

tabl

ish

mon

itori

ng s

ites

Dev

elop

see

d tr

ansf

er g

uide

lines

.D

evel

op s

eed

colle

ctio

n an

d st

orag

e gu

idel

ines

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?R

esea

rch

natu

ral a

reas

Res

earc

h na

tura

l are

as



Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge m

ay le

ad to

a r

educ

ed s

pruc

e-fir

com

pone

nt in

sub

alpi

ne s

pruc

e-fir

fore

sts,

whi

ch w

ill b

e ex

acer

bate

d by

on

goin

g sp

ruce

bee

tle o

utbr

eaks

that

hav

e re

duce

d av

aila

ble

seed

sou

rces

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

aint

ain

spec

ies

and

age

clas

s di

vers

ity in

sub

alpi

ne s

pruc

e-fir

fore

sts

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icC

ondu

ct r

egen

erat

ion

trea

tmen

ts (e

.g.,

harv

est,

pres

crib

ed fi

re) t

hat f

ocus

on

mai

ntai

ning

spe

cies

div

ersi

ty; p

lant

a

vari

ety

of s

peci

es, i

nclu

ding

Eng

elm

ann

spru

ce, D

ougl

as-fi

r an

d lo

dgep

ole

pine

Col

lect

see

d th

at w

ill c

over

a w

ide

rang

e of

see

d zo

nes

and

spec

ies

Plan

t a g

enet

ical

ly d

iver

se m

ix b

ased

on

adap

tive

trai

ts

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Fo

rest

and

adj

acen

t lan

ds

Fore

st a

nd a

djac

ent l

ands

Fo

rest

and

adj

acen

t lan

ds

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Lar

ge-s

cale

dis

turb

ance

with

clim

ate

chan

ge w

ill a

ffect

land

scap

e st

ruct

ural

div

ersi

ty o

f per

sist

ent l

odge

pole

pin

e an

d av

aila

ble

seed

s so

urce

s

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

aint

ain

land

scap

e he

tero

gene

ity to

miti

gate

adv

erse

impa

cts

on lo

dgep

ole

pine

from

fire

and

mou

ntai

n pi

ne b

eetle

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icPr

omot

e st

ruct

ural

div

ersi

ty a

t mul

tiple

sc

ales

Focu

s at

tent

ion

on c

olle

ctio

n of

via

ble

sero

tinou

s lo

dgep

ole

pine

see

d so

urce

sU

se a

vaila

ble

map

ping

pro

duct

s to

iden

tify

area

s of

po

tent

ial s

erot

inou

s lo

dgep

ole

pine

see

d so

urce

s

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?H

omog

eneo

us la

ndsc

apes

From

ser

otin

ous

lodg

epol

e pi

ne c

ones

that

co

ver

a w

ide

rang

e of

ele

vatio

n ba

nds

on

fore

st a

nd a

djac

ent l

ands

Fore

st a

nd a

djac

ent l

ando

wne

rs

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Lar

ge-s

cale

dis

turb

ance

s w

ith c

limat

e ch

ange

(e.g

., be

etle

s, fi

re, w

hite

pin

e bl

iste

r ru

st) w

ill n

egat

ivel

y af

fect

whi

teba

rk p

ine

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se th

e co

mpe

titiv

e ab

ility

and

res

ilien

ce o

f whi

teba

rk p

ine

to c

hang

ing

dist

urba

nce

regi

mes

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icC

ontr

ol b

eetle

s (u

se V

erbe

none

afte

r sn

owm

elt)

Day

light

(thi

n) to

red

uce

com

petit

ion

(usu

ally

invo

lves

rem

ovin

g su

balp

ine

fir)

Reg

ener

ate

rust

-res

ista

nt s

trai

ns; i

ncre

ase

seed

so

urce

s; m

aint

ain

cach

e si

tes

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Pr

otec

t tre

es in

hig

h-va

lue

area

s; im

port

ant

in c

entr

al Id

aho

and

the

Gre

ater

Yel

low

ston

e A

rea

Impl

emen

t in

acce

ssib

le a

reas

and

hig

h va

lue

area

s (b

est r

ust r

esis

tant

are

as a

nd

area

s of

hig

h ha

bita

t and

rec

reat

ion

valu

e)

Are

as o

f dis

turb

ance

, or

area

s w

ith lo

w

resi

stan

ce; m

aint

ain

dens

ity fo

r C

lark

’s nu

tcra

cker

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

DSp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– E

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

F

Tact

icC

reat

e fu

el b

reak

s in

loca

tions

adj

acen

t to

suba

lpin

e fir

or

othe

r le

thal

fire

reg

ime

area

sIm

prov

e st

ruct

ural

and

age

cla

ss d

iver

sity

of

whi

teba

rk c

omm

uniti

es a

t mul

tiple

sca

les

Res

tore

site

s w

here

the

spec

ies

is c

urre

ntly

ab

sent

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?In

acc

essi

ble

and

high

val

ue a

reas

Whi

teba

rk p

ine

com

mun

ities

dom

inat

ed b

y la

te s

ucce

ssio

nal c

onife

r sp

ecie

sSi

tes

that

hav

e pr

esen

t and

futu

re p

oten

tial t

o su

ppor

t whi

teba

rk p

ine



Tabl

e 14

.4(c

onti

nued

)—Fo

rest

ed v

eget

atio

n ad

apta

tion

optio

ns fo

r th

e In

term

ount

ain

Ada

ptat

ion

Part

ners

hip

Reg

ion.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Dir

ect a

nd in

dire

ct e

ffect

s of

clim

ate

chan

ge w

ill r

educ

e th

e ca

paci

ty fo

r as

pen

stan

d re

gene

ratio

n

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se th

e ca

paci

ty fo

r as

pen

stan

d re

gene

ratio

n

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icIn

crea

se th

e pr

opor

tion

of th

e la

ndsc

ape

that

is in

ea

rly

succ

essi

onal

sta

ges

Max

imiz

e fle

xibi

lity

in m

anag

ing

herb

ivor

yM

axim

ize

gene

tic d

iver

sity

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?La

ndsc

apes

with

hig

h pr

opor

tion

of la

ter-

sera

l as

pen

in m

ixed

-con

ifer

fore

stFo

cus

on s

ites

with

goo

d as

pen

site

pot

entia

lO

n la

ndsc

apes

follo

win

g se

vere

fire

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge m

ay le

ad to

red

uced

wat

er a

vaila

bilit

y on

the

frin

ge o

f per

sist

ent a

spen

com

mun

ities

.

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: F

ocus

trea

tmen

ts o

n ar

eas

whe

re p

ersi

sten

t asp

en c

omm

uniti

es a

re e

xpec

ted

to e

xpan

d an

d m

aint

ain

com

mun

ities

whe

re fu

ture

clim

atic

co

nditi

ons

will

allo

w

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icR

emov

e co

mpe

ting

vege

tatio

n (e

.g.,

juni

per)

an

d co

ntro

l ung

ulat

e br

owsi

ng to

allo

w fo

r re

crui

tmen

t

Red

uce

dens

ity o

f con

ifer

spec

ies

Use

ava

ilabl

e m

appi

ng p

rodu

cts

to

iden

tify

area

s of

pot

entia

l exp

ansi

on

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?O

n ex

istin

g fr

inge

per

sist

ent a

spen

com

mun

ities

Out

side

of e

xist

ing

stan

ds w

here

per

sist

ent

aspe

n is

exp

ecte

d to

exp

and

Are

as a

djac

ent t

o ex

istin

g pe

rsis

tent

as

pen

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge w

ill le

ad to

shi

fts in

hyd

rolo

gic

regi

me,

alte

ring

the

timin

g an

d m

agni

tude

of fl

ows.

Ant

icip

ated

cha

nges

incl

ude

low

er s

umm

er fl

ows,

hig

her

win

ter

flow

s, a

nd a

pot

entia

l dec

reas

e in

rip

aria

n ve

geta

tion

abun

danc

e

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

aint

ain

and

prom

ote

ripa

rian

are

a an

d w

etla

nd p

roce

sses

and

func

tions

.

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icM

anag

e up

land

veg

etat

ion

that

influ

ence

s ri

pari

an a

nd w

etla

nd fu

nctio

n an

d pr

oces

s (e

.g.,

with

thin

ning

and

pre

scri

bed

fire)

Res

tore

rip

aria

n ob

ligat

e sp

ecie

s Pr

omot

e st

ream

cha

nnel

func

tion

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

djac

ent t

o ri

pari

an v

eget

atio

n, w

here

con

ditio

ns

do n

ot o

ptim

ize

or p

rom

ote

ripa

rian

func

tion

and

proc

ess;

whe

re c

onife

rs a

re e

ncro

achi

ng in

m

eado

ws

and

gras

slan

ds

Whe

re u

plan

d, in

vasi

ve o

r un

desi

rabl

e sp

ecie

s ar

e ou

tcom

petin

g na

tives

; loc

atio

ns

that

hav

e be

en in

appr

opri

atel

y m

anag

ed in

th

e pa

st

Whe

re s

trea

m fu

nctio

n is

impa

ired

; pr

iori

tize

trea

tmen

ts w

here

they

are

m

ost l

ikel

y to

be

effe

ctiv

e



blister rust resistance. Managers may want to control beetle outbreaks in whitebark pine with Verbenone, particularly in high-value areas.

Recent decline has made quaking aspen a species of concern in the IAP region (Chapter 7), particularly because of its value as wildlife habitat (see the Adapting Terrestrial Animal Management to the Effects of Climate Change sec-tion below). Direct and indirect effects of future climate change may further stress this species. In older aspen stands, increasing the early-seral component may help to increase resilience. On sites with good aspen potential, managing herbivory by wildlife and livestock will help to ensure aspen regeneration and stand development (Rogers and Mittanck 2014). Removing competing vegetation, such as juniper and other conifers, is likely to help to increase aspen vigor and regeneration. Following fire, maximizing genetic diversity will help to ensure future persistence of aspen (DeRose et al. 2014).

Key climate change vulnerabilities for riparian areas and GDEs include shifts in the hydrological regime (changes in timing and magnitude of flows, lower summer flows) and changing biotic productivity and diversity in springs and wetlands. Maintaining or restoring stream channel form helps to increase hydrological function and store water, thereby benefiting riparian and wetland vegetation, water quality, and aquatic habitat (Peterson and Halofsky 2017). Restoring and protecting riparian vegetation by manag-ing livestock, wild horse and burro, and recreational use similarly helps to protect aquatic habitat and water quality by increasing water storage and providing shade to streams (Peterson and Halofsky 2017). In areas where upland, inva-sive, or undesirable species are outcompeting native species, restoring riparian and wetland obligate species may help to restore ecological function. Riparian zones will prob-ably burn more frequently with warming climate, and thus managers may want to manage upland vegetation to reduce impacts in riparian areas (Luce et al. 2012). In some riparian areas, managers may want to reintroduce fire to help facili-tate the transition to future conditions.

A comprehensive summary of strategies and tactics for adapting forest vegetation management to the effects of climate change can be found in Appendix 6.

Adapting Nonforest Vegetation Management to the Effects of

Climate ChangeNonforest vegetation in the IAP region will almost cer-

tainly be affected by altered fire regimes, increased drought, and increased establishment of invasive species in a chang-ing climate (Chapter 7). Effects of climate change will also compound existing stressors in nonforest ecosystems caused by human activities (Chapter 7). Thus, adaptation options for nonforest vegetation focus on increasing the resilience

of rangeland ecosystems, including sagebrush and persistent pinyon-juniper ecosystems (table 14.5).

To control invasive species in rangelands, managers suggested minimizing spread and using biological controls, herbicides, and mechanical treatments (table 14.5). It may be particularly important to protect refugia, or areas that have not been invaded, and make sure that invasive species do not become established. Proactive management tactics such as early detection and rapid response can be used for new invasions (Reeves et al. 2017). Conducting outreach to educate employees and the public about invasive species and increasing collaboration among landowners and manag-ers will also be necessary to effectively control invasive species (Hellmann et al. 2008).

In addition to invasive species control and prevention, grazing management will be important in maintaining and increasing resilience of nonforest vegetation to climate change. Climatic changes will lead to altered availability of forage and water, requiring some reconsideration of grazing strategies; flexible and perhaps novel grazing man-agement plans may be necessary (Reeves et al. 2017). For example, altering the timing of use from year to year may help encourage recovery of all species by avoiding stress at the same period of growth (or dormancy) every year. Adapting grazing management may be particularly effective in allotments where soils and hydrology will support future sagebrush ecosystems in a warming climate (table 14.5).

To maintain native perennial species in sagebrush ecosystems, native seed sources adapted to future climatic conditions can be used for planting and restoration, fuel-breaks and fencing can be used for protection, and modified grazing strategies can be used to allow for flexibility in sea-son of use (Reeves et al. 2017). Developing modified seed zones and promoting propagation of native seed sources for sagebrush ecosystems will help to ensure the success of res-toration efforts. In sagebrush ecosystems where pinyon pine and juniper have encroached, active management (removal) is likely to help increase sagebrush resilience (Creutzburg et al. 2014). Given limited budgets, managers will need to prioritize areas for treatments where they will get the most return on investment (table 14.5).

A comprehensive summary of strategies and tactics for adapting nonforest vegetation management to the effects of climate change can be found in Appendix 7.

Adapting to the Effects of Ecological Disturbances in a Changing Climate

The frequency and extent of wildfire are likely to increase with warming in many dry forest and shrubland ecosystems of the IAP region (Littell et al. 2009). Increased fire activity was identified during the workshops as a pri-mary concern for resource managers in the IAP because of the potential negative effects on species, ecosystems, and



Tabl

e 14

.5—

Non

-for

este

d ve

geta

tion

adap

tatio

n op

tions

for

the

Inte

rmou

ntai

n A

dapt

atio

n Pa

rtne

rshi

p R

egio

n.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge m

ay le

ad to

furt

her

loss

of s

ageb

rush

eco

syst

ems

(Wyo

min

g, m

ount

ain,

bas

in b

ig s

ageb

rush

spe

cies

)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: Im

prov

e re

silie

nce

and

resi

stan

ce o

f sag

ebru

sh e

cosy

stem

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icC

ontr

ol in

vasi

ve s

peci

es a

ffect

ing

ecol

ogy

of

sage

brus

h ec

osys

tem

s by

min

imiz

ing

spre

ad

and

usin

g bi

olog

ical

con

trol

s, h

erbi

cide

s,

and

mec

hani

cal t

reat

men

ts

Mai

ntai

n na

tive

pere

nnia

ls b

y: u

tiliz

ing

nativ

e se

ed s

ourc

es fo

r re

stor

atio

n (p

lant

ing)

th

at w

ill b

e ad

apte

d to

futu

re c

limat

e co

nditi

ons;

usi

ng fu

el b

reak

s an

d fe

ncin

g fo

r pr

otec

tion;

mod

ifyin

g gr

azin

g st

rate

gies

to

allo

w fo

r fle

xibi

lity

in s

easo

n of

use

Map

res

ilien

ce a

nd r

esis

tanc

e to

clim

ate

chan

ge to

aid

in p

rior

itizi

ng a

reas

for

trea

tmen

ts

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Pr

iori

tize

and

impl

emen

t in

area

s w

ith h

igh

prob

abili

ty o

f tre

atm

ent s

ucce

ss a

nd in

are

as

of h

igh

valu

e

Prio

ritiz

e an

d im

plem

ent i

n ar

eas

with

hig

h pr

obab

ility

of t

reat

men

t suc

cess

and

in a

reas

of

hig

h va

lue

Acr

oss

all a

reas

usi

ng s

oil,

vege

tatio

n an

d ex

istin

g in

form

atio

n; u

tiliz

e sa

gebr

ush

resi

lienc

e an

d re

sist

ance

rat

ing

crite

ria

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

DSp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– E

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

F

Tact

icD

evel

op s

eed

zone

s an

d pr

omot

e pr

opag

atio

n of

nat

ive

seed

sou

rces

for

sage

brus

h ec

osys

tem

s

Ada

pt g

razi

ng m

anag

emen

t to

chan

ging

cl

imat

es a

nd e

colo

gica

l pot

entia

lPr

otec

t ref

ugia

; if a

nnua

ls g

rass

es a

re n

ot

pres

ent,

keep

them

out

thro

ugh:

rep

eat

mon

itori

ng (o

f exp

erim

ents

with

con

trol

s);

educ

atio

n; s

eed

colle

ctio

n; a

nd g

enet

ic

anal

ysis

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?R

egio

n-w

ide

seed

zon

e m

appi

ngA

llotm

ents

whe

re s

oils

and

hyd

rolo

gy

supp

ort f

utur

e sa

gebr

ush

ecos

yste

ms

in a

w

arm

ing

clim

ate

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

GSp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– H

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

I

Tact

icA

ctiv

ely

man

age

piny

on-j

unip

er

encr

oach

men

t to

mai

ntai

n sa

gebr

ush

ecos

yste

ms

Ada

pt g

razi

ng m

anag

emen

t pra

ctic

es a

nd

polic

ies

to im

prov

e ec

olog

ical

res

ilien

ce

and

resi

stan

ce

Prot

ect e

xist

ing

sage

brus

h co

mm

uniti

es fr

om

fire

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Ph

ase

1 an

d 2

piny

on-j

unip

er c

omm

uniti

esA

ll gr

azin

g al

lotm

ents

Are

as w

here

dry

sag

ebru

sh p

lant

com

mun

ities

ex

ist a

nd h

ave

long

fire

ret

urn

inte

rval

s

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge m

ay le

ad to

a lo

ss o

f clim

atic

ally

sui

tabl

e ha

bita

t for

per

sist

ent p

inyo

n-ju

nipe

r ec

osys

tem

s

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

aint

ain

and

rest

ore

ecol

ogic

al in

tegr

ity o

f per

sist

ent p

inyo

n-ju

nipe

r co

mm

uniti

es

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icId

entif

y an

d m

ap p

ersi

sten

t pin

yon-

juni

per

com

mun

ities

and

ass

ess

curr

ent c

ondi

tions

Red

uce

inva

sive

spe

cies

; mai

ntai

n or

res

tore

na

tive

unde

rsto

ry c

ompo

sitio

n M

aint

ain

or r

esto

re s

truc

tura

l div

ersi

ty to

pr

omot

e na

tura

l dis

turb

ance

reg

imes

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

ll la

nds

At-

risk

per

sist

ent c

omm

uniti

es

At-

risk

per

sist

ent c

omm

uniti

es



ecosystem services. Managers recommended that fuels treat-ments be conducted in strategic locations with the goal of protecting the wildland-urban interface and other high-value resources (table 14.6). Effective fire management requires better communication that helps clarify what actions need to occur and in what locations. For example, fire manag-ers need to know when it is acceptable for a fire to cross administrative boundaries (e.g., move from USFS to Bureau of Land Management lands). As noted previously, with larger fires in the future, it will be increasingly important for agencies to coordinate and work across boundaries to both manage (e.g., fire for resource benefit) and suppress fire (Spies et al. 2010).

After fires occur, managers will need to identify, priori-tize, and protect values at risk from postfire events such as flooding, erosion, and drought (e.g., soil, water, infra-structure, and vegetation) (table 14.6) (Luce et al. 2012). Programs could be initiated to assess values and determine the best protective actions to prevent negative impacts on species and ecosystems. Proactive, strategic plans for postfire response and restoration would make postfire management more efficient and effective over the long term. Postfire management would also benefit from increased col-laboration among agencies.

Native insect species have long played a role in eco-system dynamics in the IAP (Chapter 8), and it will be important to recognize the role of insects and accept that there will be insect-caused tree mortality under changing climate. However, there are some management actions that may increase ecosystem resilience to native insect outbreaks, such as mountain pine beetle outbreaks. For example, restoring historical fire regimes in dry forests, and increasing diversity of forest structure and age and size classes may help to minimize the impacts of insect outbreaks (Churchill et al. 2013). Increasing tree species diversity may also help to improve resilience to insect out-breaks (Dymond et al. 2014), particularly in low-diversity stands. In high-value areas, tactics such as beetle traps, spraying, and pheromones can be used to control beetles (table 14.6).

To manage invasive insect outbreaks, a first step is to identify nonnative invasive insects currently in the region (e.g., balsam woolly adelgid), monitor them, and consider potential future distribution. Monitoring could also be done for other invasive insects that are not currently present in the region, but that may be a future risk (e.g., spruce aphid, spruce-fir looper). Development of an integrated pest man-agement strategy would help guide strategic monitoring and response to invasive insect outbreaks.

Human activities can also be considered a type of eco-system disturbance, and climate change may exacerbate stresses to ecosystems and infrastructure caused by more people residing in the forest environment (table 14.6). To mitigate human impacts on ecosystems, managers can work to minimize increases in area of human disturbance and minimize adverse effects of infrastructure (roads, driveways, power lines, water delivery) on National Forest lands.

Increasing ecological connectivity and habitat continuity and viability will also help plants and animals adjust to hu-man disturbance and climate change effects (Mawdsley et al. 2009).

A comprehensive summary of strategies and tactics for adapting to the effects of increased disturbance with climate change can be found in Appendix 8.

Adapting Terrestrial Animal Management to the Effects

of Climate ChangeEffects of climate change on terrestrial animals (wildlife)

may already be recognized as threats (e.g., loss of wetlands or old-growth forest) or may point toward novel impacts (e.g., effects of earlier snowmelt). Exacerbation of current threats may require intensified conservation efforts, while threats unique to climate change will require innovative strategies (Bagne et al. 2014). The key to finding effective management actions is to identify the factors responsible for how a species may be vulnerable or resilient. In addition to enhancing single species management, a list of species and their vulnerabilities can make efforts more efficient by identifying common issues among species.

Increased water stress is likely to be a common issue among many animal species in the IAP region in a changing climate (table 14.7) (Chapter 9). Increasing temperatures and changing hydrology will affect riparian areas and, in particular, wetlands. Riparian and wetland habitats are important for many wildlife species across the IAP region (Chapter 9). The primary strategy for improving riparian habitat resilience is to restore or preserve floodplain con-nectivity appropriate to the landscape setting to promote retention of flood flows and improved storage of groundwa-ter; maintaining healthy American beaver populations is one of several ways that this can be accomplished (Pollock et al. 2014, 2015). Beaver complexes can buffer riparian systems against both low and high streamflows, and provide habitat structure and foraging opportunities for multiple species. As described previously, increasing hydrological function and minimizing stressors (e.g., unmanaged or mismanaged livestock grazing and recreational use) to riparian and wetland systems will help to increase their resilience, and the resilience of species that depend on them, to climate change (Peterson and Halofsky 2017). Promoting connectiv-ity of riparian habitat conditions along stream networks can also help to provide for animal movement and range shifts (Mawdsley et al. 2009).

Removal or control of invasive plants or animals is another strategy that is likely to increase resilience of plant communities and wildlife that depend on them. Climate change may present more opportunities for establishment of invasive species. However, control of invasive species may be more successful when they are stressed by climate extremes (Higgins and Wilde 2005; Rahel and Olden 2008).



Tabl

e 14

.6—

Ecol

ogic

al d

istu

rban

ce a

dapt

atio

n op

tions

for

the

Inte

rmou

ntai

n A

dapt

atio

n Pa

rtne

rshi

p re

gion

.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Wild

fires

will

incr

ease

with

war

mer

and

dri

er c

ondi

tions

und

er c

hang

ing

clim

ate

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: R

educ

e th

e ad

vers

e ef

fect

s of

fire

in th

e w

ildla

nd-u

rban

inte

rfac

e (W

UI)

and

othe

r no

n-ne

gotia

ble

valu

es w

hile

allo

win

g fir

e to

pla

y a

natu

ral

role

on

the

land

scap

e

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Tact

icSt

rate

gica

lly p

lace

fuel

trea

tmen

ts to

man

age

for

wild

fire

in

an e

colo

gica

lly a

ppro

pria

te w

ay d

epen

ding

on

vege

tatio

n ty

pes;

som

e tr

eatm

ents

may

be

out o

f nat

ural

ran

ge o

f va

riat

ion

to p

rote

ct v

alue

s

Dev

elop

com

mun

icat

ions

str

ateg

y to

det

erm

ine

wha

t nee

ds to

hap

pen

and

whe

re b

efor

e fir

es o

ccur

(e.g

., ne

ed to

kno

w w

hen

it is

acc

epta

ble

to le

t fire

s cr

oss

boun

dari

es a

nd w

hen

it is

not

); al

l par

tner

s ne

ed to

be

invo

lved

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?In

the

WU

I and

oth

er s

trat

egic

loca

tions

; con

side

r m

anag

emen

t bou

ndar

ies

(wild

erne

ss),

topo

grap

hy,

dom

inan

t win

ds

Nee

ds to

be

an “

all l

ands

” ap

proa

ch: c

ount

ies,

sta

tes,

res

iden

ts, B

urea

u of

La

nd M

anag

emen

t, N

atio

nal P

ark

Serv

ice,

etc

.; fo

r th

e Fo

rest

Ser

vice

, bot

h Fo

rest

s an

d D

istr

icts

nee

d to

be

invo

lved

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: C

ondu

ct p

ost-

fire

rest

orat

ion

and

man

age

post

-dis

turb

ance

res

pons

e

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icId

entif

y, p

rior

itize

and

pro

tect

val

ues

at r

isk;

in

itiat

e pr

ogra

ms

to a

sses

s va

lues

and

det

erm

ine

best

pro

tect

ive

actio

ns

Con

duct

pre

-fire

pla

nnin

g to

impr

ove

resp

onse

tim

e an

d ef

ficie

ncy,

pri

oriti

zing

ke

y ar

eas

at r

isk

to g

eolo

gic

haza

rd

Con

duct

pos

t-fir

e ve

geta

tion

man

agem

ent

and

prev

ent i

nvas

ives

with

wee

d co

ntro

l an

d m

onito

ring

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?N

eeds

to b

e do

ne a

t For

est l

evel

, as

it w

ill

be d

icta

ted

by lo

cal n

eeds

; foc

us o

n ar

eas

thre

aten

ing

publ

ic h

ealth

and

saf

ety

Nee

ds to

be

an “

all l

ands

” ap

proa

ch; f

or

Fore

st S

ervi

ce, b

oth

Fore

sts

and

Dis

tric

ts

need

to b

e in

volv

ed

In k

ey a

reas

iden

tified

in p

re-p

lann

ing

and

Bur

ned

Are

a Em

erge

ncy

Res

pons

e;

mon

itor

inva

sive

s in

tran

sitio

n zo

nes

betw

een

ecot

ypes

, sou

th-f

acin

g sl

opes

, al

ong

road

cor

rido

rs, a

nd c

ampg

roun

ds

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: T

o pr

otec

t val

ues

on th

e la

ndsc

ape,

allo

w fo

r m

ore

man

aged

fire

to r

educ

e av

aila

ble

fuel

load

ings

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icD

evel

op u

nder

stan

ding

or

prod

ucts

that

hel

p m

anag

ers

and

line

offic

ers

mak

e de

cisi

ons

on m

anag

ing

long

dur

atio

n fir

es; i

ncor

pora

te

info

rmat

ion

lear

ned

into

the

Wild

land

Fir

e D

ecis

ion

Supp

ort S

yste

m

Util

ize

a ri

sk b

enefi

t mod

el to

iden

tify

key

loca

tions

whe

re fu

els

mod

ifica

tions

wou

ld

bene

fit th

e po

tent

ial u

se o

f man

aged

fire

Find

opp

ortu

nitie

s to

wor

k w

ith p

artn

ers

to e

xpan

d us

e of

nat

ural

fire

igni

tions

(s

uppo

rt n

etw

ork

of c

olla

bora

tors

); in

crea

se e

duca

tion

to p

ublic

on

the

role

of

fire

on

the

land

scap

e

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

nyw

here

on

the

land

scap

eA

ll fir

e-pr

one

land

scap

es

Land

s ad

jace

nt to

loca

l com

mun

ities



Tabl

e 14

.6 (

cont

inue

d)—

Ecol

ogic

al d

istu

rban

ce a

dapt

atio

n op

tions

for

the

Inte

rmou

ntai

n A

dapt

atio

n Pa

rtne

rshi

p re

gion

.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge w

ill li

kely

res

ult i

n in

crea

sed

mor

talit

y ca

used

by

nativ

e in

sect

s an

d di

seas

es (b

ark

beet

les,

def

olia

tors

, and

dw

arf

mis

tleto

es)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se r

esis

tanc

e an

d re

silie

nce

to in

sect

s an

d di

seas

e in

sta

nds

and

land

scap

es

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icM

anag

e fo

r ag

e, s

ize

clas

s, a

nd s

peci

es d

iver

sity

Prot

ect h

igh

valu

e ar

eas

with

trap

tree

fe

lling

, bee

tle tr

aps,

spr

ayin

g, r

educ

ed b

asal

ar

ea, b

eetle

ris

k ra

ting,

and

phe

rom

ones

Prot

ect a

nd m

anag

e ar

eas

of s

peci

al

clas

sific

atio

n

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?H

igh

valu

e la

ndsc

apes

with

low

div

ersi

ty; l

imite

d to

whe

re th

ere

is a

cces

sA

reas

of h

igh

valu

eR

oadl

ess

area

s, w

ilder

ness

, and

are

as

rest

rict

ed to

non

-mec

hani

cal t

reat

men

ts

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Inv

asiv

e in

sect

s m

ay in

crea

se w

ith c

hang

ing

clim

ate

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se r

esili

ence

and

res

ista

nce

of tr

ees

to in

vasi

ve in

sect

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icD

evel

op a

n in

tegr

ated

pes

t man

agem

ent s

trat

egy,

in

clud

ing

iden

tifyi

ng in

sect

-res

ista

nt s

eed

(bal

sam

woo

lly a

delg

id)

Iden

tify

curr

ent a

nd p

roje

cted

dis

trib

utio

n of

ba

lsam

woo

lly a

delg

id a

nd o

ther

spe

cies

Id

entif

y an

d m

onito

r ot

her

non-

nativ

e,

inva

sive

inse

cts

(e.g

., sp

ruce

aph

id,

spru

ce-fi

r lo

oper

) not

cur

rent

ly p

rese

nt in

th

e re

gion

but

that

may

be

a fu

ture

ris

k

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?In

true

fir

com

mun

ities

and

sub

alpi

ne a

reas

In tr

ue fi

r co

mm

uniti

es; R

egio

n-w

ide;

ar

eas

whe

re lo

ss o

f sub

alpi

ne fi

r w

ould

be

ecol

ogic

ally

sig

nific

ant

Reg

ion-

wid

e

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Mor

e pe

ople

res

idin

g in

the

fore

st e

nvir

onm

ent w

ill in

crea

se s

tres

ses

to e

cosy

stem

s, in

fras

truc

ture

, and

bio

logi

cal a

nd p

hysi

cal

reso

urce

s; s

hifti

ng o

f util

izat

ion

of e

cosy

stem

ser

vice

s cl

oser

to th

e so

urce

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

anag

e fo

r th

e hu

man

dis

turb

ance

foot

prin

t cau

sed

by h

ighe

r po

pula

tions

of p

eopl

e liv

ing

in fo

rest

s an

d th

e fo

rest

inte

rfac

e

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icM

anag

e th

e ef

fect

s of

infr

astr

uctu

re (r

oads

, dr

ivew

ays,

pow

erlin

es, w

ater

del

iver

y) o

n na

tiona

l for

est l

ands

Min

imiz

e in

crea

ses

in a

reas

of d

istu

rban

ceM

anag

e ec

olog

ical

con

nect

ivity

and

en

ergy

flow

; mai

ntai

n ha

bita

t con

tinui

ty

and

viab

ility

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

pply

on

road

s an

d dr

ivew

ays

and

with

co

llabo

rato

rs r

espo

nsib

le fo

r th

e w

hole

sys

tem

(e

.g.,

the

pow

er c

ompa

ny, c

ount

y tr

ansp

orta

tion

depa

rtm

ent,

cana

l com

pany

)

In a

nd a

roun

d re

side

ntia

l and

oth

er

deve

lopm

ent

Mai

ntai

n na

tura

l cor

rido

rs (s

trea

ms,

ri

pari

an) w

here

they

exi

st; m

aint

ain

larg

e ha

bita

t blo

cks;

mai

ntai

n ha

bita

t div

ersi

ty

in a

ppro

pria

te p

roxi

miti

es



Tabl

e 14

.7—

Terr

estr

ial a

nim

al a

dapt

atio

n op

tions

for

the

Inte

rmou

ntai

n A

dapt

atio

n Pa

rtne

rshi

p re

gion

.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Veg

etat

ion

and

anim

als

will

be

stre

ssed

bec

ause

of r

educ

ed s

oil m

oist

ure

with

cha

nges

in ti

min

g an

d am

ount

of p

reci

pita

tion,

dr

ough

t, an

d ea

rlie

r sn

owm

elt u

nder

cha

ngin

g cl

imat

e

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: R

esto

re a

nd e

nhan

ce w

ater

res

ourc

e fu

nctio

n an

d di

stri

butio

n at

the

appr

opri

ate

wat

ersh

ed le

vel;

prio

ritiz

e w

ater

shed

s ba

sed

on c

ondi

tion

and

a va

riet

y of

res

ourc

e va

lues

, inc

ludi

ng te

rres

tria

l ani

mal

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icIm

prov

e m

anag

emen

t of e

xist

ing

seep

an

d sp

ring

wat

er d

evel

opm

ents

, and

de

sign

pro

pose

d de

velo

pmen

ts fo

r ec

olog

ical

app

ropr

iate

ness

Man

age

for

mai

nten

ance

of v

eget

ativ

e co

ver

suffi

cien

t to

reta

in s

now

pack

with

in w

ater

shed

sPr

ovid

e en

hanc

ed w

ater

dis

trib

utio

n w

ith

appr

opri

ate

wild

life

use

desi

gns

and

bala

nce

wat

er u

se w

ith w

ildlif

e ne

eds;

pro

tect

he

adw

ater

s, s

prin

g he

ads,

rip

aria

n ar

eas,

etc

.

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

ny w

aste

ful o

r re

dund

ant

deve

lopm

ents

, or

on s

ites

caus

ing

unin

tend

ed e

colo

gica

l con

sequ

ence

s

Part

icul

arly

with

in s

ubal

pine

eco

syst

ems,

bu

t als

o ot

her

area

s ta

rget

ed fo

r ve

geta

tion

man

agem

ent a

ctiv

ities

Are

as w

here

ther

e is

con

cern

abo

ut a

mph

ibia

n po

pula

tions

and

oth

er w

ildlif

e sp

ecie

s de

pend

ent o

n w

ater

sou

rces

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

DSp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– E

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

F

Tact

icR

educ

e bi

omas

s to

red

uce

evap

otra

nspi

ratio

n an

d m

orta

lity

resu

lting

from

wat

er s

tres

s fo

r gr

ound

wat

er-f

ed s

yste

ms

(with

thin

ning

an

d ot

her

vege

tatio

n tr

eatm

ents

) and

m

aint

ain

shad

e fo

r no

n-gr

ound

wat

er

fed

syst

ems

Incr

ease

wat

er s

tora

ge b

y m

anag

ing

for

beav

er

popu

latio

ns u

sing

a c

ompr

ehen

sive

bea

ver

stra

tegy

, and

by

redu

cing

cat

tle im

pact

s on

sm

all

wat

er s

ourc

es

Act

ivel

y re

stor

e an

d m

aint

ain

func

tioni

ng

wet

land

s; m

anag

e gr

azin

g to

pro

mot

e ri

pari

an

and

wet

land

func

tion

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Su

gges

ted

scal

e of

HU

C 8

to 1

2 ba

sed

on a

sses

smen

t for

wat

ersh

ed

prio

ritiz

atio

n

Rip

aria

n ar

eas

whe

re c

ondi

tions

are

app

ropr

iate

(p

rese

nce

of a

spen

and

will

ow) t

hat w

ill n

ot

resu

lt in

con

flict

(cul

vert

dam

age,

floo

ding

roa

ds)



Tabl

e 14

.7 (

cont

inue

d)—

Terr

estr

ial a

nim

al a

dapt

atio

n op

tions

for

the

Inte

rmou

ntai

n A

dapt

atio

n Pa

rtne

rshi

p re

gion

.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Cha

ngin

g in

tens

ity a

nd fr

eque

ncy

of fi

re w

ith c

limat

e ch

ange

will

dec

reas

e ar

ea a

nd c

onne

ctiv

ity o

f som

e ha

bita

ts, n

otab

ly la

te-

succ

essi

onal

and

mat

ure

fore

st a

nd b

ig s

ageb

rush

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

aint

ain

curr

ent h

abita

t, re

stor

e hi

stor

ical

hab

itat,

prom

ote

pote

ntia

l fut

ure

habi

tat,

and

incr

ease

res

ilien

ce o

f the

se h

abita

ts

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icSt

rate

gica

lly p

lace

fuel

bre

aks

to

min

imiz

e ri

sk to

impo

rtan

t hab

itat a

reas

Res

tore

dis

turb

ance

reg

imes

by

redu

cing

ac

cum

ulat

ed fu

el lo

ads;

rem

ove

piny

on a

nd

juni

per

in s

ageb

rush

eco

syst

ems;

whe

re th

ere

are

fire

defic

its, a

llow

wild

fires

to b

urn

for

reso

urce

be

nefit

Iden

tify

area

s th

at w

ill s

uppo

rt la

te-

succ

essi

onal

and

mat

ure

fore

sts

and

big

sage

brus

h in

the

futu

re, a

nd m

ange

to p

rom

ote

thei

r de

velo

pmen

t and

res

ilien

ce

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?O

n th

e w

indw

ard

side

of i

mpo

rtan

t ha

bita

t are

as; p

lace

in a

con

figur

atio

n to

min

imiz

e ri

sk o

f fire

spr

ead

acro

ss

the

land

scap

e

With

in th

e ha

bita

ts w

here

unc

hara

cter

istic

fu

el lo

ads

have

dev

elop

ed; b

alan

ce w

ith o

ther

ob

ject

ives

for

spec

ies

depe

nden

t on

a co

mpl

ex

unde

rsto

ry

Iden

tify

whe

re d

istu

rban

ce r

egim

es a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith y

our

targ

et h

abita

t will

shi

ft, a

nd fo

cus

rest

orat

ion

on th

ose

area

s an

d co

nnec

tivity

to

thos

e ar

eas

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge m

ay in

crea

se u

ncha

ract

eris

tic fi

res

in p

onde

rosa

pin

e th

at r

esul

t in

loss

of l

ate-

sera

l for

est a

nd s

nags

(affe

ctin

g Le

wis

’ woo

dpec

ker,

Alle

n’s

big-

eare

d ba

t, A

bert

’s sq

uirr

el, n

orth

ern

gosh

awk,

and

Uta

h pr

airi

e do

g)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

aint

ain

curr

ent h

abita

t, re

stor

e hi

stor

ical

str

uctu

re, a

nd in

crea

se m

osai

c st

ruct

ure

(incl

udin

g sn

ags)

.

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icC

ondu

ct th

inni

ng a

nd p

resc

ribe

d fir

e tr

eatm

ents

; use

thin

ning

from

bel

ow;

mai

ntai

n na

tura

l str

uctu

re (d

iver

sity

and

de

nsity

); co

ntro

l lad

der

fuel

s

Man

age

graz

ing

to d

isco

urag

e ov

ergr

azin

g of

na

tive

plan

ts a

nd to

mai

ntai

n fin

e fu

els

to c

arry

fir

e

Plan

t ada

pted

(loc

ally

-sou

rced

) pon

dero

sa

pine

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Ex

istin

g st

ands

on

publ

ic a

nd p

rivat

e la

nds

(alth

ough

thin

ning

is li

mite

d in

ro

adle

ss a

reas

and

wild

erne

ss)

Ever

ywhe

re p

onde

rosa

pin

e oc

curs

In a

reas

whe

re s

tand

-rep

laci

ng fi

res

have

oc

curr

ed, k

eepi

ng in

min

d th

e ca

paci

ty o

f th

e ar

ea to

sup

port

pon

dero

sa p

ine

(soi

ls a

nd

wat

er c

onsi

dera

tions

)



Tabl

e 14

.7 (

cont

inue

d)—

Terr

estr

ial a

nim

al a

dapt

atio

n op

tions

for

the

Inte

rmou

ntai

n A

dapt

atio

n Pa

rtne

rshi

p re

gion

.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge w

ill li

kely

lead

to in

crea

sed

fire

freq

uenc

y, w

hich

may

lead

to lo

ss o

f mix

ed-a

ge a

spen

sta

nds

and

loss

of m

atur

e as

pen

and

snag

s (a

ffect

ing

ruffe

d gr

ouse

, flam

mul

ated

ow

l, go

shaw

k, a

nd m

any

othe

r sp

ecie

s)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

aint

ain/

sust

ain/

reta

in a

spen

and

enc

oura

ge r

ecru

itmen

t to

the

over

stor

y

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icR

emov

e co

nife

rs w

ith p

resc

ribe

d fir

e an

d lo

ggin

gPr

otec

t/enc

oura

ge r

egen

erat

ion

usin

g fe

ncin

g, u

ngul

ate

man

agem

ent (

redu

ce

num

bers

and

cha

nge

seas

on o

f use

[gr

aze

earl

y]),

and

deve

lopm

ent p

lans

like

that

im

plem

ente

d by

Wol

f Cre

ek R

anch

(wor

ks

clos

ely

with

Wild

Uta

h Pr

ojec

t)

Con

duct

pub

lic o

utre

ach

to h

elp

man

age

for

aspe

n sn

ags;

res

tric

t fir

ewoo

d cu

tting

; tar

get r

anch

ette

ow

ners

with

info

rmat

ion;

incl

ude

aspe

n in

pub

lic e

duca

tion;

use

“th

is is

a

wild

life

hom

e” s

igns

and

sim

ilar

tool

s

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Fo

rest

, sta

te, a

nd p

rivat

e la

nds

that

are

with

con

ifer

encr

oach

men

tA

nyw

here

Scho

ols,

any

whe

re

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge w

ill le

ad to

cha

nges

in a

lpin

e sp

ecie

s co

mpo

sitio

n (o

f bot

h pl

ants

and

ani

mal

s, e

.g.,

spru

ce-fi

r en

croa

chm

ent,

rode

nts,

hum

ans)

bec

ause

of s

hrin

king

sno

wpa

ck, c

hang

es in

tim

ing

of s

now

mel

t, an

d in

crea

sing

tem

pera

ture

s th

at a

llow

spe

cies

to m

ove

up in

to a

lpin

e ec

osys

tem

s (a

ffect

ing

pika

, end

emic

pla

nts,

pol

linat

ors,

and

bla

ck r

osy

finch

)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: R

educ

e ad

ditio

nal s

tres

sors

in a

lpin

e ha

bita

ts

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icM

anag

e hu

man

acc

ess

(e.g

., bu

ild tr

ails

, har

den

site

s, u

se p

erm

it sy

stem

s or

out

fitte

r gu

ides

)M

aint

ain

mou

ntai

n go

ats

at p

opul

atio

n le

vels

that

elim

inat

e ad

vers

e im

pact

s (r

emov

e go

ats

if ne

eded

and

dis

cour

age

cont

inue

d in

trod

uctio

n of

goa

ts)

Mon

itor

mov

emen

t of p

lant

s (in

clud

ing

both

con

ifers

and

exo

tic w

eeds

) and

m

onito

r m

ovem

ent o

f tre

elin

e

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

lpin

e tr

ailh

eads

; are

as o

f hig

h us

e (e

.g.,

La S

als)

La S

als,

Tus

hars

, Mt.

Dun

ton,

Ash

ley

Ever

ywhe

re h

abita

t is

pres

ent



Preventive and early intervention programs to control invasive species can be applied where range expansion is predicted (Davies and Johnson 2011). Targeting the vulner-abilities of undesirable species fits well with “no regrets” and “win-win” strategies of climate change adaptation (Bagne and Finch 2013; Peterson et al. 2011b).

Changing fire regimes are another climate stressor common to many species in the IAP region (Chapter 8). Changing intensity and frequency of fire with climate change are likely to decrease area and connectivity of some habitats, notably late-successional and mature forest and big sagebrush (Chmura et al. 2011). Fuels reduction and strategic placement of fuelbreaks could help to lower fire se-verity and protect valued habitats (Peterson et al. 2011a). In ponderosa pine forests, where there are currently high levels of fuel loading relative to historical conditions (Chapter 6), creating more open conditions with fewer trees may be de-sirable for long-term sustainability in areas where increased seasonal drought stress is anticipated. Diverse understory food plants and shrub patches are important components of this habitat, and minimizing grazing impacts and controlling invasive plants can help to maintain characteristic fuel pat-terns and understory diversity (table 14.7). In areas where stand-replacing fires have occurred, planting adapted (lo-cally sourced) ponderosa pine is likely to enhance survival. A significant challenge will be promoting the development of large tree and open understory conditions in capable areas where large trees of fire-resilient species are not currently present (Stine et al. 2014).

Quaking aspen was identified as important because of its high productivity, role in structural diversity, and habitat for cavity-nesting birds. Ruffed grouse were also identified as strongly tied to aspen habitats. Reduction in the distribution and abundance of aspen is projected for some locations (es-pecially lower elevation) in a warmer climate (Chapter 6). Tactics for promoting aspen resilience are use of prescribed fire and logging to remove conifers from aspen stands, pro-tection from grazing, and public outreach on the importance of aspen for wildlife habitat (table 14.7).

In high-elevation alpine habitats, climate change will probably alter species composition of both plants and ani-mals because of shrinking snowpack, changes in timing of snowmelt, and increasing temperatures that allow species to move into alpine ecosystems (Chapter 6). Minimizing new stressors on alpine ecosystems may help to increase their resilience. For example, mountain goat populations can be maintained at levels that eliminate adverse impacts. As snow-based recreation is concentrated in smaller areas, efforts to minimize human impacts may be needed. Identifying and protecting climate and disturbance refugia can help to maintain high-elevation habitats for wildlife (Morelli et al. 2016). Population monitoring can also be a useful tool when climate effects or management options are uncertain.

A comprehensive summary of strategies and tactics for adapting terrestrial animal and habitat management to the effects of climate change can be found in Appendix 9.

Adapting Outdoor Recreation Management to the Effects of

Climate ChangeOutdoor recreationists are highly adaptable to chang-

ing conditions (Hand and Lawson 2017). For example, water-based recreationists may adapt to climate change by choosing different sites that are less susceptible to changes in water levels (e.g., by seeking higher-elevation natural lakes) and changing the type of water-based recreation activity they engage in (e.g., from motorized boating on res-ervoirs to nonmotorized boating on natural lakes). Hunters may adapt by altering the timing and location of hunts or by targeting different species. Similarly, wildlife viewers may change the timing and location of viewing experiences and target different species. However, adaptation options for wildlife recreation may be limited if the abundance or distribution of highly valued species decreases the chance of viewing, and if substitute species are not available (Scott et al. 2007).

Management of recreation by Federal agencies may pres-ent considerable challenges under climate change (Hand and Lawson 2017). Managers may need to reconsider how infra-structure investments and the provisioning and maintenance of facilities align with changing ecological conditions and demands for recreation settings. The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (Clark and Stankey 1979) can be used to match changing conditions and preferences to the allocation of available recreation opportunities. Adaptation by managers may take the form of responding to changing recreation pat-terns, but also helping to shape the settings and experiences that are available to recreation users on public lands in the future (Hand and Lawson 2017).

For winter recreation, a general adaptation strategy is to transition recreation management to address shorter winter recreation seasons and changing recreational use patterns. Specifically, opportunities may exist to expand facilities where concentrated use increases, and options for snow-based recreation can be diversified to include more snowmaking, additional ski lifts, and higher-elevation runs (Scott and McBoyle 2007). In some cases, however, adapta-tion actions related to the availability and quality of winter recreation opportunities could result in tradeoffs with other activities (e.g., warm-weather access to higher-elevation sites or effects of snowmaking on streamflow) (Hand and Lawson 2017).

With higher temperatures and earlier snowmelt, warm-weather activity seasons are likely to lengthen (Mendelsohn and Markowski 2004). Recreation managers have options for responding to changing patterns in warm season rec-reation demand in order to provide sustainable recreation opportunities. A first step will be to conduct assessments to understand the changing patterns of use (Hand and Lawson 2017) (table 14.8). Then, adjustments can be made to increase the capacity of recreation sites that are showing



Tabl

e 14

.8—

Rec

reat

ion

adap

tatio

n op

tions

for

the

Inte

rmou

ntai

n A

dapt

atio

n Pa

rtne

rshi

p re

gion

.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge w

ill le

ad to

cha

nges

in r

ecre

atio

n us

e pa

ttern

s (y

ear-

roun

d se

ason

s fo

r no

n-sn

ow a

ctiv

ities

, shi

ft in

sno

w-

depe

nden

t act

iviti

es, c

hang

es in

use

type

s an

d de

man

d)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se fl

exib

ility

and

cap

acity

for

man

agin

g re

crea

tion

reso

urce

s to

mee

t shi

fting

dem

ands

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icD

evel

op c

reat

ive

budg

et s

trat

egie

s to

su

ppor

t lon

ger/

over

lapp

ing

use

seas

ons;

pu

rsue

add

ition

al g

rant

fund

ing

and

part

ners

hips

and

opp

ortu

nitie

s fo

r ne

w fe

es (e

.g.,

som

ethi

ng s

imila

r to

A

dven

ture

Pas

s, p

arki

ng fe

es, u

se fo

r pe

ak u

se ti

mes

); le

vera

ge o

utfit

ting

and

guid

ing

fund

s

Incr

ease

flex

ibili

ty fo

r ye

ar-r

ound

use

of f

acili

ties;

re

deve

lop/

hard

en/m

itiga

te e

xist

ing

or n

ew s

ites

(e.g

., in

tegr

ate

sum

mer

use

s in

to s

ki a

rea

oper

atio

ns);

pave

acc

ess

road

s fo

r w

inte

r an

d w

et u

ses;

inst

all

gate

s or

oth

er a

cces

s co

ntro

l whe

re s

now

no

long

er c

lose

s ar

eas;

cha

nge

type

s of

infr

astr

uctu

re

(e.g

., m

arin

as u

sed

to b

e st

atic

but

now

nee

d to

be

flex

ible

); in

crea

se c

apac

ity a

t exi

stin

g si

tes

to

acco

mm

odat

e lo

nger

use

sea

sons

Leve

rage

loca

l par

tner

ship

s to

ass

ist w

ith

man

agem

ent o

f rec

reat

ion

faci

litie

s (e

.g.,

deve

lop

part

ners

hips

with

loca

l gov

ernm

ent,

othe

r ag

enci

es, t

ribe

s, a

nd u

ser

grou

ps,

non-

gove

rnm

enta

l org

aniz

atio

ns; p

rom

ote

trai

l ado

ptio

n; fa

cilit

ate

loca

l eco

nom

ic

deve

lopm

ent o

ppor

tuni

ties)

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Fo

rest

- an

d re

gion

-wid

e; a

ll re

crea

tion

site

sPl

aces

with

vul

nera

bilit

y to

floo

ding

, cha

ngin

g w

ater

leve

ls, a

nd e

xpan

ding

sum

mer

act

iviti

es in

pr

evio

usly

win

ter-

only

are

as; c

onsi

der

desi

gn fo

r ye

ar r

ound

use

(vau

lt ve

rsus

flus

h to

ilets

)

Fore

st-

and

regi

on-w

ide;

esp

ecia

lly

impo

rtan

t in

area

s th

at a

re fa

r fr

om N

atio

nal

Fore

st fa

cilit

ies

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

DSp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– E

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

F

Tact

icIm

plem

ent s

easo

nal u

se a

nd/o

r pe

rmitt

ing

for

activ

ities

that

are

usu

ally

se

ason

ally

con

stra

ined

but

that

may

ha

ve lo

nger

sea

sons

with

war

min

g cl

imat

e (e

.g.,

all-

terr

ain

vehi

cles

, m

ount

ain

biki

ng)

Dev

elop

cap

acity

for

flexi

bilit

y in

sea

sons

(ope

ning

da

tes

for

cam

pgro

unds

, acc

ess

to tr

ails

, roa

d cl

osur

es)

Eval

uate

impa

cts

to r

esou

rces

and

pot

entia

l co

nflic

ts b

etw

een

user

gro

ups

with

cha

nges

in

sea

sona

l use

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Es

peci

ally

at h

ighe

r el

evat

ions

Ana

lysi

s of

nee

d do

ne a

t Reg

iona

l lev

el, e

ach

unit

left

to c

arry

out

in p

ract

ice

Dis

tric

t and

For

est l

evel

dec

isio

ns

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Sea

son

of u

se, t

ypes

of r

ecre

atio

n, a

nd lo

catio

n of

act

iviti

es m

ay c

hang

e as

the

clim

ate

chan

ges

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: Id

entif

y an

d pr

iori

tize

recr

eatio

nal s

ites

that

are

pro

ne to

cha

nge

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icU

se p

redi

ctiv

e m

odel

ing

that

in

corp

orat

es c

hang

ing

clim

ate

cond

ition

s (p

reci

pita

tion,

tem

pera

ture

, et

c.)

Surv

ey th

e pu

blic

dir

ectly

or

indi

rect

ly to

det

erm

ine

use

patte

rns

and

sens

itivi

ty to

cha

ngin

g cl

imat

e pa

ttern

s

Educ

ate

the

publ

ic a

bout

like

ly im

pact

s of

cl

imat

e ch

ange

and

cha

ngin

g re

crea

tiona

l op

port

uniti

es

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?D

urin

g lo

ng-t

erm

pla

nnin

g pr

oces

ses,

id

entif

y po

tent

ial u

ser

confl

icts

(e.g

., no

n-m

otor

ized

ver

sus

mot

oriz

ed w

inte

r us

e)

In N

atio

nal V

isito

r U

se M

onito

ring

; tra

il co

unte

rs;

web

-bas

ed to

ols

Focu

s on

Nat

iona

l For

est l

ocat

ions

/site

s in

whi

ch c

hang

es a

re o

ccur

ring

(e.g

., in

lo

catio

ns w

ith p

ine

beet

le in

fest

atio

ns)



Tabl

e 14

.8 (

cont

inue

d)—

Rec

reat

ion

adap

tatio

n op

tions

for

the

Inte

rmou

ntai

n A

dapt

atio

n Pa

rtne

rshi

p re

gion

.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Inc

reas

ed fl

oodi

ng a

nd fi

re w

ill r

esul

t in

few

er r

ecre

atio

nal s

ites,

mor

e us

e of

alte

rnat

ive

cam

pgro

unds

, red

uced

ser

vice

s, a

nd

incr

ease

d us

e of

few

er fa

cilit

ies

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: R

esea

rch

and

docu

men

t exi

stin

g us

es

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icIn

vent

ory–

use

and

upda

te th

e in

fras

truc

ture

dat

abas

e to

ass

ure

corr

ect

info

rmat

ion

is a

vaila

ble

Man

age

peop

le–a

s co

nditi

ons

chan

ge, m

ove

peop

le

to m

ore

desi

rabl

e si

tes

Com

mun

icat

e–ha

ve c

lear

and

con

stan

t di

scus

sion

s w

ith F

ores

ts a

nd D

istr

icts

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

ll Fo

rest

s an

d si

tes

As

wea

ther

cha

nges

and

floo

ds a

nd/o

r fir

e in

crea

se,

may

nee

d to

util

ize

unde

ruse

d or

new

site

sA

t all

leve

ls a

s ne

ed a

rise

s

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Cha

nge

in ti

min

g of

wat

er a

vaila

bilit

y an

d ab

solu

te a

mou

nt o

f wat

er a

vaila

ble

will

affe

ct w

ater

-bas

ed r

ecre

atio

n. H

igh

tem

pera

ture

s m

ay d

rive

up d

eman

d fo

r w

ater

rec

reat

ion

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: P

lan

to a

ccou

nt fo

r th

ese

chan

ges

in d

eman

d

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icId

entif

y pl

aces

that

are

like

ly to

be

affe

cted

by

clim

ate

chan

ge (e

ither

loss

of

wat

er-b

ased

rec

reat

ion,

or

whe

re

mor

e re

crea

tion

will

be

conc

entr

ated

)

Ret

hink

cam

pgro

und

loca

tions

to m

ake

them

mor

e pl

easa

nt fo

r ho

t clim

ates

(e.g

., sp

ots

in th

e sh

ade)

an

d ne

ar e

xist

ing

wat

er r

esou

rces

; use

inte

ntio

nal

loca

tions

to c

ontr

ol im

pact

s of

dis

pers

ed c

ampi

ng

Futu

re r

eser

voir

s m

ay b

e ne

eded

to m

eet

mun

icip

al w

ater

dem

and

that

will

als

o be

us

ed fo

r re

crea

tion,

but

may

als

o flo

od

exis

ting

recr

eatio

n si

tes

(cam

pgro

unds

, et

c.)

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?O

n al

l For

ests

Fore

sts

espe

cial

ly a

ttrac

tive

to r

ecre

atio

nal v

ehic

les

Nea

r ex

istin

g w

ater

res

ourc

es, a

nd li

kely

ne

w s

ites

for

rese

rvoi

rs



increased use (e.g., campgrounds can be enlarged, and more fences, signs, and gates can be installed where necessary). However, there may be some limitations to increasing the capacity of some recreation sites. Managers will have to consider how use in the shoulder seasons is managed, adjusting timing of actions such as road and trail openings and closures and special use permits (Strauch et al. 2015). Managers may want to establish defined season of use for activities that were historically most popular in the summer but that may become more common in the spring and fall shoulder seasons, such as all-terrain vehicles and mountain bikes. As an alternative to date-specific closures, recreation managers could continuously monitor conditions and use weather- or condition-specific closures.

As temperatures increase, there may be increased de-mand for water-based recreation in particular (Mendelsohn and Markowski 2004). With shifts in timing of flow and lower summer streamflows, however, water-based recreation may become unavailable in some locations at certain times (Hand and Lawson 2017). Identifying places that are likely to be affected by climate change (either loss of water-based recreation, or where more recreation will be concentrated) will help managers plan for these changing patterns. Managing lake and river access capacity, and managing public expectations on site availability may also be neces-sary. Monitoring will be critical to assessing changes in use patterns and identifying demand shifts.

A comprehensive summary of strategies and tactics for adapting outdoor recreation management to the effects of climate change can be found in Appendix 10.

Adapting Infrastructure Management to the Effects

of Climate ChangeAs snowpacks decline and rain-to-snow ratios increase

with warming temperatures, flooding may increase in some parts of the IAP region (Chapter 4). Thus, reducing the vul-nerability of roads and infrastructure to flooding is a primary concern to managers. National Forests contain thousands of miles of roads, mostly unpaved. Damage to those roads and associated drainage systems reduces access by users and is extremely expensive to repair (Strauch et al. 2015). Road damage often has direct and deleterious effects on aquatic habitats as well, particularly when roads are adjacent to streams (Luce and Black 1999). Resilience to higher peakflows and frequency of flooding can be increased by (1) adapting the design standards where future rain-on-snow events are expected (Halofsky et al. 2011), (2) conducting a risk assessment of vulnerable roads and infrastructure (Strauch et al. 2015), and (3) performing road blading and grading activities during periods when natural moisture conditions are optimum (using water trucks as needed to supplement) (table 14.9).

In addition to flooding, fire and changing recreation demands may affect access to infrastructure for forest use (Strauch et al. 2015). As a first step, it will be important to determine how traffic patterns are changing seasonally. At-risk roads, specifically those that are prone to flooding, have insufficient culverts, or are located on unstable surfaces, can then be identified in high-use locations and be either up-graded or decommissioned (Halofsky et al. 2011). Damaged roads should not necessarily be rebuilt in kind, but rather rebuilt using specifications that account for climate-related changes (e.g., different levels and seasons of precipitation and use) or decommissioned (Halofsky et al. 2011; Strauch et al. 2015) (table 14.9).

Increases in extreme storm events and flooding with climate change may also affect bridges, dams, and levees. It will be important for specialists to consider increases in future extreme storm events when evaluating existing inventory for capacity and structural integrity, in structure design, and when determining location of new infrastructure (Strauch et al. 2015). Infrastructure management in a chang-ing climate will benefit from increased coordination with partners (table 14.9).

Buildings, including recreation residences, may face increased risk from catastrophic events, including fire, snow, flooding, avalanche, and ecological disturbance (Chapters 4, 8). The high cost of relocating buildings from floodplains and other high-risk locations will require that adaptation options focus on prevention of damage. For example, areas surrounding buildings can be examined for hazard trees, and the hazard trees removed. Managers and recreation residence holders can follow recommended practices for keeping buildings safe from fires (e.g., by removing flam-mable vegetation in areas near buildings) (table 14.9). In some cases, however, risk thresholds may be exceeded, and recreation residences and other buildings may need to be relocated or removed.

A comprehensive summary of strategies and tactics for adapting infrastructure management to the effects of climate change can be found in Appendix 11.

Adapting Cultural Resource Management to the Effects

of Climate ChangeClimate change poses several threats to cultural resources

in the IAP region (Morgan et al. 2016; Rockman 2015). Increased fire will result in increased erosion and loss of vegetation, which may exacerbate damage and other impacts to cultural resources (Davis 2017). Fuels reduction around significant cultural resources already takes place in some locations, but these efforts could be increased to further re-duce likelihood of high-severity fire and damage to cultural resources (table 14.10). Fuels treatments are particularly im-portant around flammable wooden structures (Davis 2017). In some cases, wooden shingles on historic buildings can



Tabl

e 14

.9—

Infr

astr

uctu

re a

dapt

atio

n op

tions

for

the

Inte

rmou

ntai

n A

dapt

atio

n Pa

rtne

rshi

p re

gion

.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Inc

reas

ed te

mpe

ratu

res

will

hav

e br

oad

impl

icat

ions

for

road

des

ign

and

mai

nten

ance

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se r

esili

ence

whe

re r

oads

/str

eam

s in

tera

ct

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icA

dapt

the

desi

gn s

tand

ards

whe

re fu

ture

ra

in o

n sn

ow e

vent

s ar

e ex

pect

ed

Dev

elop

ris

k as

sess

men

t for

roa

d in

fras

truc

ture

Perf

orm

roa

d bl

adin

g/gr

adin

g ac

tiviti

es d

urin

g pe

riod

s w

hen

natu

ral m

oist

ure

cond

ition

s ar

e op

timum

, and

use

wat

er tr

ucks

as

need

ed to

su

pple

men

t

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

genc

y an

d pa

rtne

r ro

ad s

yste

ms

A

genc

y an

d pa

rtne

r ro

ad s

yste

ms

A

genc

y an

d pa

rtne

r ro

ad s

yste

ms

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge m

ay a

lter

acce

ss to

infr

astr

uctu

re fo

r fo

rest

use

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se th

e re

silie

nce

of tr

ansp

orta

tion

infr

astr

uctu

re to

clim

ate-

rela

ted

stre

ssor

s, s

uch

as c

hang

ing

recr

eatio

n de

man

ds, fi

re, a

nd w

ater

impa

cts

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icId

entif

y ch

angi

ng tr

affic

pat

tern

s an

d us

es

in r

elat

ion

to p

reci

pita

tion

leve

ls a

nd

seas

onal

dis

trib

utio

n

Iden

tify

road

s pr

one

to fl

oodi

ng b

ased

on

thei

r lo

catio

n (e

.g.,

in r

ipar

ian

area

s) a

s w

ell a

s ro

ads

with

insu

ffici

ent c

ulve

rts

or w

hich

are

loca

ted

on

unst

able

sur

face

s

Do

not r

ebui

ld d

amag

ed r

oads

in k

ind;

rat

her,

use

spec

ifica

tions

that

acc

ount

for

clim

ate-

rela

ted

chan

ges

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Pu

blic

sur

veys

, cou

nty

mee

tings

, dur

ing

mon

itori

ng, a

nd in

loca

tions

at w

hich

the

activ

ities

are

occ

urri

ng

Stre

am c

ross

ings

and

on

unst

able

soi

l loc

atio

nsD

urin

g re

gula

rly

sche

dule

d m

aint

enan

ce;

afte

r ca

tast

roph

ic e

vent

s

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Inc

reas

ed te

mpe

ratu

res

will

hav

e br

oad

impl

icat

ions

for

build

ing

desi

gn a

nd m

aint

enan

ce

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: P

rote

ct e

xist

ing

and

futu

re in

fras

truc

ture

by

exam

inin

g pr

esen

t and

futu

re h

azar

ds o

n bu

ildin

g in

fras

truc

ture

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icEx

amin

e su

rrou

ndin

gs fo

r ha

zard

tree

s,

and

rem

ove

thos

e th

at p

rese

nt h

azar

ds to

fa

cilit

ies

Follo

w r

ecom

men

ded

prac

tices

for

keep

ing

build

ings

saf

e fr

om fi

res

Ant

icip

ate

whe

re ic

e da

m p

robl

ems

may

oc

cur

in th

e fu

ture

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

ny b

uild

ing

Any

bui

ldin

gB

uild

ings

at h

ighe

r el

evat

ions

whe

re w

inte

r te

mpe

ratu

re m

ay fl

uctu

ate

near

free

zing



Tabl

e 14

.9—

Infr

astr

uctu

re a

dapt

atio

n op

tions

for

the

Inte

rmou

ntai

n A

dapt

atio

n Pa

rtne

rshi

p re

gion

.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Rec

reat

ion

resi

denc

es m

ay s

ee in

crea

sed

risk

from

ext

rem

e cl

imat

ic e

vent

s (e

.g.,

fire,

sno

w, fl

oodi

ng, a

vala

nche

, and

eco

logi

cal

dist

urba

nce)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: D

evel

op r

isk

asse

ssm

ent t

ools

, and

add

ress

ris

k w

ith h

olde

rs a

nd c

ount

y Em

erge

ncy

Med

ical

Ser

vice

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icC

omm

unic

ate

with

exi

stin

g re

crea

tion

resi

dent

hol

ders

D

evel

op c

lear

pro

cedu

res

for

rem

ovin

g a

recr

eatio

n re

side

nce

that

exc

eeds

a r

isk

thre

shol

dC

onsi

der

deve

lopi

ng in

-lie

u lo

ts o

r ot

her

recr

eatio

n tr

acts

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

ll re

crea

tion

resi

denc

esSi

te-s

peci

fic a

nd in

eac

h D

istr

ict

Age

ncy

revi

ew o

f pro

gram

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Inc

reas

ed s

torm

freq

uenc

y an

d in

tens

ity w

ill h

ave

broa

d im

plic

atio

ns fo

r de

sign

and

mai

nten

ance

of b

ridg

es, d

ams,

can

als,

and

le

vees

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: P

rote

ct e

xist

ing

and

futu

re in

fras

truc

ture

by

exam

inin

g pr

esen

t and

futu

re h

azar

ds o

n br

idge

and

dam

infr

astr

uctu

re

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icEv

alua

te e

xist

ing

inve

ntor

y fo

r ca

paci

ty

and

stru

ctur

al in

tegr

ity u

sing

clim

ate

mod

el p

roje

ctio

ns fo

r ex

trem

e st

orm

ev

ents

Inco

rpor

ate

clim

ate

mod

els

proj

ectio

ns fo

r ex

trem

e st

orm

eve

nts

in s

truc

ture

des

ign

and

brid

ge lo

catio

n

Faci

litat

e pa

rtne

rshi

ps b

etw

een

priv

ate,

loca

l, St

ate,

and

Fed

eral

juri

sdic

tions

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

ny e

xist

ing

brid

ge, d

am, c

anal

, or

leve

eA

ny p

lann

ed b

ridg

e, d

am, c

anal

, or

leve

eA

ny e

xist

ing

or p

lann

ed b

ridg

e, d

am, c

anal

, or

leve

e



Tabl

e 14

.10—

Cul

tura

l her

itage

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns fo

r th

e In

term

ount

ain

Ada

ptat

ion

Part

ners

hip

regi

on.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Inc

reas

ed fi

re w

ill r

esul

t in

incr

ease

d er

osio

n an

d lo

ss o

f veg

etat

ion,

whi

ch m

ay in

crea

se d

amag

e an

d im

pact

s to

cul

tura

l re

sour

ces

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: E

ncou

rage

pre

- an

d po

st-d

istu

rban

ce s

trat

egie

s to

pro

tect

cul

tura

l res

ourc

es

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icIn

crea

se th

e us

e of

pre

scri

bed

fire

or o

ther

veg

etat

ion

man

ipul

atio

nIn

vent

ory,

map

, and

rat

e fir

e ri

sk fo

r cu

ltura

l res

ourc

esD

evel

op a

pla

n to

add

ress

pos

t-fir

e im

pact

s to

cul

tura

l re

sour

ces

that

hav

e be

en a

ffect

ed

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?In

or

arou

nd c

ultu

ral r

esou

rces

th

at a

re s

usce

ptib

le to

impa

ct

from

sev

ere

wild

fire

Acr

oss

Fore

sts

Acr

oss

burn

ed a

reas

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Tem

pera

ture

cha

nges

bri

ng c

hang

es in

sea

son,

bot

h fo

r pe

ople

and

res

ourc

es, a

nd m

ay p

ut m

ore

pres

sure

on

cultu

ral r

esou

rces

an

d si

tes

(e.g

., lo

otin

g, c

olle

ctin

g, in

adve

rten

t im

pact

s fr

om u

sers

to c

ultu

ral h

erita

ge r

esou

rces

)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: E

duca

te u

sers

and

pro

tect

cul

tura

l res

ourc

es

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

CSp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– D

Tact

icR

edir

ect p

ublic

to le

ss s

ensi

tive

cultu

ral a

reas

Prov

ide

educ

atio

n an

d in

terp

reta

tion

to in

form

the

publ

ic a

bout

why

cu

ltura

l res

ourc

es a

re im

port

ant;

enga

ge u

ser

grou

ps

Dir

ectly

pro

tect

cul

tura

l re

sour

ces

with

phy

sica

l ba

rrie

rs, f

enci

ng, v

eget

atio

n sc

reen

ing,

and

acc

ess

man

agem

ent

Inve

ntor

y hi

gh-r

isk

area

s an

d m

onito

r hi

gh p

rior

ity

reso

urce

s

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Sp

ecifi

c si

tes;

nee

d to

iden

tify

high

rec

reat

ion

use

loca

tions

and

w

here

impa

cts

are

occu

rrin

g or

m

ay o

ccur

in th

e fu

ture

Dis

pers

ed r

ecre

atio

n si

tes,

sys

tem

tr

ails

Spec

ific

site

sSe

t str

ateg

y at

reg

iona

l lev

el;

impl

emen

t at u

nit l

evel

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Tra

ditio

nal f

ood

sour

ces

may

be

lost

with

incr

ease

d fir

e, in

vasi

ve s

peci

es e

stab

lishm

ent,

and

habi

tat c

hang

es u

nder

cha

ngin

g cl

imat

e

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

tegr

ate

trad

ition

al e

colo

gica

l kno

wle

dge

with

fire

man

agem

ent p

lans

and

cul

tura

l res

ourc

e da

ta b

ase

to h

olis

tical

ly m

anag

e fo

r tr

aditi

onal

fo

od s

ourc

es (s

uch

as h

uckl

eber

ries

, mus

hroo

ms,

pin

e nu

ts, s

age-

grou

se, e

tc.)

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icEm

phas

ize

pres

erva

tion

of tr

aditi

onal

fo

od s

ourc

es w

ith tr

ibal

and

loca

l si

gnifi

canc

e

Enha

nce

resi

lienc

e of

spe

cific

hab

itats

to fi

re

and

othe

r th

reat

s; m

anag

e fir

e to

mai

ntai

n or

pr

otec

t sag

ebru

sh r

ange

land

s an

d ot

her

sens

itive

ve

geta

tion

type

s

Iden

tify

and

prot

ect a

reas

sui

tabl

e fo

r tr

aditi

onal

food

gat

heri

ng u

nder

futu

re c

limat

e co

nditi

ons

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Fo

rest

- an

d re

gion

-wid

eFo

rest

- an

d re

gion

-wid

eFo

rest

- an

d re

gion

-wid

e



be replaced with fire-retardant treated wooden shingles, and where appropriate, susceptible structures can be wrapped with fire-retardant material when threatened by a wildfire. However, fire-retardant air drops on cultural resources should be avoided where possible, as they can stain cultural resources such as rock art, prehistoric stone structures, cliff faces and associated resources, historic buildings, and artifacts. Having archaeological resource advisors on fire teams can help ensure that practices which damage cultural resources are avoided whenever possible.

Traditional food sources may also be lost with increased fire, changing habitat conditions, and increased establish-ment of invasive species under changing climate (Chapter 12). Resilience of specific habitats to fire and other threats could be enhanced through silvicultural treatments and prescribed burning, although the effectiveness of treatments relative to the scope and scale of the cultural landscape is difficult to evaluate (Davis 2017). Careful monitoring and tracking of vegetation stability and change in cultural land-scapes will become increasingly important in future decades (Davis 2017). Managers may also want to identify and protect areas that are likely to be suitable for traditional food gathering under future climatic conditions (table 14.10).

An effective defense against losing structures and other cultural resources to fire is for managers to know which resources are under their jurisdiction, and where those re-sources are located (Rockman 2015). Survey and evaluation in areas where cultural resources are concentrated or likely is ongoing, although intermittent, in the IAP region. It will be possible to locate and monitor cultural resources only if these efforts are significantly expanded. High-elevation melting ice patches are a particular priority, but surveys are also critical in other locations where cultural resources are likely to be affected by fire or flooding and debris flows in mountain canyon and foothills areas (Davis 2017). Correlating areas where cultural resources are common with areas where disturbances are expected will help to focus attention in landscapes at greatest risk. Having postfire management plans in place before events occur will help to ensure efficient and effective postfire actions (table 14.10).

Warming temperatures will extend the warm-weather rec-reation season, potentially putting more pressure on cultural resources and sites. These impacts can be minimized if land managers work closely with their heritage staff to identify sites that are being damaged due to visitation, implement on-the-ground site monitoring, and have a plan in place to address resources that are anticipated to have more frequent visitation in the future. Managers can also provide education and interpretation to inform the public about why cultural resources are important. Other options include redirecting users to less sensitive areas and protecting cultural resources with physical barriers, fencing, vegetation screening, and access management (table 14.10).

A comprehensive summary of strategies and tactics for adapting management of cultural resources to the effects of climate change can be found in Appendix 12.

Adapting Ecosystem Services to the Effects of Climate ChangeThe climate change vulnerabilities in ecosystem services

that pose the highest concern include availability and qual-ity of forage for livestock, the availability and quality of municipal water, and habitat for pollinators. Many of these vulnerabilities stem from likely climate change impacts on other resources covered in this chapter.

Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations may increase rangeland productivity by increasing water-use efficiency (Polley et al. 2013; Reeves et al. 2014). In moisture-limited systems, however, increased temperatures will increase evaporative demand and reduce soil moisture and productivity unless precipitation increases significantly (Polley et al. 2013). Increased wildfire area burned and establishment of nonnative species may also decrease range-land productivity. Managers at the workshops proposed adaptation strategies for grazing that focused on increasing resilience of rangeland vegetation, primarily through non-native species control and prevention (table 14.11). Demand for grazing on high-elevation National Forest land may increase with warming. Federal land managers identified increasing flexibility in timing, duration, and intensity of authorized grazing as a tactic to prevent ecosystem degra-dation under changing conditions. They also stressed the importance of developing a holistic approach to grazing management, taking the needs of ranchers into consider-ation, and developing a collaborative relationship with range permittees that focuses on problem solving rather than rule enforcement.

Climate change is expected to alter hydrological regimes, with impacts on quantity and quality of municipal water supply (Chapter 4). Therefore, strategies developed for water resource management on National Forest lands should consider the timing of water availability as well as the quality of water delivered beyond National Forest System lands. Conducting assessments of potential climate change effects on municipal water supply and identifying potential vulnerabilities will help facilitate adaptive actions that can minimize climate change impacts. Water quality can be addressed by: (1) reducing hazardous fuels in dry forests to reduce the risk of crown fires, (2) reducing other types of disturbances (e.g., off-road vehicles, unregulated livestock grazing), and (3) using road management practices that reduce erosion (Peterson and Halofsky 2017). These tactics should be implemented primarily in high-value locations (near communities and reservoirs) on public and private lands. Communication among agencies, landowners, stake-holders, and governments will be essential to ensure future municipal water supply (Peterson and Halofsky 2017) (table 14.11).

Increasing temperatures are likely to have an effect on the thermoregulation of pollinators and may lead to a mismatch in the timing of emergence of flowers and pollina-tors (Fagan et al. 2014). Another possible indirect effect of



Tabl

e 14

.11—

Ecos

yste

m s

ervi

ces

adap

tatio

n op

tions

for

the

Inte

rmou

ntai

n A

dapt

atio

n Pa

rtne

rshi

p re

gion

.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Pol

linat

ors

and

thei

r ha

bita

t may

be

sens

itive

to c

limat

e ch

ange

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: E

nhan

ce p

ollin

ator

hab

itat o

n Fe

dera

l lan

ds a

nd F

eder

al fa

cilit

ies

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icD

irec

t Nat

iona

l For

ests

to im

prov

e po

llina

tor

habi

tat b

y in

crea

sing

nat

ive

vege

tatio

n an

d by

app

lyin

g po

llina

tor-

frie

ndly

fore

st-w

ide

best

man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

and

see

d m

ixes

Esta

blis

h a

rese

rve

of n

ativ

e se

ed m

ixes

, in

clud

ing

polli

nato

r-fr

iend

ly p

lant

s th

at a

re

adap

ted,

ava

ilabl

e, a

fford

able

, and

effe

ctiv

e

Dev

elop

rev

eget

atio

n gu

idel

ines

that

in

corp

orat

e m

enu-

base

d se

ed m

ixes

by

habi

tat

type

(e.g

., sp

ecie

s th

at a

re g

ood

for

polli

nato

rs,

sage

-gro

use,

um

brel

la s

peci

es) a

nd b

y em

piri

cal o

r pr

ovis

iona

l see

d zo

nes

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Pr

iori

ty a

reas

incl

ude

alpi

ne, t

all f

orbs

, lo

w-e

leva

tion

wet

land

s, a

nd d

ry a

nd d

war

f sa

gebr

ush

com

mun

ities

IAP

geog

raph

ic a

reas

(e.g

., U

inta

s an

d W

asat

ch F

ront

).Ea

ch N

atio

nal F

ores

t

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se a

genc

y an

d pu

blic

aw

aren

ess

of th

e im

port

ance

of n

ativ

e po

llina

tors

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icEs

tabl

ish

a po

llina

tor

coor

dina

tor

to

com

mun

icat

e w

ith D

istr

ict-

and

For

est-

leve

l te

ams,

Reg

iona

l Offi

ce, a

nd p

ublic

Dev

elop

a c

heck

list t

o co

nsid

er p

ollin

ator

se

rvic

es in

pla

nnin

g, p

roje

ct a

naly

sis,

and

de

cisi

on m

akin

g

Esta

blis

h po

llina

tor

gard

ens

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Ea

ch N

atio

nal F

ores

tIn

bot

h th

e N

atio

nal F

ores

t Man

agem

ent

Act

and

Nat

iona

l Env

iron

men

tal P

olic

y A

ct

proc

esse

s

On

Fede

ral f

acili

ties

or in

par

tner

ship

with

ot

her

publ

ic e

ntiti

es (e

.g.,

publ

ic s

pace

s, p

arks

, ba

ckya

rds)

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Am

ount

and

sea

sona

l dis

trib

utio

n of

wat

er m

ay s

hift,

thus

affe

ctin

g ab

ility

to m

eet w

ater

dem

and

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: A

sses

s an

d co

mm

unic

ate

Fore

st S

ervi

ce a

bilit

y to

hel

p m

eet w

ater

dem

and

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icC

ondu

ct in

tegr

ated

ass

essm

ent o

f clim

ate

effe

cts

on w

ater

at a

wat

ersh

ed s

cale

Enco

urag

e co

mm

unic

atio

n an

d fu

ll di

sclo

sure

of i

nfor

mat

ion

Con

duct

wat

er v

ulne

rabi

lity

asse

ssm

ents

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?W

ater

shed

cou

ncils

, mun

icip

al w

ater

shed

s,

inte

rage

ncy

wor

king

gro

ups

(e.g

., M

ount

ain

Acc

ord)

, loc

al c

omm

uniti

es

Ass

essm

ents

cou

ld b

e do

ne b

y co

mm

unity

, w

ater

shed

, adm

inis

trat

ive

boun

dary

, etc

.



Tabl

e 14

.11

(con

tinu

ed)—

Ecos

yste

m s

ervi

ces

adap

tatio

n op

tions

for

the

Inte

rmou

ntai

n A

dapt

atio

n Pa

rtne

rshi

p re

gion

.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Hig

her

tem

pera

ture

s an

d in

crea

sed

fire

activ

ity w

ill a

lter

the

com

posi

tion

and

prod

uctiv

ity o

f for

age

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se r

esili

ence

of h

abita

ts u

sed

by u

ngul

ates

and

that

are

vul

nera

ble

to c

limat

e ch

ange

impa

cts

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

CSp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– D

Tact

icR

educ

e co

nver

sion

of n

ativ

e pe

renn

ial

vege

tatio

n to

inva

sive

spe

cies

Inte

grat

e gr

azin

g st

rate

gies

and

ve

geta

tion

trea

tmen

ts (b

oth

wild

an

d do

mes

tic u

ngul

ates

)

Emph

asiz

e co

llabo

rativ

e pr

oble

m

solv

ing

with

per

mitt

ees

and

othe

r in

tere

sted

par

ties

rath

er th

an

enfo

rcem

ent

Mod

ify fl

exib

ility

in ti

min

g,

dura

tion,

and

inte

nsity

of

auth

oriz

ed g

razi

ng

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Pr

iori

ty a

reas

incl

ude

tall

forb

s,

low

-ele

vatio

n w

etla

nds

and

ripa

rian

ar

eas,

and

dry

and

dw

arf s

ageb

rush

co

mm

uniti

es

Acr

oss

the

Nat

iona

l For

est

on a

ll gr

azin

g al

lotm

ents

; pr

iori

tize

allo

tmen

ts b

ased

vu

lner

abili

ty, s

oil t

ype,

etc

.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

vari

abili

ty a

nd w

arm

ing

will

impa

ct g

razi

ng r

esou

rces

and

pol

icy

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: D

evel

op a

hol

istic

app

roac

h to

gra

zing

man

agem

ent;

unde

rsta

nd th

e ra

nchi

ng b

usin

ess

appr

oach

, lan

ds u

sed,

wat

er m

anag

emen

t, an

d co

mpe

ting

dem

ands

from

oth

er r

esou

rces

and

mul

tiple

use

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

icPa

rtne

r w

ith p

erm

ittee

and

oth

er

man

ager

s of

land

s th

ey u

se to

cre

ate

a ho

listic

gra

zing

pro

gram

Und

erst

and

chan

ges

in w

ater

av

aila

bilit

y to

pre

pare

and

adj

ust

graz

ing

man

agem

ent

Impl

emen

t edu

catio

n pr

ogra

ms

abou

t clim

ate

chan

ge im

pact

s an

d su

stai

nabl

e gr

azin

g pr

actic

es (h

ighl

ight

bot

h po

sitiv

e an

d ne

gativ

e ef

fect

s)

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Pu

blic

, priv

ate

and

all a

djac

ent l

ands

Aro

und

wat

er r

esou

rces

Nee

ds to

be

broa

dly

impl

emen

ted;

par

tner

ship

opp

ortu

nitie

s w

ith C

attle

men

’s A

ssoc

iatio

n, F

utur

e Fa

rmer

s of

Am

eric

a,

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es C

onse

rvat

ion

Serv

ice,

sch

ools

, env

iron

men

tal

orga

niza

tions



climate change on pollinators may be habitat loss and frag-mentation with invasive species and vegetation type shifts, leading to a reduction in forage resources or an increase in pests and diseases. Tools to promote native pollinators include directing National Forests and other agency units to improve pollinator habitat by increasing native vegeta-tion and by applying pollinator-friendly best management practices (table 14.11). Establishing a reserve of native seed mixes, including pollinator friendly plants that are adapted, available, affordable, and effective, will help to increase availability of pollinator friendly materials and encourage their use. Revegetation guidelines could be developed that incorporate menu-based seed mixes by habitat type (e.g., species that are good for pollinators, sage-grouse, umbrella species) and by empirical or provisional seed zones. To ensure that pollinators are considered in agency activities, a checklist could be developed that helps managers incor-porate pollinator services in planning, project analysis, and decisionmaking.

A comprehensive summary of strategies and tactics for adapting management of ecosystem services to the effects of climate change can be found in Appendix 14.

ConclusionsThe IAP vulnerability assessment and workshop process

resulted in a comprehensive list of climate change adapta-tion strategies for natural resource management in the region. Although most of the suggested strategies and tactics focused on increasing resilience, there were some involving resistance (e.g., protection of whitebark pine) and response (e.g., transitioning recreation management to account for changing use patterns with climate change). Adaptation strategies and tactics that have benefits to more than one resource are likely to be most beneficial (Peterson et al. 2011b). Management activities intended to reduce fuels and restore hydrological function are standard practices, sug-gesting that many current resource management actions are already climate smart. However, the locations where actions are implemented may be different or strategically targeted in the context of climate change. For example, treatments for aspen may be targeted toward persistent aspen communi-ties that are expected to expand and maintain communities where future climatic conditions will allow.

Implementation will be the next challenge for the IAP (Chapter 15). Although implementing all adaptation options described in this chapter may not be feasible, managers can choose from the menu of strategies and tactics presented here. These adaptation strategies and tactics can thus pro-vide the basis for climate-smart management in the region.

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Appendix 5—Water Resource Adaptation Options Developed for the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership Region

The following tables describe climate change sensitivities and adaptation strategies and tactics for water resources, developed in a series of workshops as a part of the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership (IAP). Tables are organized by subregion within the IAP. See Chapter 14 for summary tables and discussion of adaptation options for water resources.



Tabl

e 5A

.1—

Wat

er r

esou

rce

adap

tatio

n op

tions

dev

elop

ed a

t the

Mid

dle

Roc

kies

sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Inc

reas

ed d

roug

ht w

ill le

ad to

low

er b

ase

flow

s, g

reat

er tr

ee m

orta

lity,

red

uced

ran

gela

nd p

rodu

ctiv

ity, l

oss

of h

abita

t, re

duce

d so

il m

oist

ure,

wet

land

loss

, rip

aria

n ar

ea r

educ

tion

or lo

ss, a

nd m

ore

freq

uent

and

pos

sibl

y se

vere

wild

fire

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

anag

e ad

aptiv

ely

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Dev

elop

hyd

rolo

gica

l too

ls a

nd p

rodu

cts

to

pred

ict o

r ai

d in

ran

ge m

anag

emen

t with

ch

angi

ng c

limat

e; e

xplo

re v

ario

us o

ptio

ns to

al

low

mor

e fle

xibi

lity

in th

e m

anag

emen

t of

rang

elan

ds

Dev

elop

hyd

rolo

gica

l too

ls a

nd p

rodu

cts

to

pred

ict o

r ai

d in

the

pred

ictio

n of

rec

reat

ion

use

(whe

n w

ill r

oads

and

oth

er in

fras

truc

ture

be

rea

dy fo

r us

e by

the

recr

eatin

g pu

blic

); ex

plor

e va

riou

s op

tions

to a

llow

mor

e fle

xibi

lity

in th

e m

anag

emen

t of p

ublic

re

crea

tion

(e.g

., hi

ring

of s

easo

nal w

orkf

orce

)

Plan

for

poss

ible

cha

nges

in th

e ca

lcul

atio

n of

Tot

al M

axim

um D

aily

Loa

ds

(TM

DLs

) and

the

timin

g of

per

mitt

ed

disc

harg

e; b

e ab

le to

ada

pt to

thos

e ch

ange

s in

str

eam

flow

s an

d tim

ing.

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Fo

rest

ran

ge m

anag

emen

t allo

tmen

ts;

Nat

iona

l Env

iron

men

tal P

olic

y A

ct (N

EPA

) pr

oces

s; fo

rest

pol

icy

and

dire

ctiv

es; r

egio

nal

guid

ance

; bud

get a

nd g

rant

tim

ing

NEP

A; f

ores

t pol

icy

and

dire

ctiv

es; r

egio

nal

guid

ance

; sea

sona

l hir

ing

guid

ance

and

di

rect

ion;

bud

getin

g

Inte

rage

ncy

part

ners

hips

and

co

ordi

natio

n; p

lann

ing

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Bes

t man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

; allo

tmen

t m

anag

emen

t pla

ns; a

nnua

l ope

ratin

g in

stru

ctio

ns; f

ores

t pla

n di

rect

ion

Rec

reat

ion

plan

ning

; bud

getin

g an

d pl

anni

ng.

TMD

L de

velo

pmen

t or

rede

velo

pmen

t; fo

rest

pla

nnin

g; w

ater

use

pla

nnin

g;

proj

ect d

esig

n

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Soi

l pro

duct

ivity

may

dec

reas

e

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: Id

entif

y vu

lner

abili

ties

to s

oil p

roce

sses

incl

udin

g te

mpe

ratu

re, m

oist

ure,

bio

logi

cal a

ctiv

ity a

nd c

arbo

n se

ques

trat

ion

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Mai

ntai

n an

d pr

otec

t soi

l cov

er (c

anop

y an

d gr

ound

cov

er)

Prom

ote

the

mai

nten

ance

and

the

addi

tion

of

soil

orga

nic

mat

ter

Prom

ote

nativ

e ve

geta

tion

and

min

imiz

e th

e ex

pans

ion

of in

vasi

ve s

peci

es

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?N

atio

nal,

regi

onal

, and

fore

st-l

evel

pla

nnin

g an

d gu

idan

ce; p

roje

ct d

esig

n; n

atio

nal b

est

man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

(BM

Ps)

Nat

iona

l, re

gion

al, a

nd fo

rest

-lev

el p

lann

ing

and

guid

ance

; pro

ject

des

ign;

nat

iona

l BM

PsN

atio

nal,

regi

onal

, and

fore

st-l

evel

pl

anni

ng a

nd g

uida

nce;

pro

ject

des

ign;

na

tiona

l BM

Ps

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

BM

Ps; p

roje

ct d

esig

n an

d de

velo

pmen

tB

MPs

; pro

ject

des

ign

and

deve

lopm

ent

BM

Ps; p

roje

ct d

esig

n an

d de

velo

pmen

t

Com

men

tsM

ay b

e sp

ecifi

c to

soi

l tex

ture

; str

ateg

ize

and

prio

ritiz

e ba

sed

on s

oil t

extu

re; c

hang

es in

so

ils w

ill ta

ke ti

me—

they

can

not b

e re

stor

ed

easi

ly o

r qu

ickl

y; n

eed

proa

ctiv

e pr

even

tive

met

hods

May

be

spec

ific

to s

oil t

extu

re; s

trat

egiz

e an

d pr

iori

tize

base

d on

soi

l tex

ture

May

be

spec

ific

to s

oil t

extu

re; s

trat

egiz

e an

d pr

iori

tize

base

d on

soi

l tex

ture

; may

w

ant t

o pr

iori

tize

rare

pla

nts

asso

ciat

ed

with

spe

cific

soi

l typ

es a

nd c

ondi

tions



Tabl

e 5A

.1 (

cont

inue

d)—

Wat

er r

esou

rce

adap

tatio

n op

tions

dev

elop

ed a

t the

Mid

dle

Roc

kies

sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Inc

reas

ed d

roug

ht w

ill le

ad to

low

er b

ase

flow

s, g

reat

er tr

ee m

orta

lity,

red

uced

ran

gela

nd p

rodu

ctiv

ity, l

oss

of h

abita

t, re

duce

d so

il m

oist

ure,

wet

land

loss

, and

rip

aria

n ar

ea r

educ

tion

or lo

ss

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: C

onse

rve

wat

er

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Xer

isca

pe fa

cilit

ies

Prov

ide

cons

erva

tion

educ

atio

nB

ette

r m

anag

e liv

esto

ck w

ater

im

prov

emen

ts

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

dmin

istr

ativ

e fa

cilit

ies;

cam

pgro

unds

In p

ublic

out

reac

h; c

omm

uniti

es; f

ores

t Web

si

tes;

kio

sks;

loca

l env

iron

men

tal p

rogr

ams;

Sm

okey

Bea

r m

essa

ges

Cat

tle tr

ough

s; fl

oat v

alve

s; in

gr

ound

wat

er-d

epen

dent

eco

syst

ems

(dev

elop

ed a

nd u

ndev

elop

ed)

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

New

con

stru

ctio

n or

rem

odel

and

rep

air

proj

ects

; sus

tain

able

ope

ratio

ns p

rogr

ams;

fo

rest

pla

nnin

g, r

evis

ion

Part

ners

hips

; col

labo

rativ

es; s

choo

ls

(edu

catio

n pr

ogra

ms

and

outr

each

, cam

ps);

thro

ugh

publ

ic in

form

atio

n of

ficer

s

Ann

ual o

pera

ting

inst

ruct

ions

; pro

ject

de

sign

; per

mit

rene

wal

s; a

llotm

ent

man

agem

ent p

lans

Com

men

tsN

eed

fund

ing

and

educ

atio

nPu

blic

out

reac

h an

d ed

ucat

ion

is c

ritic

al to

ex

plai

ning

the

“why

”N

eed

inve

ntor

y of

exi

stin

g co

nditi

ons,

and

lo

catio

ns fo

r de

velo

ped

and

unde

velo

ped

seep

s, s

prin

gs, t

roug

hs, a

nd g

roun

dwat

er-

depe

nden

t eco

syst

ems

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Inc

reas

ed d

roug

ht w

ill le

ad to

low

er b

ase

flow

s, g

reat

er tr

ee m

orta

lity,

red

uced

ran

gela

nd p

rodu

ctiv

ity, l

oss

of h

abita

t, re

duce

d so

il m

oist

ure,

wet

land

loss

, and

rip

aria

n ar

ea r

educ

tion

or lo

ss

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: S

tore

wat

er

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Man

age

spec

ial-

use

dam

s on

hig

h- e

leva

tion

mou

ntai

n la

kes

Man

age

prop

osal

s fo

r m

ajor

res

ervo

ir

cons

truc

tion

and

addi

tions

Con

duct

mea

dow

res

tora

tion

and

prom

ote

beav

er d

ams

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Ex

istin

g fa

cilit

ies;

wat

er s

tora

ge s

truc

ture

sW

here

they

are

pro

pose

dEx

istin

g m

eado

w lo

catio

ns; i

mpa

cted

ri

pari

an a

reas

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

NEP

A p

olic

ies;

fore

st p

lann

ing

and

revi

sion

; sp

ecia

l use

per

mits

NEP

A; p

olic

ies;

fore

st p

lann

ing

and

revi

sion

; co

llabo

ratio

n; c

oord

inat

ion

with

oth

er

agen

cies

and

par

tner

s

Iden

tify

rest

orat

ion

oppo

rtun

ities

and

pr

iori

ties

Com

men

tsIn

crea

sed

stor

age

may

not

alw

ays

be th

e an

swer

(bec

ause

of e

vapo

ratio

n lo

ss, i

mpa

cts

to w

ater

qua

lity,

tem

pera

ture

, aqu

atic

or

gani

sm p

assa

ge, e

tc.)

Incr

ease

d st

orag

e m

ay n

ot a

lway

s be

the

answ

er (b

ecau

se o

f eva

pora

tion

loss

, im

pact

s to

wat

er q

ualit

y, te

mpe

ratu

re, a

quat

ic

orga

nism

pas

sage

, etc

.)

Incr

ease

d st

orag

e m

ay n

ot a

lway

s be

the

answ

er (b

ecau

se o

f eva

pora

tion

loss

, im

pact

s to

wat

er q

ualit

y, te

mpe

ratu

re,

aqua

tic o

rgan

ism

pas

sage

, etc

.)



Tabl

e 5A

.1 (

cont

inue

d)—

Wat

er r

esou

rce

adap

tatio

n op

tions

dev

elop

ed a

t the

Mid

dle

Roc

kies

sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Inc

reas

ed d

roug

ht w

ill le

ad to

low

er b

ase

flow

s, g

reat

er tr

ee m

orta

lity,

red

uced

ran

gela

nd p

rodu

ctiv

ity, l

oss

of h

abita

t, re

duce

d so

il m

oist

ure,

wet

land

loss

, and

rip

aria

n ar

ea r

educ

tion

or lo

ss

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: D

evel

op p

olic

ies

for

wat

er r

ight

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Dev

elop

pol

icie

s re

gard

ing

ski a

rea

wat

er

righ

tsD

evel

op p

olic

ies

rega

rdin

g liv

esto

ck

man

agem

ent w

ater

use

and

wat

er r

ight

sD

evel

op p

olic

ies

rega

rdin

g ec

osys

tem

val

ues

and

serv

ices

(e.g

., in

stre

am u

se)

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Sk

i are

asG

razi

ng a

llotm

ents

Nat

iona

l for

est l

ands

and

adj

acen

t lan

ds

(e.g

., pr

ivat

e la

nds,

BLM

land

s, a

nd w

ildlif

e m

anag

emen

t are

as)

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Nat

iona

l pol

icy

and

dire

ctiv

es;

man

agem

ent p

lans

Nat

iona

l pol

icy

and

dire

ctiv

es;

man

agem

ent p

lans

Nat

iona

l pol

icy

and

dire

ctiv

es; m

anag

emen

t pl

ans

Com

men

tsH

ighe

r le

vel p

olic

y an

d di

rect

ion

need

ed--

-N

eed

to c

onsi

der

grou

ndw

ater

and

sur

face

wat

er

inte

ract

ions

; con

side

r th

e im

pact

s of

dep

lete

d re

char

ge to

gro

undw

ater

sys

tem

s; d

evel

op

map

pro

duct

s of

gro

undw

ater

sys

tem

s an

d po

ssib

ly in

puts

and

out

puts

to s

trea

ms

and

othe

r gr

ound

wat

er-d

epen

dent

sys

tem

s

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Inc

reas

ed d

roug

ht w

ill le

ad to

low

er b

ase

flow

s, g

reat

er tr

ee m

orta

lity,

red

uced

ran

gela

nd p

rodu

ctiv

ity, l

oss

of h

abita

t, re

duce

d so

il m

oist

ure,

wet

land

loss

, rip

aria

n ar

ea r

educ

tion

or lo

ss, a

nd m

ore

freq

uent

and

pos

sibl

y se

vere

wild

fire

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: C

onsi

der

clim

ate

chan

ge in

pos

tdis

turb

ance

(fire

, dis

ease

) res

tora

tion

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Dev

elop

map

pro

duct

s fo

r at

-ris

k so

ils a

nd

vege

tatio

n co

mm

uniti

esD

evel

op fo

rest

or

ecol

ogic

al r

egio

n pl

ans

for

post

dist

urba

nce

reha

bilit

atio

n,

adju

sted

to w

arm

er, d

rier

clim

ate

scen

ario

s

Dev

elop

fore

st-l

evel

str

ateg

ies

for

alte

red

hydr

olog

ical

reg

imes

(rel

ated

to in

fras

truc

ture

, ro

ads,

cul

vert

s, b

ridg

es, c

ampg

roun

ds, e

tc.)

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Fo

rest

-lev

el p

lann

ing;

reg

iona

l gui

danc

eFo

rest

-lev

el p

lann

ing;

reg

iona

l gui

danc

eFo

rest

-lev

el p

lann

ing;

reg

iona

l gui

danc

e

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Bur

ned

Are

a Em

erge

ncy

Res

pons

e (B

AER

); en

gine

erin

g de

sign

s; p

roje

ct d

esig

n an

d im

plem

enta

tion

BAER

; eng

inee

ring

des

igns

; pro

ject

des

ign

and

impl

emen

tatio

nBA

ER; e

ngin

eeri

ng d

esig

ns; p

roje

ct d

esig

n an

d im

plem

enta

tion

Com

men

ts--

---

---

-



Tabl

e 5A

.2—

Wat

er r

esou

rce

adap

tatio

n op

tions

dev

elop

ed a

t the

Uin

tas

and

Was

atch

Fro

nt s

ubre

gion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Flo

w r

egim

es w

ill b

e al

tere

d, w

ith e

arlie

r sn

owm

elt a

nd lo

wer

sum

mer

bas

e flo

ws

Ada

ptio

n st

rate

gy/a

ppro

ach:

Res

tore

func

tion

of w

ater

shed

s, r

ipar

ian

area

s, w

etla

nds,

and

gro

undw

ater

-dep

ende

nt e

cosy

stem

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Prom

ote

and

incr

ease

bea

ver

popu

latio

ns

whe

re a

ppro

pria

tePr

omot

e ap

prop

riat

e liv

esto

ck g

razi

ng

man

agem

ent

Impr

ove

wat

er d

iver

sion

and

del

iver

y sy

stem

s fo

r liv

esto

ck a

nd o

ther

use

s

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?W

here

ther

e is

suf

ficie

nt h

abita

t an

d be

aver

will

not

inte

rfer

e w

ith

infr

astr

uctu

re

Gra

zing

allo

tmen

ts, p

artic

ular

ly in

rip

aria

n ar

eas,

w

etla

nds,

and

gro

undw

ater

-dep

ende

nt s

yste

ms

(e.g

., sp

ring

s)

Wat

er d

evel

opm

ents

and

div

ersi

ons;

di

vert

onl

y w

hat i

s ne

eded

from

the

natu

ral s

yste

m

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Use

Uta

h St

ate

Uni

vers

ity B

eave

r R

esto

ratio

n A

sses

smen

t Too

l (B

RAT

) to

look

for

oppo

rtun

ities

and

pri

oriti

es

Ensu

re c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith p

rope

r us

e st

anda

rds

U

se s

hut-

off v

alve

s an

d sp

litte

rs; l

ocat

e tr

ough

s aw

ay fr

om w

ater

sou

rces

; im

prov

e sp

ring

dev

elop

men

ts (e

.g.,

loca

te h

ead

box

away

from

spr

ing

sour

ce)

Com

men

tsU

se li

ving

-with

-bea

ver

tact

ics;

use

ed

ucat

ion

and

outr

each

to p

rom

ote

the

bene

fits

of b

eave

r, an

d ad

dres

s co

ncer

ns

(infr

astr

uctu

re)

---

---

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Hig

her

peak

flow

s an

d ea

rlie

r ru

noff

will

occ

ur w

ith c

limat

e ch

ange

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se w

ater

shed

res

ilien

ce b

y re

stor

ing

stre

am a

nd fl

oodp

lain

str

uctu

re a

nd p

roce

sses

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Man

age

for

deep

-roo

ted

ripa

rian

ve

geta

tion

(con

trol

ling

inva

sive

spe

cies

) to

incr

ease

cha

nnel

sta

bilit

y

Red

uce

road

and

trai

l den

sity

nea

r st

ream

sIn

crea

se s

trea

m c

ross

ing

capa

city

(e.g

. cu

lver

ts, b

ridg

es) t

o ac

com

mod

ate

high

flo

ws

and

aqua

tic o

rgan

ism

pas

sage

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

ll st

ream

sA

ll st

ream

sA

ll st

ream

s

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Man

age

for

appr

opri

ate

lives

tock

use

; m

anag

e re

crea

tion

(e.g

., al

l-te

rrai

n ve

hicl

es, t

rails

, dis

pers

ed c

amps

ites)

Use

trav

el a

naly

sis

proc

ess

to s

et p

rior

ities

an

d el

imin

ate

unne

eded

roa

ds a

nd tr

ails

(bot

h au

thor

ized

and

una

utho

rize

d)

Use

trav

el a

naly

sis

proc

ess

to s

et p

rior

ities

an

d el

imin

ate

unne

eded

roa

ds a

nd tr

ails

(b

oth

auth

oriz

ed a

nd u

naut

hori

zed)

; in

corp

orat

e st

ream

sim

ulat

ion

tool

s in

cu

lver

t and

bri

dge

desi

gn



Tabl

e 5A

.2 (

cont

inue

d)—

Wat

er r

esou

rces

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he U

inta

s an

d W

asat

ch F

ront

sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Wat

er te

mpe

ratu

res

will

be

high

er d

urin

g th

e su

mm

er lo

w-fl

ow p

erio

d

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se h

abita

t res

ilien

ce b

y re

stor

ing

stru

ctur

e an

d fu

nctio

n of

str

eam

s, r

ipar

ian

area

s, a

nd w

etla

nds

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Man

age

lives

tock

gra

zing

to r

esto

re

ecol

ogic

al fu

nctio

n of

rip

aria

n ve

geta

tion

and

mai

ntai

n st

ream

bank

con

ditio

ns

Mai

ntai

n la

rge

woo

d in

fore

sted

rip

aria

n ar

eas

for

shad

e an

d re

crui

tmen

t R

econ

nect

floo

dpla

ins

and

side

cha

nnel

s to

impr

ove

hypo

rhei

c an

d ba

se fl

ow

cond

ition

s

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

ll pe

renn

ial a

nd in

term

itten

t str

eam

s an

d w

etla

nds

All

pere

nnia

l and

inte

rmitt

ent s

trea

ms

and

wet

land

sA

ll pe

renn

ial a

nd in

term

itten

t str

eam

s an

d w

etla

nds

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Ensu

re c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith p

rope

r us

e st

anda

rds

in r

ipar

ian

area

s

Ensu

re c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith r

ipar

ian

buffe

r st

anda

rds

and

best

man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

R

eloc

ate

road

s ou

t of fl

oodp

lain

s,

reco

nnec

t old

cha

nnel

s; r

educ

e ha

bita

t fr

agm

enta

tion

thro

ugh

barr

ier

rem

oval

(e

.g.,

culv

erts

, wat

er d

iver

sion

s); r

esto

re

nativ

e tr

out t

o hi

gh-e

leva

tion,

col

d-w

ater

re

fugi

a



Tabl

e 5A

.3—

Wat

er r

esou

rce

adap

tatio

n op

tions

dev

elop

ed a

t the

Pla

teau

s su

breg

ion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Flo

w r

egim

es w

ill b

e al

tere

d, w

ith e

arlie

r sn

owm

elt a

nd lo

wer

sum

mer

bas

e flo

ws

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: R

esto

re fu

nctio

n of

wat

ersh

eds,

floo

dpla

ins,

rip

aria

n ar

eas,

wet

land

s, a

nd g

roun

dwat

er-d

epen

dent

eco

syst

ems;

res

tore

wat

er q

ualit

y, q

uant

ity,

and

timin

g

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Impl

emen

t tra

nspo

rtat

ion

syst

em im

prov

emen

ts

(e.g

., ge

nera

l BM

Ps, t

rave

l man

agem

ent

impl

emen

tatio

n, c

ulve

rt/b

ridg

e de

sign

with

st

ream

sim

ulat

ion,

roa

d re

loca

tion,

per

mea

ble

fill t

o en

cour

age

subs

urfa

ce fl

ow);

prom

ote

and

incr

ease

bea

ver

popu

latio

ns w

here

app

ropr

iate

Prom

ote

appr

opri

ate

lives

tock

gra

zing

m

anag

emen

t and

pro

per

use

stan

dard

s;

impr

ove

wat

er d

iver

sion

s, d

eliv

ery

syst

ems,

and

live

stoc

k di

stri

butio

n; d

iver

t on

ly w

hat i

s ne

eded

from

the

natu

ral

syst

em a

nd m

inim

ize

impa

ct to

spr

ing

sour

ces

(e.g

., us

e sh

ut-o

ff va

lves

and

sp

litte

rs, l

ocat

e tr

ough

s aw

ay fr

om w

ater

so

urce

s, a

nd lo

cate

hea

d bo

xes

away

from

sp

ring

sou

rces

)

Con

duct

veg

etat

ion

man

agem

ent (

e.g.

, m

echa

nica

l tre

atm

ents

, pre

scri

bed

fire,

and

w

ildla

nd fi

re u

se) t

o de

velo

p ap

prop

riat

e ve

geta

tion

dens

ity a

nd c

ompo

sitio

n fo

r op

timal

wat

er b

alan

ce a

nd h

ealth

y w

ater

shed

s (e

.g.,

aspe

n an

d co

nife

rs, a

nd

wat

er y

ield

)

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Pr

iori

tize

area

s fo

r re

stor

atio

n, b

ased

on

leve

l of

degr

adat

ion

and

oppo

rtun

ities

for

impr

ovem

ent;

anal

yze

whe

re fu

nds

will

mak

e th

e m

ost

diffe

renc

e

All

graz

ing

allo

tmen

ts a

nd p

artic

ular

ly

arou

nd d

rink

ing

wat

er s

ourc

es

Pr

iori

tize

wat

ersh

eds

whe

re fi

re

supp

ress

ion

or m

anag

emen

t has

alte

red

vege

tatio

n de

nsity

and

com

posi

tion

(e.g

., w

here

con

ifers

hav

e re

plac

ed a

spen

); id

entif

y ar

eas

whe

re w

ildla

nd fi

re u

se

coul

d be

an

appr

opri

ate

tact

ic



Tabl

e 5A

.3—

Wat

er r

esou

rce

adap

tatio

n op

tions

dev

elop

ed a

t the

Pla

teau

s su

breg

ion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge m

ay r

esul

t in

decr

ease

d m

onso

onal

moi

stur

e in

the

sum

mer

, inc

reas

ed d

roug

ht, w

etla

nd a

nd r

ipar

ian

redu

ctio

n or

loss

, and

incr

ease

d fir

e ac

tivity

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: Im

prov

e na

tura

l wat

er s

tora

ge a

nd r

eten

tion

thro

ugh

heal

thy

wat

ersh

eds,

rip

aria

n an

d w

etla

nd a

reas

, and

gro

undw

ater

- de

pend

ent e

cosy

stem

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Con

duct

veg

etat

ion

man

agem

ent (

e.g.

, m

echa

nica

l tre

atm

ents

, pre

scri

bed

fire,

wild

land

fir

e us

e) to

dev

elop

app

ropr

iate

veg

etat

ion

dens

ity a

nd c

ompo

sitio

n fo

r op

timal

wat

er

bala

nce

and

heal

thy

wat

ersh

eds

(e.g

., as

pen

and

coni

fers

, and

wat

er y

ield

)

Con

duct

str

eam

and

mea

dow

res

tora

tion;

pr

omot

e an

d in

crea

se b

eave

r po

pula

tions

w

here

app

ropr

iate

Man

age

spec

ial-

use

auth

oriz

atio

ns fo

r w

ater

sto

rage

(dam

s on

hig

h-el

evat

ion

mou

ntai

n la

kes)

and

oth

er w

ater

di

vers

ions

; pro

tect

and

man

age

wat

er

deve

lopm

ents

at g

roun

dwat

er-d

epen

dent

ec

osys

tem

s (s

prin

gs, w

etla

nds,

fens

, etc

.)

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Pr

iori

tize

wat

ersh

eds

whe

re fi

re s

uppr

essi

on o

r m

anag

emen

t has

alte

red

vege

tatio

n de

nsity

and

co

mpo

sitio

n (e

.g.,

whe

re c

onife

rs h

ave

repl

aced

as

pen)

; ide

ntify

are

as w

here

wild

land

fire

use

co

uld

be a

n ap

prop

riat

e ta

ctic

Whe

re th

ere

is s

uffic

ient

hab

itat

and

beav

er w

ill n

ot in

terf

ere

with

in

fras

truc

ture

Exis

ting

and

prop

osed

faci

litie

s; w

ater

di

vers

ion

and

stor

age

stru

ctur

es

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

---

Use

Uta

h St

ate

Uni

vers

ity B

eave

r R

esto

ratio

n A

sses

smen

t Too

l (B

RAT

) to

look

for

oppo

rtun

ities

and

pri

oriti

es;

use

livin

g-w

ith-b

eave

r ta

ctic

s; c

ondu

ct

educ

atio

n an

d ou

trea

ch to

pro

mot

e th

e be

nefit

s of

bea

ver,

and

addr

ess

conc

erns

(in

fras

truc

ture

)

Ana

lyze

for

wat

er c

onse

rvat

ion

and

impr

oved

effi

cien

cy d

urin

g N

atio

nal

Envi

ronm

enta

l Pol

icy

Act

pro

cess

and

re

issu

ance

of s

peci

al u

se p

erm

its



Tabl

e 5A

.4—

Wat

er r

esou

rce

adap

tatio

n op

tions

dev

elop

ed a

t the

Gre

at B

asin

and

Sem

i Des

ert s

ubre

gion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Cha

nges

in ty

pe a

nd a

mou

nt o

f pre

cipi

tatio

n w

ill le

ad to

cha

nges

in ti

min

g of

wat

er a

vaila

bilit

y

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

anag

e fo

r hi

ghly

func

tioni

ng r

ipar

ian

area

s th

at c

an a

bsor

b an

d sl

owly

rel

ease

the

flow

of w

ater

off

the

land

scap

e

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Pres

erve

rip

aria

n ar

ea fu

nctio

nalit

y th

roug

h te

rms

and

cond

ition

s of

per

mitt

ed

activ

ities

, and

util

ize

best

man

agem

ent

prac

tices

for

Fede

ral a

ctio

ns

Impl

emen

t act

ive

stre

am c

hann

el

and

ripa

rian

are

a re

stor

atio

n (e

.g.,

natu

ral c

hann

el d

esig

n, lo

g st

ruct

ures

, re

conn

ectin

g flo

odpl

ains

), or

pas

sive

re

stor

atio

n (e

.g.,

appr

opri

ate

man

agem

ent

of b

eave

r po

pula

tions

, red

uctio

n or

re

mov

al o

f act

iviti

es th

at a

re d

etri

men

tal

to r

ipar

ian

func

tion)

Des

ign

new

infr

astr

uctu

re a

nd r

ebui

ld

exis

ting

infr

astr

uctu

re to

acc

omm

odat

e flo

odin

g (e

.g.,

plac

e or

rel

ocat

e in

fras

truc

ture

out

side

of r

ipar

ian

area

s;

desi

gn s

trea

m c

ross

ings

to m

inim

ize

rest

rict

ion

of fl

ow a

bove

ban

kful

l; an

d m

inim

ize

impe

rvio

us s

urfa

ces)



Appendix 6—Aquatic Organism Adaptation Options Developed for the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership Region

The following tables describe climate change sensitivities and adaptation strategies and tactics for aquatic organisms, developed in a series of workshops as a part of the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership (IAP). Tables are organized by subregion within the IAP. See Chapter 14 for summary tables and discussion of adaptation options for native fish and other aquatic organisms.



Tabl

e 6A

.1—

Aqu

atic

org

anis

m a

dapt

atio

n op

tions

dev

elop

ed a

t the

Mid

dle

Roc

kies

sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge w

ill a

ffect

food

web

dyn

amic

s an

d nu

trie

nt fl

ows

in s

trea

ms

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

aint

ain

resi

lient

flow

, sed

imen

tatio

n, a

nd th

erm

al r

egim

es

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Tact

ics

Red

uce

fine

sedi

men

tatio

n an

d su

bstr

ate

embe

dded

ness

Res

tore

ana

drom

ous

fish

runs

(or

carc

ass

anal

ogs,

or

bot

h)

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?B

asin

s w

ith h

igh

road

den

sity

and

whe

re r

oads

ar

e di

rect

ly a

djac

ent t

o st

ream

cha

nnel

sFo

rmer

ana

drom

ous

fish

habi

tats

whe

re

mig

ratio

ns a

re b

lock

ed

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

---

Fish

pas

sage

pas

t dam

that

pre

clud

es m

igra

tions

Com

men

tsM

itiga

te a

dver

se e

ffect

s of

sed

imen

tatio

n on

m

acro

inve

rteb

rate

com

mun

ities

---

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: War

mer

str

eam

tem

pera

ture

s m

ay fa

vor

nonn

ativ

e sp

ecie

s

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

onito

r fo

r in

vasi

ve s

peci

es a

nd s

uppr

ess,

elim

inat

e, a

nd c

ontr

ol p

opul

atio

ns

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Use

env

iron

men

tal D

NA

(eD

NA

) mon

itori

ng

for

earl

y de

tect

ion

of r

iver

or

stre

am

inva

sion

s

Red

uce

or s

uppr

ess

broo

k tr

out

popu

latio

nsC

onst

ruct

bar

rier

s th

at p

reve

nt a

cces

s to

an

d in

vasi

on o

f con

serv

atio

n po

pula

tions

in

head

wat

ers

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?H

igh-

valu

e po

pula

tions

that

are

thou

ght t

o be

at s

igni

fican

t ris

k of

inva

sion

Hea

dwat

er la

kes

that

act

as

sour

ce

popu

latio

ns; s

mal

l, is

olat

ed s

trea

ms

whe

re

com

plet

e er

adic

atio

n is

pos

sibl

e

Sout

hern

por

tions

of I

AP

regi

on w

here

st

ream

hab

itats

are

sm

alle

r an

d m

ore

frag

men

ted

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

---

Prio

ritiz

e am

ong

hund

reds

(tho

usan

ds?)

of

hea

dwat

er s

trea

ms

and

lake

s ac

ross

the

IAP

regi

on

Smal

l hea

dwat

er s

trea

ms

whe

re b

arri

er

cons

truc

tion

is c

ost e

ffect

ive

and

poss

ible

Com

men

tsC

osts

of e

DN

A s

ampl

ing

are

low

eno

ugh

to

mak

e th

is b

road

ly a

pplic

able

Expe

nsiv

e an

d ri

sky

to im

plem

ent;

publ

ic

supp

ort n

eede

d fo

r su

cces

sLe

ss u

sefu

l tac

tic in

are

as w

ith a

nadr

omou

s sp

ecie

s or

fluv

ial p

opul

atio

ns o

f bul

l tro

ut

and

cutth

roat

trou

t



Tabl

e 6A

.1 (

cont

inue

d)—

Aqu

atic

org

anis

m a

dapt

atio

n op

tions

dev

elop

ed a

t the

Mid

dle

Roc

kies

sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Nat

ive

spec

ies

dist

ribu

tions

will

shi

ft, a

nd c

omm

uniti

es w

ill r

ealig

n

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: C

ondu

ct b

iodi

vers

ity s

urve

ys to

des

crib

e cu

rren

t bas

elin

e co

nditi

ons

and

man

age

dist

ribu

tion

shift

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Form

aliz

e, e

xpan

d, a

nd s

tand

ardi

ze

biol

ogic

al m

onito

ring

pro

gram

s (e

.g.,

Man

agem

ent I

ndic

ator

Spe

cies

Use

mod

ern,

low

-cos

t tec

hnol

ogie

s su

ch

as e

DN

A/D

NA

bar

codi

ng a

nd d

igita

l ph

otop

oint

s

Ass

iste

d m

igra

tions

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?St

ream

s/riv

ers/

lake

s th

roug

hout

IAP

area

Stre

ams,

riv

ers,

lake

s th

roug

hout

IAP

regi

onSu

itabl

e bu

t cur

rent

ly u

nocc

upie

d ha

bita

ts;

cons

ider

hab

itats

out

side

of h

isto

rica

l ran

ge

(e.g

., no

rthe

rn e

xten

t of s

peci

es d

istr

ibut

ions

) in

add

ition

to h

isto

rica

l ran

ge

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

---

---

Clim

ate

Shie

ld fi

sh m

odel

can

be

used

to

iden

tify

high

-pro

babi

lity

habi

tats

; use

eD

NA

to

con

firm

spe

cies

pre

senc

e or

abs

ence

, and

th

en m

ove

fish

into

hig

h-pr

obab

ility

are

as

base

d on

cur

rent

/futu

re c

limat

e fo

reca

sts

Com

men

tsB

oise

NF,

Saw

toot

h N

F, a

nd S

alm

on-C

halli

s N

F ha

ve r

otat

ing

pane

l mon

itori

ng d

esig

ns

that

pro

vide

goo

d te

mpl

ates

bec

ause

bro

ad-

scal

e st

atus

and

loca

l tre

nd in

form

atio

n ar

e re

pres

ente

d

New

gen

omic

tech

niqu

es a

nd

tech

nolo

gies

are

inex

pens

ive

and

mak

e br

oad

appl

icat

ions

mor

e fe

asib

le th

an

prev

ious

ly

This

is a

con

trov

ersi

al ta

ctic

and

car

e is

ne

eded

to d

o it

prop

erly

; if t

hrea

tene

d an

d en

dang

ered

spe

cies

are

pre

sent

, the

re a

re

perm

ittin

g pr

oced

ures

that

mus

t be

follo

wed

; th

ere

are

cons

ider

atio

ns a

bout

whe

ther

the

syst

em h

ad fi

sh h

isto

rica

lly o

r no

t (e.

g.,

geol

ogic

bar

rier

s to

sui

tabl

e ha

bita

ts);

if it

is

a lis

ted

spec

ies,

we

may

nee

d to

des

igna

te

it as

an

“exp

erim

enta

l pop

ulat

ion”

to b

e po

litic

ally

feas

ible



Tabl

e 6A

.2—

Aqu

atic

org

anis

m a

dapt

atio

n op

tions

dev

elop

ed a

t the

Pla

teau

s su

breg

ion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: War

mer

str

eam

tem

pera

ture

s m

ay fa

vor

nonn

ativ

e sp

ecie

s

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se r

esili

ence

of n

ativ

e fis

h sp

ecie

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Man

age

lives

tock

gra

zing

to r

esto

re e

colo

gica

l fu

nctio

n of

rip

aria

n ve

geta

tion

and

mai

ntai

n st

ream

bank

con

ditio

ns

Mai

ntai

n la

rge

woo

d in

fore

sted

rip

aria

n ar

eas

for

shad

e an

d re

crui

tmen

t; re

conn

ect fl

oodp

lain

s an

d si

de c

hann

els

to im

prov

e hy

porh

eic

and

base

flow

co

nditi

ons;

con

duct

mea

dow

res

tora

tion;

au

gmen

t sno

wpa

ck w

ith s

now

fenc

es

on th

e W

asat

ch p

late

au to

incr

ease

late

su

mm

er fl

ows;

mai

ntai

n ve

geta

tion

dens

ity a

nd c

ompo

sitio

n fo

r op

timal

wat

er

bala

nce

and

snow

acc

umul

atio

n

Rem

ove

or c

ontr

ol n

onna

tive

fish

spec

ies;

m

aint

ain

or c

onst

ruct

bar

rier

s to

pre

vent

sp

read

of n

onna

tive

spec

ies;

red

uce

habi

tat

frag

men

tatio

n of

nat

ive

trou

t hab

itat t

hrou

gh

barr

ier

rem

oval

(e.g

., cu

lver

ts a

nd w

ater

di

vers

ions

); re

stor

e na

tive

trou

t to

high

-el

evat

ion,

col

d-w

ater

ref

ugia

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

ll pe

renn

ial a

nd in

term

itten

t str

eam

s an

d w

etla

nds

All

pere

nnia

l and

inte

rmitt

ent s

trea

ms

and

wet

land

sPr

iori

tize

area

s ba

sed

on s

ite s

peci

fic

cond

ition

s

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Ensu

re c

ompl

ianc

e w

ith p

rope

r us

e st

anda

rds

in r

ipar

ian

area

s

---

Wor

k w

ith S

tate

fish

and

gam

e ag

enci

es to

fa

cilit

ate

nonn

ativ

e sp

ecie

s re

mov

al a

nd

nativ

e tr

out r

esto

ratio

n



Tabl

e 6A

.3—

Aqu

atic

org

anis

m a

dapt

atio

n op

tions

dev

elop

ed a

t the

Gre

at B

asin

and

Sem

i Des

ert s

ubre

gion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Tra

nsiti

on o

r lo

ss o

f bio

dive

rsity

may

occ

ur w

ith c

ross

ing

of e

colo

gica

l typ

e th

resh

olds

(bro

adly

acc

ount

ing

for

chan

ges

in c

onne

ctiv

ity, t

empe

ratu

re, a

nd w

ater

qua

ntity

)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: U

nder

stan

d an

d m

anag

e fo

r co

mm

unity

-lev

el p

atte

rns

and

proc

esse

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

Ttac

tic

– C

Tact

ics

Util

ize

best

ava

ilabl

e te

chno

logy

to

mon

itor,

reco

rd, a

nd d

istr

ibut

e in

form

atio

n ab

out t

he d

istr

ibut

ion

of

a br

oad

arra

y of

aqu

atic

spe

cies

(e.g

., en

viro

nmen

tal D

NA

, nat

iona

l dat

abas

es)

Dev

elop

and

impr

ove

unde

rsta

ndin

g,

adap

tive

actio

ns, a

nd m

odel

s re

late

d to

non

gam

e aq

uatic

spe

cies

(e.g

., m

usse

ls, d

ace,

scu

lpin

, spr

ings

nails

, and

am

phib

ians

)

Con

tinue

to r

efine

and

impr

ove

unde

rsta

ndin

g, a

dapt

ive

actio

ns, a

nd

mod

els

rela

ted

to c

old-

wat

er s

alm

onid

s



Appendix 7—Forest Vegetation Adaptation Options Developed for the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership Region

The following tables describe climate change sensitivities and adaptation strategies and tactics for forest vegetation, developed in a series of workshops as a part of the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership (IAP). Tables are organized by subregion within the IAP. See Chapter 14 for summary tables and discussion of adaptation options for forest vegetation.



Tabl

e 7A

.1—

Fore

st v

eget

atio

n ad

apta

tion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he M

iddl

e R

ocki

es s

ubre

gion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Dis

turb

ance

s w

ill a

ffect

land

scap

e-sc

ale

patte

rns,

str

uctu

re, a

nd s

peci

es c

ompo

sitio

n

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: C

reat

e la

ndsc

ape

patte

rns

that

are

res

ilien

t to

past

and

exp

ecte

d di

stur

banc

e re

gim

es

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Con

tinue

res

earc

h on

exp

ecte

d fu

ture

di

stur

banc

e re

gim

es; e

valu

ate

pote

ntia

l tr

ansi

tions

and

thre

shol

ds

Impr

ove

com

mun

icat

ion

acro

ss b

ound

arie

s

Man

age

for

dive

rsity

of s

truc

ture

and

pat

ch

size

with

fire

and

mec

hani

cal t

reat

men

ts

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Lo

cal,

regi

onal

, nat

iona

l sca

les

Inte

rnal

ly a

nd e

xter

nally

(with

par

tner

s)

Wat

ersh

ed(s

)

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Use

For

est I

nven

tory

and

Ana

lysi

s (F

IA)

prog

ram

dat

a to

impr

ove

or e

stab

lish

mon

itori

ng

Wor

ksho

ps; c

olla

bora

tive

grou

ps; g

et

exte

rnal

par

tner

s to

do

“tra

nsla

tiona

l ec

olog

y” (t

ellin

g a

layp

erso

n st

ory

that

the

publ

ic w

ill li

sten

to a

nd a

ccep

t)

Land

scap

e-sc

ale

proj

ects

(e.g

., th

inni

ng, fi

re)

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Shi

fts in

hyd

rolo

gica

l reg

ime

will

occ

ur a

nd in

volv

e ch

ange

s in

tim

ing

and

mag

nitu

de o

f flow

s;

expe

cted

cha

nges

incl

ude

low

er s

umm

er fl

ows,

hig

her

and

mor

e fr

eque

nt w

inte

r flo

ws,

and

pot

entia

lly a

dec

reas

e in

rip

aria

n ve

geta

tion

abun

danc

e

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

aint

ain

and

prom

ote

ripa

rian

pro

cess

es a

nd fu

nctio

ns

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Tact

ics

Man

age

upla

nd v

eget

atio

n th

at in

fluen

ces

ripa

rian

fu

nctio

n an

d pr

oces

s (e

.g.,

with

thin

ning

and

pr

escr

ibed

fire

)

Res

tore

“tr

ue”

ripa

rian

obl

igat

e sp

ecie

s

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

djac

ent t

o ri

pari

an v

eget

atio

n w

here

con

ditio

ns d

o no

t opt

imiz

e or

pro

mot

e ri

pari

an fu

nctio

n an

d pr

oces

s A

quat

ic C

onse

rvat

ion

Stra

tegy

pri

oriti

es (m

ight

hav

e lis

ted

fish

or w

ildlif

e); w

here

upl

and,

inva

sive

, or

unde

sira

ble

spec

ies

are

outc

ompe

ting

nativ

e sp

ecie

s;

loca

tions

that

hav

e be

en in

appr

opri

atel

y m

anag

ed in

th

e pa

st

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Thin

ning

and

pre

scri

bed

fire

proj

ects

Trea

tmen

ts o

f inv

asiv

e sp

ecie

s; p

lant

ing

and

seed

ing;

th

inni

ng a

nd p

resc

ribe

d fir

e pr

ojec

ts



Tabl

e 7A

.1 (

cont

inue

d)—

Fore

st v

eget

atio

n ad

apta

tion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he M

iddl

e R

ocki

es s

ubre

gion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: The

wes

tern

larc

h ni

che

may

be

lost

(los

s of

hab

itat);

reg

ener

atio

n m

ay b

e re

duce

d by

oth

er

coni

fers

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se c

ompe

titiv

e ab

ility

of w

este

rn la

rch

and

its r

esili

ence

to c

hang

ing

fire

regi

mes

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Tact

ics

Cre

ate

gaps

in fo

rest

s to

red

uce

com

petit

ion

and

incr

ease

larc

h vi

gor

Reg

ener

ate

larc

h w

ith a

ppro

pria

te s

ite p

repa

ratio

n (e

.g.,

pres

crib

ed b

urni

ng,

follo

wed

by

plan

ting)

; cre

ate

appr

opri

ate

fire

regi

me

and

fuel

load

s

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?St

ands

with

larc

h

Hab

itats

that

can

sup

port

larc

h

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Plac

es w

ith la

rger

land

scap

e m

anag

emen

t pro

ject

s Pl

aces

with

larg

er la

ndsc

ape

man

agem

ent p

roje

cts

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Lar

ge-s

cale

dis

turb

ance

s (b

eetle

s, fi

re, w

hite

pin

e bl

iste

r ru

st) w

ill im

pact

whi

teba

rk p

ine

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se c

ompe

titiv

e ab

ility

and

res

ilien

ce o

f whi

teba

rk p

ine

to c

hang

ing

dist

urba

nce

regi

mes

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

CSp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– D

Tact

ics

Con

trol

bee

tles

Day

light

(thi

n) to

red

uce

com

petit

ion

(usu

ally

invo

lves

rem

ovin

g su

balp

ine

fir)

Reg

ener

ate

rust

-res

ista

nt

stra

ins;

incr

ease

see

d so

urce

s;

mai

ntai

n ca

che

site

s

Cre

ate

fuel

brea

ks

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Pr

otec

t tre

es in

hig

h-va

lue

area

s; im

port

ant

in C

entr

al Id

aho

and

the

Gre

ater

Yel

low

ston

e ar

ea

Impl

emen

t in

acce

ssib

le a

reas

and

hi

gh-v

alue

are

as (b

est r

ust-

resi

stan

t ar

eas

and

area

s of

hig

h ha

bita

t and

re

crea

tion

valu

e)

Are

as o

f dis

turb

ance

, or

area

s w

ith lo

w r

esis

tanc

e; m

aint

ain

dens

ity fo

r C

lark

’s nu

tcra

cker

In a

cces

sibl

e an

d hi

gh-v

alue

are

as

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Use

Ver

beno

ne to

pro

tect

tr

ees

from

bee

tles;

use

af

ter

snow

mel

t (co

nsid

er

seas

onal

con

stra

ints

)

---

In a

cces

sibl

e ar

eas

In lo

catio

ns a

djac

ent t

o su

balp

ine

fir o

r ot

her

leth

al fi

re r

egim

e ar

eas

Com

men

ts--

-Th

ink

abou

t lad

der

fuel

s an

d fu

el

miti

gatio

n is

sues

whe

n da

ylig

htin

gO

nly

have

sm

all c

apac

ity s

o fa

r. Th

ere

is a

whi

teba

rk p

ine

seed

orc

hard

in R

egio

n 1.

Con

side

r im

pact

s to

soils

and

long

-ter

mm

aint

enan

ce



Tabl

e 7A

.2—

Fore

st v

eget

atio

n ad

apta

tion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he S

outh

ern

Gre

ater

Yel

low

ston

e su

breg

ion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Cap

acity

for

aspe

n st

and

rege

nera

tion

will

be

redu

ced

due

to d

irec

t and

indi

rect

impa

cts

from

clim

ate

chan

ge

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se c

apac

ity fo

r as

pen

stan

d re

gene

ratio

n

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Incr

ease

the

prop

ortio

n of

the

land

scap

e th

at is

in

ear

ly-s

ucce

ssio

nal s

tage

s

Max

imiz

e fle

xibi

lity

in m

anag

ing

herb

ivor

yM

axim

ize

gene

tic d

iver

sity

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?La

ndsc

apes

with

hig

h pr

opor

tion

of la

ter-

sera

l as

pen

mix

ed c

onife

rFo

cus

on s

ites

with

goo

d as

pen

site

pot

entia

lLa

ndsc

apes

follo

win

g se

vere

fire

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Pres

crib

ed fi

re, w

ildfir

e m

anag

emen

t, c

ultu

ral

trea

tmen

tsC

ontin

ue to

wor

k w

ith e

xist

ing

part

ners

hips

an

d de

velo

p ne

w p

artn

ersh

ips

Prot

ectin

g se

edlin

gs

Com

men

tsR

educ

ed s

now

pack

and

incr

ease

d fr

eque

ncy

and

seve

rity

of d

roug

ht c

reat

e in

crea

sed

aspe

n ex

posu

re to

her

bivo

ry d

urin

g po

stdi

stur

banc

e re

gene

ratio

n

---

Cur

rent

ly e

stab

lishi

ng n

ew a

spen

clo

nes

from

see

d

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Whi

teba

rk p

ine

(WB

P) c

omm

uniti

es w

ill b

e su

scep

tible

to c

hang

es in

dis

turb

ance

reg

imes

(i.e

., fir

e, in

sect

s, a

nd d

isea

se)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se r

esili

ence

of w

hite

bark

com

mun

ity ty

pes

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Impr

ove

stru

ctur

al d

iver

sity

of W

BP

com

mun

ities

at m

ultip

le s

cale

sIm

prov

e ag

e-cl

ass

dive

rsity

of W

BP

com

mun

ities

at m

ultip

le s

cale

sC

ondu

ct r

esto

ratio

n w

here

WB

P is

cu

rren

tly a

bsen

t

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?W

BP

com

mun

ities

dom

inat

ed b

y la

te-

succ

essi

onal

con

ifero

us s

peci

es

WB

P co

mm

uniti

es d

omin

ated

by

late

- su

cces

sion

al c

onife

rous

spe

cies

Site

s th

at h

ave

pres

ent a

nd fu

ture

pot

entia

l to

sup

port

WB

P bu

t whe

re it

is c

urre

ntly

ab

sent

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Pres

crib

ed fi

re a

nd s

ilvic

ultu

ral t

reat

men

tsPr

escr

ibed

fire

and

silv

icul

tura

l tre

atm

ents

Reg

ener

atio

n tr

eatm

ents

usi

ng d

isea

se-

resi

stan

t WB

P

Com

men

tsA

lthou

gh W

BP

has

limite

d ge

ogra

phic

ext

ent,

it is

con

side

red

a ke

ysto

ne s

peci

es--

---

-



Tabl

e 7A

.2 (

cont

inue

d)—

Fore

st v

eget

atio

n ad

apta

tion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he S

outh

ern

Gre

ater

Yel

low

ston

e su

breg

ion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge w

ill r

esul

t in

chan

ges

in s

oil m

oist

ure

in m

esic

mea

dow

s an

d ri

pari

an g

rass

land

and

forb

com

mun

ities

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: Im

plem

ent m

anag

emen

t str

ateg

ies

that

ret

ain

soil

moi

stur

e

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Mai

ntai

n an

d im

prov

e so

il fu

nctio

n an

d he

alth

Impr

ove

stre

am c

hann

el fu

nctio

nM

anag

e up

land

fore

st v

eget

atio

n

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

reas

con

trib

utin

g to

det

rim

enta

l soi

l m

oist

ure

rete

ntio

nW

here

str

eam

func

tion

is im

pair

ed; p

rior

itize

w

here

mos

t effe

ctiv

eC

onife

r en

croa

chm

ent i

n m

eado

ws

and

gras

slan

ds

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Div

ertin

g ac

tiviti

es a

way

from

thes

e ar

eas;

pr

iori

tize

whe

re m

ost e

ffect

ive

Rip

aria

n re

stor

atio

n; r

esto

re a

nd p

rote

ct

beav

er p

opul

atio

ns; i

mpr

ove

lives

tock

m

anag

emen

t

Cul

tura

l tre

atm

ents

Com

men

tsPl

an a

nd im

plem

ent i

nfra

stru

ctur

e to

m

inim

ize

impa

cts

on m

esic

and

wet

m

eado

ws

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Upp

er tr

eelin

e m

ay m

ove

upw

ard

in e

leva

tion

into

alp

ine

com

mun

ities

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: A

cqui

re in

form

atio

n to

dev

elop

und

erst

andi

ng o

f sen

sitiv

ity to

clim

ate

chan

ge

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Esta

blis

h m

onito

ring

site

sD

evel

op s

eed

tran

sfer

gui

delin

esD

evel

op s

eed

colle

ctio

n an

d st

orag

e gu

idel

ines

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?R

esea

rch

Nat

ural

Are

asR

esea

rch

Nat

ural

Are

as--

-



Tabl

e 7A

.3—

Fore

st v

eget

atio

n ad

apta

tion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he U

inta

s an

d W

asat

ch F

ront

sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Lar

ge-s

cale

dis

turb

ance

s w

ill im

pact

land

scap

e st

ruct

ural

div

ersi

ty o

f per

sist

ent l

odge

pole

pin

e (L

P) a

nd a

vaila

ble

seed

s so

urce

s

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

aint

ain

land

scap

e he

tero

gene

ity to

miti

gate

adv

erse

impa

cts

from

fire

and

mou

ntai

n pi

ne b

eetle

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Prom

ote

stru

ctur

al d

iver

sity

at m

ultip

le s

cale

sFo

cus

atte

ntio

n on

col

lect

ion

of v

iabl

e se

rotin

ous

LP s

eed

sour

ces

Use

ava

ilabl

e m

appi

ng p

rodu

cts

to id

entif

y ar

eas

of p

oten

tial s

erot

inou

s LP

see

d so

urce

s

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?H

omog

eneo

us la

ndsc

apes

From

ser

otin

ous

LP c

ones

that

cov

er

a w

ide

rang

e of

ele

vatio

nal b

ands

on

natio

nal f

ores

t and

adj

acen

t lan

ds

Fore

st a

nd a

djac

ent l

ando

wne

rs

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Reg

ener

atio

n ha

rves

t and

pre

scri

bed

fire

(incl

udin

g w

ildfir

e fo

r ec

olog

ical

ben

efit)

in

area

s w

here

feas

ible

The

Ash

ley

Nat

iona

l For

est h

as th

e hi

ghes

t po

tent

ial f

or s

erot

inou

s LP

col

lect

ions

in

the

Uin

tas

and

Was

atch

Fro

nt

Fore

st In

vent

ory

and

Ana

lysi

s

Com

men

tsTh

e no

rth

slop

e of

the

Ash

ley

Nat

iona

l For

est

curr

ently

has

an

over

abun

danc

e of

you

nger

ag

e cl

asse

s

The

Uin

ta-W

asat

ch-C

ache

Nat

iona

l For

est

has

limite

d LP

con

e se

rotin

y; th

e M

anti-

La

Sal N

atio

nal F

ores

t doe

s no

t hav

e LP

---

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Red

uced

wat

er a

vaila

bilit

y w

ill a

ffect

the

frin

ge o

f per

sist

ent a

spen

com

mun

ity ty

pes

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: F

ocus

on

area

s w

here

per

sist

ent a

spen

com

mun

ities

are

exp

ecte

d to

exp

and

and

mai

ntai

n co

mm

uniti

es w

here

futu

re c

limat

ic c

ondi

tions

will

al

low

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Rem

ove

com

petin

g ve

geta

tion

(e.g

., co

mm

on

juni

per)

and

con

trol

ung

ulat

e br

owsi

ng to

al

low

for

recr

uitm

ent

Red

uce

dens

ity o

f con

ifer

spec

ies

Use

ava

ilabl

e m

appi

ng p

rodu

cts

to id

entif

y ar

eas

of p

oten

tial e

xpan

sion

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?O

n fr

inge

of e

xist

ing

pers

iste

nt a

spen

co

mm

uniti

esO

utsi

de o

f exi

stin

g st

ands

whe

re p

ersi

sten

t as

pen

is e

xpec

ted

to e

xpan

dA

reas

adj

acen

t to

exis

ting

pers

iste

nt a

spen

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Pass

ive

man

agem

ent;

limite

d us

e of

cul

tura

l tr

eatm

ents

, pre

scri

bed

fire,

and

fenc

ing

Focu

s on

act

ive

man

agem

ent:

cultu

ral

trea

tmen

ts a

nd p

resc

ribe

d fir

eW

ork

with

oth

er d

isci

plin

es to

iden

tify

pote

ntia

l are

as o

f exp

ansi

on (e

.g.,

soils

, ra

nge)

Com

men

tsSc

ale

of tr

eatm

ents

nee

ds to

be

larg

e en

ough

to

miti

gate

effe

cts

of u

ngul

ates

Whe

re p

aren

t mat

eria

l will

sup

port

pe

rsis

tent

asp

en (e

.g.,

fine-

text

ured

ca

lcar

eous

soi

ls)

Use

exi

stin

g da

ta s

ourc

es



Tabl

e 7A

.3 (

cont

inue

d)—

Fore

st v

eget

atio

n ad

apta

tion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he U

inta

s an

d W

asat

ch F

ront

sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge m

ay le

ad to

a r

educ

tion

in th

e sp

ruce

-fir

com

pone

nt in

sub

alpi

ne s

pruc

e-fir

fore

sts,

whi

ch w

ill b

e ex

acer

bate

d by

cur

rent

spr

uce

beet

le o

utbr

eaks

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

aint

ain

spec

ies

and

age-

clas

s di

vers

ity

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Reg

ener

atio

n tr

eatm

ents

(e.g

., ha

rves

t, pr

escr

ibed

fir

e) th

at fo

cus

on m

aint

aini

ng s

peci

es d

iver

sity

; pl

ant a

var

iety

of s

peci

es in

clud

ing

Enge

lman

n sp

ruce

, Dou

glas

-fir,

and

LP

Col

lect

see

d th

at w

ill c

over

a w

ide

rang

e of

see

d zo

nes

and

spec

ies

Plan

t a g

enet

ical

ly d

iver

se m

ix b

ased

on

adap

tive

trai

ts

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Fo

rest

and

adj

acen

t lan

dow

ners

Fo

rest

and

adj

acen

t lan

dow

ners

Fo

rest

and

adj

acen

t lan

dow

ners

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Tim

ber

harv

est a

nd p

resc

ribe

d fir

e in

are

as w

here

fe

asib

leA

reas

that

stil

l hav

e vi

able

see

d so

urce

sR

efine

see

d zo

ne m

aps

base

d on

exp

ecte

d ge

netic

ada

ptat

ion



Tabl

e 7A

.4—

Fore

st v

eget

atio

n ad

apta

tion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he P

late

aus

subr

egio

n w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Lac

k of

dis

turb

ance

has

cau

sed

shift

s in

spe

cies

com

posi

tion

and

stru

ctur

e in

dry

mix

ed c

onife

r fo

rest

s, p

uttin

g th

em a

t ris

k of

hi

gh-s

ever

ity fi

re w

ith c

limat

e ch

ange

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

aint

ain

and

rest

ore

spec

ies

and

age-

clas

s di

vers

ity

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Iden

tify

and

map

hig

hest

ris

k ar

eas

at th

e la

ndsc

ape

leve

l to

prov

ide

cont

ext f

or

prio

ritiz

atio

n

Red

uce

stan

d de

nsity

and

shi

ft co

mpo

sitio

n to

war

d sp

ecie

s th

at a

re m

ore

fire

adap

tive

and

drou

ght t

oler

ant

Res

tore

age

-cla

ss d

iver

sity

whi

le p

rote

ctin

g le

gacy

tree

s

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

ll la

nds

Prio

ritiz

e hi

ghes

t ris

k st

ands

in te

rms

of

fire,

inse

cts,

and

dis

ease

Prio

ritiz

e, in

term

s of

fire

, ins

ects

, and

di

seas

e, th

e hi

ghes

t ris

k st

ands

that

cur

rent

ly

cont

ain

a co

mpo

nent

of l

egac

y tr

ees

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Inte

grat

ion

with

oth

er r

esou

rces

(e.g

., w

ildlif

e, a

quat

ics,

fire

and

fuel

s)C

ultu

ral t

reat

men

ts a

nd p

resc

ribe

d fir

eC

ultu

ral t

reat

men

ts a

nd p

resc

ribe

d fir

e

Com

men

tsW

ill a

ccep

t and

rec

ogni

ze a

ntic

ipat

ed

elev

atio

nal s

hifts

in s

peci

esIn

sect

pre

vent

ion

and

supp

ress

ion

trea

tmen

tsTh

in p

rior

to p

resc

ribe

d fir

e to

red

uce

risk

of

losi

ng le

gacy

tree

s



Appendix 8—Nonforest Vegetation Adaptation Options Developed for the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership Region

The following tables describe climate change sensitivities and adaptation strategies and tactics for nonforest vegetation, developed in a series of workshops as a part of the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership (IAP). Tables are organized by subregion within the IAP. See Chapter 14 for summary tables and discussion of adaptation options for nonforest vegetation.



Tabl

e 8A

.1—

Non

fore

st v

eget

atio

n ad

apta

tion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he M

iddl

e R

ocki

es s

ubre

gion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge m

ay r

esul

t in

a lo

ss o

f sag

ebru

sh e

cosy

stem

s (W

yom

ing,

mou

ntai

n bi

g, b

asin

sag

ebru

sh s

peci

es)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: Im

prov

e re

silie

nce

and

resi

stan

ce o

f sag

ebru

sh e

cosy

stem

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Con

trol

inva

sive

spe

cies

affe

ctin

g ec

olog

y of

sag

ebru

sh e

cosy

stem

s, b

y m

inim

izin

g sp

read

and

usi

ng b

iolo

gica

l con

trol

s,

herb

icid

es, a

nd m

echa

nica

l tre

atm

ents

Mai

ntai

n na

tive

pere

nnia

ls b

y: u

tiliz

ing

for

rest

orat

ion

(pla

ntin

g) n

ativ

e se

ed s

ourc

es th

at

will

be

adap

ted

to fu

ture

clim

ate

cond

ition

s;

usin

g fu

elbr

eaks

and

gra

zing

str

ateg

ies;

fenc

ing

for

prot

ectio

n; a

nd m

odify

ing

graz

ing

stra

tegi

es

to a

llow

for

flexi

bilit

y on

sea

son

of u

se

Map

res

ilien

ce a

nd r

esis

tanc

e to

clim

ate

chan

ge to

aid

in p

rior

itizi

ng a

reas

for

trea

tmen

ts

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Pr

iori

tize

and

impl

emen

t in

area

s w

ith

high

pro

babi

lity

of tr

eatm

ent s

ucce

ss; a

lso

impl

emen

t in

high

-val

ue a

reas

Prio

ritiz

e an

d im

plem

ent i

n ar

eas

with

hi

gh p

roba

bilit

y of

trea

tmen

t suc

cess

; als

o im

plem

ent i

n hi

gh-v

alue

are

as

Acr

oss

all a

reas

usi

ng s

oil,

vege

tatio

n, a

nd

exis

ting

info

rmat

ion;

util

ize

sage

brus

h re

silie

nce

and

resi

stan

ce r

atin

g cr

iteri

a

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Stat

e an

d C

ount

y w

eed

man

agem

ent

agre

emen

ts; i

nclu

de in

fore

st a

nd

allo

tmen

t man

agem

ent p

lans

In p

ostfi

re r

ehab

ilita

tion,

oil

and

gas

rest

orat

ion

site

s, tr

ansp

orta

tion

and

infr

astr

uctu

re, a

nd

allo

tmen

ts

In fo

rest

pla

nnin

g as

sess

men

ts, a

nd

allo

tmen

t man

agem

ent p

lans

Com

men

tsN

eed

bette

r m

onito

ring

and

all-

land

s pa

rtne

ring

Nee

d be

tter

mon

itori

ng a

nd a

ll-la

nds

part

neri

ngN

eed

bette

r m

onito

ring

and

all-

land

s pa

rtne

ring

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

DSp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– E

Tact

ics

Dev

elop

see

d zo

nes

and

prom

ote

prop

agat

ion

of n

ativ

e se

ed s

ourc

es fo

r sa

gebr

ush

ecos

yste

ms

Ada

pt g

razi

ng m

anag

emen

t to

chan

ging

cl

imat

es a

nd e

colo

gica

l pot

entia

l

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?R

egio

nwid

e se

ed z

one

map

ping

Allo

tmen

ts w

here

soi

ls a

nd h

ydro

logy

sup

port

fu

ture

sag

ebru

sh e

cosy

stem

s in

a w

arm

ing

clim

ate

(see

res

ilien

ce a

nd r

esis

tanc

e m

appi

ng

tact

ic)

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Col

labo

rate

with

Sta

te, o

ther

Fed

eral

ag

enci

es, n

urse

ries

, non

gove

rnm

enta

l or

gani

zatio

ns, a

nd p

rivat

e co

mpa

nies

, pr

iori

tizin

g sp

ecie

s fo

r pr

opag

atio

n

Prio

ritiz

e sa

gebr

ush

syst

ems

that

hav

e po

tent

ial

to m

aint

ain

ecol

ogic

al c

ompo

nent

s fo

r lis

ted

or

pote

ntia

lly li

sted

spe

cies



Tabl

e 8A

.2—

Non

fore

st v

eget

atio

n ad

apta

tion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he P

late

aus

subr

egio

n w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

atic

ally

sui

tabl

e ha

bita

t for

per

sist

ent p

inyo

n-ju

nipe

r ec

osys

tem

s m

ay b

e lo

st

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

aint

ain

and

rest

ore

ecol

ogic

al in

tegr

ity o

f per

sist

ent p

inyo

n-ju

nipe

r co

mm

uniti

es

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Iden

tify

and

map

per

sist

ent p

inyo

n-ju

nipe

r co

mm

uniti

es (v

ersu

s en

croa

ched

pin

yon-

juni

per)

and

ass

ess

curr

ent c

ondi

tions

Red

uce

inva

sive

spe

cies

; mai

ntai

n or

re

stor

e na

tive

unde

rsto

ry c

ompo

sitio

n M

aint

ain

or r

esto

re s

truc

tura

l div

ersi

ty to

pr

omot

e na

tura

l dis

turb

ance

reg

imes

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

ll la

nds

At-

risk

per

sist

ent c

omm

uniti

es

At-

risk

per

sist

ent c

omm

uniti

es



Tabl

e 8A

.3—

Non

fore

st v

eget

atio

n ad

apta

tion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he G

reat

Bas

in a

nd S

emi D

eser

t sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Sag

ebru

sh (W

yom

ing,

mou

ntai

n bi

g, b

asin

sag

ebru

sh s

peci

es) e

cosy

stem

s m

ay b

e lo

st to

ann

ual g

rass

es

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: Im

prov

e re

silie

nce

and

resi

stan

ce o

f sag

ebru

sh e

cosy

stem

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

A

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics:

Map

res

ilien

ce a

nd r

esis

tanc

e to

clim

ate

chan

ge

(spe

cific

to a

nnua

ls) t

o ai

d in

pri

oriti

zing

are

as fo

r tr

eatm

ents

. Whe

re c

an w

e m

ake

a di

ffere

nce

in th

e sh

ort t

erm

?

Prot

ect r

efug

ia; i

f ann

ual g

rass

es a

re n

ot

pres

ent,

keep

them

out

thro

ugh

repe

at

mon

itori

ng (o

f exp

erim

ents

with

con

trol

s),

educ

atio

n, s

eed

colle

ctio

n, a

nd g

enet

ic

anal

ysis

Man

age

sage

brus

h to

res

ist i

nvas

ion

of

annu

als;

con

duct

:1.

Edu

catio

n2.

Tar

gete

d gr

azin

g (n

ot c

hang

ing

perm

ittee

)3.

Inva

sive

spe

cies

con

trol

by

min

imiz

ing

spre

ad a

nd u

sing

bio

logi

cal c

ontr

ols,

he

rbic

ides

, and

mec

hani

cal t

reat

men

ts4.

Mai

nten

ance

of n

ativ

e pe

renn

ials

by:

ut

ilizi

ng fo

r re

stor

atio

n (p

lant

ing)

nat

ive

seed

sou

rces

that

will

be

adap

ted

to fu

ture

cl

imat

e co

nditi

ons;

usi

ng fu

elbr

eaks

and

gr

azin

g st

rate

gies

; fen

cing

for

prot

ectio

n;

and

mod

ifyin

g gr

azin

g st

rate

gies

to a

llow

for

flexi

bilit

y on

sea

son

of u

se

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?--

---

---

-

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

---

Stat

e an

d C

ount

y w

eed

man

agem

ent

agre

emen

ts; i

nclu

de in

fore

st a

nd a

llotm

ent

man

agem

ent p

lans

Post

fire

reha

bilit

atio

n; o

il an

d ga

s re

stor

atio

n si

tes;

tran

spor

tatio

n an

d in

fras

truc

ture

; al

lotm

ents

Com

men

tsTh

is is

the

first

ste

p; th

en o

ther

tact

ics

can

be

impl

emen

ted

Nee

d be

tter

mon

itori

ng a

nd a

ll-la

nds

part

neri

ngN

eed

bette

r m

onito

ring

and

all-

land

s pa

rtne

ring

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Sag

ebru

sh (W

yom

ing,

mou

ntai

n bi

g, b

asin

sag

ebru

sh s

peci

es) e

cosy

stem

s m

ay b

e lo

st to

ann

ual g

rass

es

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: Im

prov

e re

silie

nce

and

resi

stan

ce o

f sag

ebru

sh e

cosy

stem

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

D

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ESp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– F

Tact

ics

If an

nual

gra

sses

are

pre

sent

, ada

pt a

nd m

ake

use

of it

; tal

k w

ith o

ther

reg

ions

, suc

h as

Reg

ion

5,

to s

hare

idea

s; c

ondu

ct r

esea

rch;

con

side

r nu

rse

crop

s, e

spec

ially

afte

r fir

e

Dev

elop

see

d zo

nes

and

prom

ote

prop

agat

ion

of n

ativ

e se

ed s

ourc

es fo

r sa

gebr

ush

ecos

yste

ms

Ada

pt g

razi

ng m

anag

emen

t to

chan

ging

cl

imat

es a

nd e

colo

gica

l pot

entia

l

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

cros

s al

l are

as u

sing

soi

l, ve

geta

tion,

and

oth

er

exis

ting

info

rmat

ion;

util

ize

sage

brus

h re

silie

nce

and

resi

stan

ce r

atin

g cr

iteri

a

Reg

ionw

ide

seed

zon

e m

appi

ngA

llotm

ents

whe

re s

oils

and

hyd

rolo

gy

supp

ort f

utur

e sa

gebr

ush

ecos

yste

ms

in

a w

arm

ing

clim

ate

(see

res

ilien

ce a

nd

resi

stan

ce m

appi

ng ta

ctic

)

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

In fo

rest

pla

nnin

g as

sess

men

ts, a

nd a

llotm

ent

man

agem

ent p

lans

Col

labo

rate

with

Sta

te, o

ther

Fed

eral

ag

enci

es, n

urse

ries

, non

gove

rnm

enta

l or

gani

zatio

ns, a

nd p

rivat

e co

mpa

nies

, pr

iori

tizin

g sp

ecie

s fo

r pr

opag

atio

n

Prio

ritiz

e sa

gebr

ush

syst

ems

that

hav

e po

tent

ial t

o m

aint

ain

ecol

ogic

al c

ompo

nent

s fo

r lis

ted

or p

oten

tially

list

ed s

peci

es

Com

men

tsN

eed

bette

r m

onito

ring

and

all-

land

s pa

rtne

ring



Appendix 9—Ecological Disturbance Adaptation Options Developed for the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership Region

The following tables describe climate change sensitivities and adaptation strategies and tactics for ecological distur-bance, developed in a series of workshops as a part of the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership (IAP). Tables are organized by subregion within the IAP. See Chapter 14 for summary tables and discussion of adaptation options for ecological disturbances.



Tabl

e 9A

.1—

Ecol

ogic

al d

istu

rban

ce a

dapt

atio

n op

tions

dev

elop

ed a

t the

Mid

dle

Roc

kies

sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Mor

e w

ildfir

es w

ill o

ccur

with

war

mer

, dri

er c

ondi

tions

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: C

ondu

ct p

ostfi

re r

esto

ratio

n an

d m

anag

e po

stdi

stur

banc

e re

spon

se

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Iden

tify,

pri

oriti

ze, a

nd p

rote

ct v

alue

s at

ris

k;

initi

ate

prog

ram

s to

ass

ess

valu

es a

nd d

eter

min

e be

st p

rote

ctio

n ac

tions

; res

ourc

es in

clud

e so

il,

wat

er, i

nfra

stru

ctur

e, a

nd v

eget

atio

n fo

r m

ass

was

ting

prev

entio

n

Prefi

re p

lann

ing

to im

prov

e re

spon

se ti

me

and

effic

ienc

y; p

rior

itizi

ng k

ey a

reas

at

risk

to g

eolo

gic

haza

rd a

nd o

ther

are

as a

t ri

sk (e

.g.,

infr

astr

uctu

re, t

hrea

tene

d an

d en

dang

ered

spe

cies

hab

itat,

area

s th

at m

ay

com

prom

ise

publ

ic h

ealth

and

saf

ety

and

wat

er s

uppl

y)

Con

duct

pos

tfire

veg

etat

ion

man

agem

ent

and

prev

ent i

nvas

ive

spec

ies

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?N

eeds

to b

e do

ne a

t for

est l

evel

, as

it w

ill

be d

icta

ted

by lo

cal n

eeds

; foc

us o

n ar

eas

thre

aten

ing

publ

ic h

ealth

and

saf

ety

Nee

ds to

be

an a

ll-la

nds

appr

oach

; for

Fo

rest

Ser

vice

, bot

h fo

rest

s an

d di

stri

cts

need

to b

e in

volv

ed

In k

ey a

reas

iden

tified

in p

repl

anni

ng a

nd

BAER

; nee

ds to

be

an a

ll-la

nds

appr

oach

; for

Fo

rest

Ser

vice

, bot

h fo

rest

s an

d di

stri

cts

need

to

be

invo

lved

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Post

fire;

initi

ate

imm

edia

te r

espo

nse

for

phys

ical

res

ourc

es (B

urne

d A

rea

Emer

genc

y R

espo

nse

[BA

ER])

; ide

ntify

val

ues

with

non

-Fo

rest

Ser

vice

sta

keho

lder

s

Con

duct

a G

IS e

xerc

ise

to id

entif

y fo

cal

area

s fo

r so

il st

abili

zatio

n; id

entif

y ke

y co

ld-w

ater

ref

ugia

(use

fish

ass

essm

ent

info

rmat

ion)

Post

dist

urba

nce;

if p

lann

ed a

head

of t

ime,

fir

e (a

nd th

e fu

ndin

g) c

an b

e us

ed in

a

stra

tegi

c w

ay to

impr

ove

ecol

ogic

al a

nd

othe

r co

nditi

ons,

and

pub

lic p

erce

ptio

n an

d un

ders

tand

ing

Com

men

ts--

-N

eed

a lo

ng-t

erm

pla

n fo

r fir

e re

spon

se

and

rest

orat

ion;

nee

d to

take

a m

ore

stra

tegi

c ap

proa

ch in

stea

d of

wai

ting

until

af

ter

even

t occ

urs

Nee

ds to

be

clim

ate-

smar

t and

con

side

r w

hat i

s ap

prop

riat

e fo

r a

give

n ni

che



Tabl

e 9A

.1 (

cont

inue

d)—

Ecol

ogic

al d

istu

rban

ce a

dapt

atio

n op

tions

dev

elop

ed a

t the

Mid

dle

Roc

kies

sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge m

ay r

esul

t in

incr

ease

d m

orta

lity

due

to n

ativ

e in

sect

s an

d di

seas

es (b

ark

beet

les,

def

olia

tors

, and

dw

arf

mis

tleto

es)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se r

esis

tanc

e an

d re

silie

nce

to b

eetle

s in

sta

nds

and

land

scap

es

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Man

age

for

age-

and

siz

e-cl

ass

dive

rsity

Prot

ect h

igh-

valu

e ar

eas

with

trap

tree

fe

lling

, bee

tle tr

aps,

spr

ayin

g, r

educ

ed b

asal

ar

ea, b

eetle

ris

k ra

ting,

and

phe

rom

ones

Man

age

for

spec

ies

dive

rsity

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?H

igh-

valu

e la

ndsc

apes

with

low

siz

e-cl

ass

dive

rsity

; lim

ited

to w

here

ther

e is

acc

ess

Hig

h-va

lue

area

sH

igh-

valu

e la

ndsc

apes

with

low

spe

cies

di

vers

ity (e

spec

ially

in m

onot

ypic

are

as);

limite

d to

whe

re th

ere

is a

cces

s

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Mer

chan

tabl

e tim

ber

area

s, s

ince

ther

e is

a

need

for

mar

kets

to p

ay fo

r tr

eatm

ents

; thi

s m

ay d

epen

d on

spe

cies

and

qua

lity

(siz

e,

form

); ne

ed to

con

side

r ec

osys

tem

ser

vice

s to

ge

t par

tner

buy

-in;

bio

mas

s en

ergy

is a

val

ue-

adde

d pr

oduc

t

Can

be

appl

ied

near

cam

pgro

unds

and

ot

her

infr

astr

uctu

re a

nd in

the

wild

land

- ur

ban

inte

rfac

e; c

an a

lso

be a

pplie

d in

see

d or

char

ds, p

roge

ny a

reas

, and

gen

etic

ally

re

sist

ant t

rees

(whi

teba

rk p

ine)

In fo

rest

-typ

e tr

ansi

tion

area

s;ne

eds

to b

e an

all-

land

s ap

proa

ch a

nd

incl

ude

Cou

ntie

s, S

tate

s, a

nd r

esid

ents

Com

men

tsN

eed

for

the

righ

t tim

ing,

pub

lic e

duca

tion,

an

d th

e ri

ght a

ctiv

ities

in th

e ri

ght p

lace

s;

mec

hani

cal t

reat

men

ts a

re li

mite

d; th

ere

are

supp

ly is

sues

Mai

nten

ance

nec

essa

ry; t

imin

g is

impo

rtan

t; ne

ed to

mon

itor

beet

le p

opul

atio

ns to

kno

w

whe

n to

do

thin

gs;

how

do

we

do th

is w

ith p

artn

ers?

May

pro

vide

opp

ortu

nitie

s fo

r as

sist

ed

mig

ratio

n; m

echa

nica

l tre

atm

ents

are

lim

ited;

how

do

we

do th

is w

ith p

artn

ers?



Tabl

e 9A

.1 (

cont

inue

d)—

Ecol

ogic

al d

istu

rban

ce a

dapt

atio

n op

tions

dev

elop

ed a

t the

Mid

dle

Roc

kies

sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Mor

e pe

ople

res

idin

g in

the

fore

st e

nvir

onm

ent w

ill in

crea

se s

tres

ses

to e

cosy

stem

s, in

fras

truc

ture

, and

bio

logi

cal a

nd p

hysi

cal

reso

urce

s an

d w

ill s

hift

utili

zatio

n of

eco

syst

em s

ervi

ces

clos

er to

the

sour

ce

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

anag

e fo

r th

e hu

man

dis

turb

ance

foot

prin

t cau

sed

by h

ighe

r po

pula

tions

of p

eopl

e liv

ing

in fo

rest

s an

d th

e fo

rest

inte

rfac

e

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Man

age

the

effe

cts

of in

fras

truc

ture

(roa

ds,

driv

eway

s, p

ower

line

s, w

ater

del

iver

y) o

n Fo

rest

Ser

vice

land

s

Min

imiz

e in

crea

ses

in a

reas

of d

istu

rban

ceM

anag

e ec

olog

ical

con

nect

ivity

and

en

ergy

flow

; mai

ntai

n ha

bita

t con

tinui

ty

and

viab

ility

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

pply

on

road

s an

d dr

ivew

ays

and

with

co

llabo

rato

rs r

espo

nsib

le fo

r th

e w

hole

sy

stem

(e.g

., th

e po

wer

com

pany

, Cou

nty

tran

spor

tatio

n de

part

men

t, ca

nal c

ompa

ny)

In a

nd a

roun

d re

side

ntia

l and

oth

er

deve

lopm

ent

Mai

ntai

n na

tura

l cor

rido

rs (s

trea

ms,

ri

pari

an) w

here

they

exi

st; m

aint

ain

larg

e ha

bita

t blo

cks;

mai

ntai

n ha

bita

t div

ersi

ty

in a

ppro

pria

te p

roxi

miti

es

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Pred

evel

opm

ent p

lann

ing;

take

adv

anta

ge

duri

ng p

lan

revi

sion

cyc

les;

wor

k w

ith

Cou

nty

plan

ners

—in

sert

info

rmat

ion

(dat

a,

fore

st m

anag

emen

t obj

ectiv

es) i

nto

part

ner’s

pl

anni

ng p

roce

ss; p

lann

ing

for

clim

ate

scen

ario

s an

d av

oida

nce

of c

limat

e-as

soci

ated

di

stur

banc

e ev

ents

Aw

aren

ess;

wor

k w

ith p

artn

ers

gene

rally

re

cept

ive

to th

e m

essa

ge (m

inim

ize

foot

prin

t)

Col

labo

rate

with

wild

life

prot

ectio

n gr

oups

(e.g

., R

ocky

Mou

ntai

n El

k Fo

unda

tion,

Wild

Tur

key,

Tro

ut U

nlim

ited)

, re

crea

tion

grou

ps, a

nd c

olla

bora

tive

grou

ps; i

dent

ify im

port

ant h

abita

ts a

nd

corr

idor

s

Com

men

tsA

lso

cons

ider

em

erge

ncy

serv

ices

Th

ere

are

seco

ndar

y ef

fect

s su

ch a

s an

incr

ease

in im

perv

ious

sur

face

s,

intr

oduc

tion

of o

rnam

enta

l or

inva

sive

pl

ants

and

live

stoc

k, p

et c

onfli

cts

with

na

tive

wild

life,

and

gro

undw

ater

dra

wdo

wn;

th

e ex

tend

ed h

uman

foot

prin

t is

larg

er th

an

grou

nd d

istu

rban

ce

Con

side

r pr

etre

atm

ent a

nd p

osttr

eatm

ent

mon

itori

ng



Tabl

e 9A

.2—

Ecol

ogic

al d

istu

rban

ce a

dapt

atio

n op

tions

dev

elop

ed a

t the

Sou

ther

n G

reat

er Y

ello

wst

one

subr

egio

n w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Hig

her

elev

atio

n fu

els

will

be

mor

e av

aila

ble

to b

urn,

and

mor

e fr

eque

nt fi

re w

ill o

ccur

at h

ighe

r el

evat

ions

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se r

esili

ence

in v

eget

atio

n ty

pes

at h

igh

elev

atio

ns

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Incr

ease

het

erog

enei

ty th

roug

h pr

escr

ibed

fire

Con

duct

fire

beh

avio

r an

d sp

atia

l m

odel

ing

to id

entif

y hi

gh-p

rior

ity a

reas

to

bre

ak u

p or

mai

ntai

n fu

els

Man

age

vege

tatio

n th

roug

h si

lvic

ultu

ral m

eans

(p

resc

ribe

d fir

e, th

inni

ng, d

aylig

htin

g/ra

dial

thin

ning

)

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Su

ppor

tive

wild

land

-urb

an in

terf

ace

(WU

I) ar

eas;

wild

erne

ss a

reas

, roa

dles

s ar

eas;

larg

e co

ntin

uous

pat

ches

All

land

s, a

cros

s ju

risd

ictio

nal

boun

dari

es; h

igh-

valu

e ar

eas

and

high

est r

isk

com

pari

son

Hig

h-va

lue

area

s

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Stan

ley

Wild

fire

Col

labo

rativ

e; F

arm

Bill

pr

ovis

ions

Sam

e as

abo

ve--

-

Com

men

tsN

ote

diffe

renc

es a

nd c

halle

nges

by

elev

atio

n, a

nd b

y w

ilder

ness

ver

sus

non-

wild

erne

ss v

ersu

s W

UI

Cal

ibra

tion

in m

odel

s to

acc

omm

odat

e ob

serv

ed a

nd fu

ture

fire

beh

avio

rA

cces

s, a

s w

ell a

s fu

ndin

g, m

ay b

e a

key

chal

leng

e;

need

to c

onsi

der

high

-val

ue h

abita

t for

spe

cies

(lyn

x am

endm

ent)

that

req

uire

hig

h-el

evat

ion

fore

st

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Mor

e ar

ea w

ill b

urn

over

a lo

nger

fire

sea

son

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se a

nd m

aint

ain

mod

erat

e fir

e da

nger

con

ditio

ns o

n th

e la

ndsc

ape

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Incr

ease

edu

catio

n to

pub

lic o

n th

e ro

le o

f fir

e on

the

land

scap

e (fi

re to

day

coul

d sa

ve

your

hom

e to

mor

row

)

Rev

ise

Fore

st P

lan

to in

corp

orat

e m

anag

ed

fire

for

reso

urce

obj

ectiv

esLi

mit

pote

ntia

l for

inva

sive

est

ablis

hmen

t th

at m

ay in

crea

se w

ith in

crea

sed

fire

thro

ugh

pret

reat

men

ts a

nd p

osttr

eatm

ents

, wee

d co

ntro

l, an

d m

onito

ring

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

cros

s th

e re

gion

Fire

-ada

pted

land

scap

es (i

.e.,

nativ

e pl

ant

com

mun

ities

, see

d so

urce

s, m

ultip

le a

ge

clas

ses

to m

aint

ain

dive

rsity

, hom

es w

ith

defe

nsib

le s

pace

)

Tran

sitio

n zo

nes

betw

een

diffe

rent

eco

type

s;

sout

h-fa

cing

slo

pes;

alo

ng r

oad

corr

idor

s; h

igh-

elev

atio

n gr

azin

g; c

ampg

roun

ds

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Use

fore

st c

oalit

ions

and

col

labo

rativ

es,

fire

prot

ectio

n di

stri

cts

and

coop

erat

ors,

Id

aho

Con

serv

atio

n Le

ague

, The

Nat

ure

Con

serv

ancy

(TN

C)

Use

fore

st c

oalit

ions

and

col

labo

rativ

es, fi

re

prot

ectio

n di

stri

cts

and

coop

erat

ors,

Idah

o C

onse

rvat

ion

Leag

ue, T

NC

Inva

sive

spe

cies

pro

gram

man

ager

s, n

ativ

e pl

ant a

nd s

eed

soci

etie

s, r

esea

rche

rs

Com

men

tsC

halle

nges

: sm

oke,

out

reac

h de

liver

y to

the

publ

icN

eed

to a

void

neg

ativ

e ef

fect

s on

oth

er

reso

urce

s (i.

e., w

ater

qua

lity)



Tabl

e 9A

.2 (

cont

inue

d)—

Ecol

ogic

al d

istu

rban

ce a

dapt

atio

n op

tions

dev

elop

ed a

t the

Sou

ther

n G

reat

er Y

ello

wst

one

subr

egio

n w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Inv

asiv

e in

sect

s w

ill li

kely

con

tinue

to a

ffect

nat

ive

tree

s in

the

futu

re.

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se r

esili

ence

and

res

ista

nce

of tr

ees

to in

vasi

ve in

sect

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Dev

elop

an

inte

grat

ed p

est m

anag

emen

t st

rate

gy, i

nclu

ding

iden

tifyi

ng in

sect

-re

sist

ant s

eed

(bal

sam

woo

lly a

delg

id)

Iden

tify

curr

ent a

nd p

roje

cted

dis

trib

utio

n of

ba

lsam

woo

lly a

delg

id a

nd o

ther

spe

cies

Id

entif

y an

d m

onito

r ot

her

nonn

ativ

e, in

vasi

ve

inse

cts

(i.e.

, spr

uce

aphi

d, s

pruc

e fir

loop

er) n

ot

curr

ently

pre

sent

in th

e re

gion

but

that

may

be

a fu

ture

ris

k

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Tr

ue fi

r co

mm

uniti

es: s

ubal

pine

True

fir

com

mun

ities

; reg

ionw

ide;

are

as

whe

re lo

ss o

f sub

alpi

ne fi

r w

ould

be

ecol

ogic

ally

sig

nific

ant

Reg

ionw

ide

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Bio

logi

cal a

nd in

sect

icid

e co

ntro

ls;

phen

otyp

ic a

nd g

enot

ypic

see

d id

entifi

catio

n an

d co

llect

ion;

tree

gen

e co

nser

vatio

n an

d di

vers

ity; p

ossi

bly

inco

rpor

ate

into

pro

ject

-lev

el fo

rest

do

cum

ents

/gui

delin

es; F

arm

Bill

land

scap

e-le

vel a

naly

ses

Net

wor

k of

mon

itore

d pl

ots

to id

entif

y co

nnec

tions

bet

wee

n in

sect

s an

d w

ildfir

e;

rese

arch

com

mun

ity, F

ores

t Ser

vice

Pac

ific

Nor

thw

est R

esea

rch

Stat

ion,

fire

eco

logi

sts,

en

tom

olog

ists

APH

IS, d

etec

tion

and

mon

itori

ng p

rogr

ams,

in

vasi

ve a

nd d

isea

se a

ctio

n pl

ans

that

pri

oriti

ze

targ

ets

for

rapi

d re

spon

se

Com

men

tsA

lread

y pr

esen

t in

the

regi

on a

nd d

istri

butio

n is

cur

rent

ly c

limat

e-lim

ited

but m

ay e

xpan

d ra

nge

unde

r war

min

g co

nditi

ons

Sout

hwes

tern

spe

cies

that

may

exp

and

rang

e in

to r

egio

n an

d m

ay s

tres

s tr

ees

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Dis

turb

ance

s m

ay in

tera

ct to

affe

ct p

ostd

istu

rban

ce p

roce

sses

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se p

ostd

istu

rban

ce p

lann

ing,

man

agem

ent,

and

impl

emen

tatio

n

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Cre

ate

a st

rate

gy a

nd c

rite

ria

to p

rior

itize

ar

eas

that

are

mor

e lik

ely

to r

ecov

er (i

.e.,

criti

cal h

abita

ts, p

opul

atio

n se

rved

by

dist

urbe

d ha

bita

t, re

cove

ry li

kelih

ood)

Prom

ote

clim

ate-

adap

ted

spec

ies

(i.e.

, di

stur

banc

e re

sist

ant o

r re

silie

nt) a

nd

geno

type

s; b

uild

see

d ba

nks

for

habi

tats

that

do

not

exi

st o

n th

e la

ndsc

ape

yet

Iden

tify

site

s m

ore

susc

eptib

le to

com

poun

ding

di

stur

banc

es (i

.e.,

dry

fuel

load

s +

bee

tle

kills

+ in

vasi

ves

+ g

eolo

gic

haza

rd);

mon

itor

occu

rren

ce a

nd p

rior

itize

see

d so

urce

s to

pr

eser

ve s

ome

site

s; c

ondu

ct s

patia

l map

ping

of

site

s ac

ross

land

scap

e; im

plem

ent p

roac

tive

trea

tmen

ts o

f are

as m

ore

resi

stan

t to

dist

urba

nce

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?D

istu

rbed

are

asM

ay n

eed

to c

onsi

der

plan

ting

in w

ilder

ness

---

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

See

Terr

ebon

ne P

aris

h, L

ouis

iana

exa

mpl

e of

sys

tem

atic

pri

oriti

zatio

n of

site

s fo

r re

stor

atio

n

Dou

glas

-fir;

incl

uded

in B

urne

d A

rea

Emer

genc

y R

espo

nse

proc

ess

Fore

st In

vent

ory

and

Ana

lysi

s ne

twor

k of

plo

ts to

lo

ok a

t com

poun

ding

dis

turb

ance

s; R

esea

rch

Com

men

tsIm

pact

s of

“no

act

ion”

opt

ion

post

dist

urba

nce;

ada

ptiv

e an

d fle

xibl

e st

rate

gies

and

crit

eria

und

er fu

ture

con

ditio

ns

Cha

lleng

es o

f see

d tr

ansl

ocat

ion

polic

ies

---



Tabl

e 9A

.3—

Ecol

ogic

al d

istu

rban

ce a

dapt

atio

n op

tions

dev

elop

ed a

t the

Uin

tas

and

Was

atch

Fro

nt s

ubre

gion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Inc

reas

ed m

orta

lity

due

to b

ark

beet

les

will

occ

ur in

a w

arm

ing

clim

ate

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se r

esis

tanc

e an

d re

silie

nce

to b

eetle

s in

sta

nds

and

land

scap

es

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Man

age

for

age-

and

siz

e-cl

ass

dive

rsity

Prot

ect h

igh-

valu

e ar

eas

by tr

ap tr

ee

felli

ng, b

eetle

trap

s, s

pray

ing,

red

uctio

n of

ba

sal a

rea,

bee

tle r

isk

ratin

g, e

tc.

Man

age

for

spec

ies

dive

rsity

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?H

igh-

valu

e la

ndsc

apes

with

low

siz

e-cl

ass

dive

rsity

Hig

h-va

lue

area

sH

igh-

valu

e la

ndsc

apes

with

low

spe

cies

di

vers

ity (e

spec

ially

in m

onot

ypic

are

as)

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Mer

chan

tabl

e tim

ber

area

s; n

eed

mar

kets

to p

ay

for

trea

tmen

ts; t

his

may

dep

end

on s

peci

es, q

ualit

y (s

ize,

form

)

Nea

r ca

mpg

roun

ds, o

ther

infr

astr

uctu

re,

wild

land

-urb

an in

terf

ace

(WU

I)In

fore

st-t

ype

tran

sitio

n ar

eas

Com

men

tsTi

min

g, p

ublic

edu

catio

n, r

ight

act

iviti

es, r

ight

pl

aces

Mai

nten

ance

nec

essa

ry; t

imin

g is

im

port

ant;

need

to m

onito

r be

etle

po

pula

tions

to k

now

whe

n to

take

act

ion

May

pro

vide

opp

ortu

nitie

s fo

r as

sist

ed

mig

ratio

n

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Mor

e w

ildfir

es w

ill o

ccur

with

war

mer

, dri

er c

ondi

tions

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: R

educ

e th

e ad

vers

e ef

fect

s of

fire

in th

e W

UI a

nd o

ther

non

-neg

otia

ble

valu

es w

hile

allo

win

g fir

e to

pla

y a

natu

ral r

ole

on th

e la

ndsc

ape

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Iden

tify,

pri

oriti

ze, a

nd p

rote

ct v

alue

s at

ris

k;

prog

ram

s as

sess

val

ues

and

dete

rmin

e be

st

prot

ectio

n ac

tions

Red

uce

fuel

s in

sys

tem

atic

loca

tions

; som

e tr

eatm

ents

may

be

out o

f nat

ural

ran

ge

of v

aria

tion

to p

rote

ct v

alue

s; s

trat

egic

pl

acem

ent o

f fue

ls tr

eatm

ents

to m

anag

e fo

r w

ildfir

e in

an

ecol

ogic

ally

app

ropr

iate

w

ay d

epen

ding

on

vege

tatio

n ty

pes

Dev

elop

com

mun

icat

ions

str

ateg

y to

de

term

ine

wha

t nee

ds to

hap

pen

whe

re,

and

befo

re fi

res

occu

r (e

.g.,

need

to

know

whe

n it

is a

ccep

tabl

e to

let fi

res

cros

s bo

unda

ries

and

whe

n it

is n

ot);

all

part

ners

nee

d to

be

invo

lved

—it

is n

ot ju

st

a Fo

rest

Ser

vice

or

Fede

ral p

robl

em

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?N

eeds

to b

e do

ne a

t nat

iona

l for

est l

evel

as

it w

ill b

e di

ctat

ed b

y lo

cal n

eeds

; for

exa

mpl

e, a

ca

mpg

roun

d m

ay r

equi

re p

reve

ntio

n ed

ucat

ion

or “

hard

enin

g st

rate

gies

” (fi

repr

oof s

truc

ture

s);

isol

ated

com

mun

ities

in h

igh-

risk

loca

tions

may

re

quir

e w

ell-

deve

lope

d co

mm

unic

atio

n st

rate

gies

WU

I; st

rate

gic

loca

tions

; loo

k at

m

anag

emen

t bou

ndar

ies

(wild

erne

ss),

topo

grap

hy, d

omin

ant w

inds

Nee

ds to

be

an a

ll-la

nds

appr

oach

: C

ount

ies,

Sta

tes,

res

iden

ts, B

urea

u of

Lan

d M

anag

emen

t, N

atio

nal P

ark

Serv

ice,

etc

.; fo

r Fo

rest

Ser

vice

, bot

h fo

rest

s an

d di

stri

cts

need

to b

e in

volv

ed

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Nat

iona

l for

est l

evel

; For

est P

lans

; site

-spe

cific

N

atio

nal E

nvir

onm

enta

l Pol

icy

Act

ana

lysi

s;

iden

tify

valu

es w

ith n

on-F

ores

t Ser

vice

sta

keho

lder

s

Coo

rdin

atio

n be

twee

n Fu

els/

Fire

and

all

othe

r re

sour

ce m

anag

ers;

coo

rdin

atio

n w

ith lo

cal a

genc

ies,

priv

ate

sect

or, e

tc.

Bui

ld o

ff pr

inci

ples

of N

atio

nal C

ohes

ive

Wild

land

Fir

e M

anag

emen

t Str

ateg

y; th

is

is u

nder

way

alr

eady

Com

men

tsN

eed

long

-ter

m p

lan

for

fuel

s m

anag

emen

t an

d m

aint

enan

ce; w

hat i

s be

st w

ay to

pr

otec

t the

res

ourc

e/va

lue?

If pl

anne

d ah

ead

of ti

me,

fire

(and

the

fund

ing)

can

be

used

in a

str

ateg

ic w

ay to

im

prov

e ec

olog

ical

and

oth

er c

ondi

tions

, an

d pu

blic

per

cept

ion

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g



Tabl

e 9A

.3 (

cont

inue

d)—

Ecol

ogic

al d

istu

rban

ce a

dapt

atio

n op

tions

dev

elop

ed a

t the

Uin

tas

and

Was

atch

Fro

nt s

ubre

gion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Hig

h-w

ater

eve

nts

will

occ

ur w

ith h

ighe

r in

tens

ity a

nd fr

eque

ncy

and

with

diff

eren

t tim

ing

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: Id

entif

y an

d pr

iori

tize

thre

aten

ed v

alue

s (in

fras

truc

ture

and

eco

logi

cal)

and

miti

gatio

n ac

tiviti

es

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Mov

e it;

for

exam

ple,

mov

e ca

mpg

roun

d ou

t of

flood

plai

nM

odify

it; f

or e

xam

ple,

rep

lace

low

-flow

cu

lver

t with

larg

er c

ulve

rt; fl

oodp

roof

ca

mpg

roun

d st

ruct

ures

; inc

reas

e ro

ughn

ess

to r

educ

e ve

loci

ty a

nd im

prov

e sa

fe s

ites

for

desi

red

spec

ies

duri

ng fl

oods

Forg

et it

; for

exa

mpl

e, p

erm

anen

t or

seas

onal

clo

sure

s of

cam

pgro

und;

no

new

str

uctu

res

in fl

oodp

lain

s to

allo

w fo

r na

tura

l cha

nnel

mov

emen

t

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?St

ream

and

wat

erw

ay c

orri

dors

; whe

re th

ere

are

safe

ty c

once

rns

or v

ery

econ

omic

ally

impo

rtan

t va

lues

Stre

am a

nd w

ater

way

cor

rido

rs; w

here

th

ere

are

safe

ty c

once

rns

or v

ery

econ

omic

ally

impo

rtan

t val

ues

Stre

am a

nd w

ater

way

cor

rido

rs; w

here

th

ere

are

safe

ty c

once

rns;

low

er p

rior

ity

area

s

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Whe

re th

ere

is o

verl

ap in

val

ues

with

par

tner

ag

enci

es th

at h

ave

fund

ing

Engi

neer

to m

ore

extr

eme

even

ts (f

rom

50

-yea

r flo

od s

peci

ficat

ions

to 5

00-y

ear

flood

)

Whe

reve

r Fo

rest

Ser

vice

iden

tifies

a

low

er p

rior

ity a

nd w

here

par

tner

ship

op

port

uniti

es a

re li

mite

d

Com

men

ts--

---

-Pu

blic

com

mun

icat

ion

and

feed

back

will

be

issu

e; p

ublic

may

not

see

how

thes

e is

sues

affe

ct th

eir

valu

es u

ntil

flood

occ

urs



Tabl

e 9A

.4—

Ecol

ogic

al d

istu

rban

ce a

dapt

atio

n op

tions

dev

elop

ed a

t the

Sou

ther

n G

reat

Bas

in a

nd S

emi D

eser

t sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Mor

e fir

e w

ill o

ccur

on

the

land

scap

e

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: T

o pr

otec

t val

ues

on th

e la

ndsc

ape,

allo

w fo

r m

ore

man

aged

fire

to r

educ

e av

aila

ble

fuel

load

ings

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Dev

elop

und

erst

andi

ng o

r pr

oduc

ts th

at h

elp

man

ager

s an

d lin

e of

ficer

s m

ake

deci

sion

s on

man

agin

g lo

ng-d

urat

ion

fires

; inc

orpo

rate

in

form

atio

n le

arne

d in

to th

e W

ildla

nd F

ire

Dec

isio

n Su

ppor

t Sys

tem

Util

ize

a ri

sk-b

enefi

t mod

el to

iden

tify

key

loca

tions

whe

re fu

els

mod

ifica

tions

wou

ld

bene

fit th

e po

tent

ial u

se o

f man

aged

fire

(b

asic

ally

a fi

re b

ehav

ior

mod

elin

g ex

erci

se)

Find

opp

ortu

nitie

s to

wor

k w

ith p

artn

ers

to e

xpan

d us

e of

nat

ural

fire

igni

tions

(d

evel

op g

reat

er s

uppo

rt n

etw

ork

of

colla

bora

tors

)

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

nyw

here

on

the

land

scap

eA

ll of

our

fire

-pro

ne la

ndsc

apes

La

nds

adja

cent

to lo

cal c

omm

uniti

es

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Opp

ortu

nitie

s m

ay a

t firs

t be

limite

d, b

ut th

e ho

pe is

that

the

avai

labl

e la

ndsc

ape

open

s up

th

roug

h tim

e

Alig

n w

ith o

ther

land

man

agem

ent a

ctiv

ities

or

othe

r co

llabo

rativ

e ef

fort

s; w

here

it w

ould

hel

p m

ove

tow

ard

desi

red

cond

ition

Dev

elop

opp

ortu

nitie

s w

here

ther

e is

al

ignm

ent i

n th

e la

ndsc

apes

and

soc

ial

acce

ptan

ce o

r w

illin

gnes

s to

sup

port

the

use

of fi

re

Com

men

tsG

oal o

f thi

s is

to b

ette

r ar

ticul

ate

the

bene

fits

of m

anag

ing

a fir

e ev

ent n

ow v

ersu

s pu

tting

it

off t

o th

e fu

ture

and

bal

anci

ng th

e ec

olog

ical

an

d so

cial

ben

efits

of fi

re

Goa

l is

to p

rior

itize

and

iden

tify

key

stra

tegi

c lo

catio

ns fo

r fu

els

trea

tmen

t tha

t wou

ld e

nhan

ce

the

abili

ty to

man

age

natu

ral i

gniti

ons

Goa

l is

to b

uild

loca

l sup

port

for

fire

on th

e la

ndsc

ape

and

to d

evel

op a

nd

reco

gniz

e th

e be

nefit

s an

d ri

sks

that

can

be

rea

lized

; use

this

to h

elp

info

rm fi

re

man

agem

ent d

ecis

ionm

akin

g

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Inc

reas

ed s

tres

s on

ran

gela

nd r

esou

rces

will

occ

ur d

ue to

less

fora

ge p

rodu

ctio

n ca

pabi

lity

from

man

aged

and

unm

anag

ed

ungu

late

use

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: L

ook

for

optio

ns to

impr

ove

rang

e co

nditi

on

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Look

at o

ptio

ns fo

r ch

angi

ng tu

rnou

t dat

es to

ca

ptur

e th

e gr

een-

up p

hase

of c

heat

gras

s Ex

plor

e op

tions

for

assi

sted

mig

ratio

n of

so

uthe

rn g

rass

es, t

hrou

gh e

ither

see

d zo

ne

mod

ifica

tions

or

enha

ncem

ent o

f gen

etic

dri

ft (h

ybri

diza

tion)

In a

col

labo

rativ

e se

tting

, exp

lore

opt

ions

to

rea

ch o

ptim

al fe

ral h

orse

num

bers

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Lo

catio

ns th

at h

ave

abun

dant

che

atgr

ass

and

that

do

not h

ave

othe

r is

sues

(e.g

., th

reat

ened

an

d en

dang

ered

spe

cies

)

Are

as o

f cri

tical

hab

itat

Are

as o

f cri

tical

hab

itat

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

May

hav

e lim

ited

optio

ns

Focu

s on

favo

rabl

e cl

imat

e si

tuat

ions

or

suita

ble

habi

tats

for

succ

ess

Rem

ain

oppo

rtun

istic

on

loca

tions

whe

re

coop

erat

ors

wou

ld b

e in

tere

sted

Com

men

tsG

oal i

s to

cap

ture

the

ecos

yste

m s

ervi

ce;

may

be

a to

ol to

hel

p w

ith th

e co

nver

sion

to

nativ

e sp

ecie

s

Goa

l is

to im

prov

e th

e dr

ough

t and

gra

zing

to

lera

nce

of r

ange

fora

ge s

peci

esTh

is is

a c

ontr

over

sial

topi

c bu

t an

impo

rtan

t con

side

ratio

n w

hen

thin

king

ab

out l

ong-

term

man

agem

ent o

f bot

h th

e ho

rses

and

nat

ive

spec

ies



Appendix 10—Terrestrial Animal Adaptation Options Developed for the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership Region

The following tables describe climate change sensitivities and adaptation strategies and tactics for terrestrial animals, developed in a series of workshops as a part of the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership (IAP). Tables are organized by subregion within the IAP. See Chapter 14 for summary tables and discussion of adaptation options for terrestrial animals.



Tabl

e 10

A.1

—Te

rres

tria

l ani

mal

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he M

iddl

e R

ocki

es s

ubre

gion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Foo

d w

eb a

nd n

utri

ent fl

ows

will

be

affe

cted

by

chan

ging

clim

ate

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

aint

ain

resi

lient

flow

, sed

imen

tatio

n, a

nd th

erm

al r

egim

es

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Tact

ics

Red

uce

fine

sedi

men

tatio

n an

d su

bstr

ate

embe

dded

ness

Res

tore

ana

drom

ous

fish

runs

(or

carc

ass

anal

ogs)

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?B

asin

s w

ith h

igh

road

den

sity

and

whe

re r

oads

are

di

rect

ly a

djac

ent t

o st

ream

cha

nnel

sFo

rmer

ana

drom

ous

fish

habi

tats

whe

re m

igra

tions

are

blo

cked

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

---

Fish

pas

sage

pas

t dam

that

pre

clud

es m

igra

tions

Com

men

tsM

itiga

te a

dver

se e

ffect

s of

sed

imen

tatio

n on

m

acro

inve

rteb

rate

com

mun

ities

---

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Col

oniz

atio

n an

d ex

pans

ion

of in

vasi

ve s

peci

es m

ay o

ccur

with

clim

ate

chan

ge

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

onito

r fo

r in

vasi

ve s

peci

es a

nd s

uppr

ess/

elim

inat

e/co

ntro

l pop

ulat

ions

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Envi

ronm

enta

l DN

A (e

DN

A) m

onito

ring

for

earl

y de

tect

ion

of r

iver

and

str

eam

inva

sion

s.R

educ

e or

sup

pres

s br

ook

trou

t po

pula

tions

barr

iers

that

pre

vent

acc

ess

to in

vasi

on o

r in

vasi

on o

f con

serv

atio

n po

pula

tions

in

head

wat

ers

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?H

igh-

valu

e po

pula

tions

that

are

thou

ght t

o be

at

sig

nific

ant r

isk

of in

vasi

onH

eadw

ater

lake

s th

at a

ct a

s so

urce

po

pula

tions

; sm

all,

isol

ated

str

eam

s w

here

co

mpl

ete

erad

icat

ion

is p

ossi

ble

Sout

hern

por

tions

of I

AP

regi

on w

here

st

ream

hab

itats

are

sm

alle

r an

d m

ore

frag

men

ted

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

---

Prio

ritiz

e am

ong

hund

reds

(tho

usan

ds?)

of

hea

dwat

er s

trea

ms

and

lake

s ac

ross

the

IAP

regi

on

Smal

l hea

dwat

er s

trea

ms

whe

re b

arri

er

cons

truc

tion

is c

ost e

ffect

ive

and

poss

ible

Com

men

tsC

osts

of e

DN

A s

ampl

ing

are

low

eno

ugh

to

mak

e th

is b

road

ly a

pplic

able

Expe

nsiv

e an

d ri

sky

to im

plem

ent;

publ

ic

supp

ort n

eede

d fo

r su

cces

s.Le

ss u

sefu

l tac

tic in

are

as w

ith

anad

rom

ous

spec

ies

or fl

uvia

l pop

ulat

ions

of

bul

l tro

ut o

r cu

tthro

at tr

out



Tabl

e 10

A.1

(co

ntin

ued)

—Te

rres

tria

l ani

mal

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he M

iddl

e R

ocki

es s

ubre

gion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Col

oniz

atio

n an

d ex

pans

ion

of in

vasi

ve s

peci

es m

ay o

ccur

with

clim

ate

chan

ge (c

ontin

ued)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

onito

r fo

r in

vasi

ve s

peci

es a

nd s

uppr

ess/

elim

inat

e/co

ntro

l pop

ulat

ions

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

DSp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– E

Tact

ics

Impl

emen

t mon

itori

ng a

nd b

oat i

nspe

ctio

n pr

ogra

ms

to

dete

ct in

vasi

ve m

usse

l and

aqu

atic

pla

nts

spec

ies

in la

kes

befo

re p

opul

atio

ns a

re e

stab

lishe

d

Con

duct

ear

ly-i

n-lif

e ed

ucat

ion

and

educ

ate

duri

ng th

e in

itial

st

ages

of i

nvas

ion

(pro

activ

e cr

isis

ave

rsio

n)

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?St

ate

bord

ers

and

near

-lak

e ac

cess

poi

nts

(e.g

., Sa

wto

oth

NF)

(e.g

., 10

0th

Para

llel I

nitia

tive)

Scho

ols

(e.g

., Tr

out U

nlim

ited’

s Tro

ut in

the

Cla

ssro

om)

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Nea

r hi

gh-v

alue

res

ourc

es w

here

fund

ing

mak

es

addi

tiona

l sta

ffing

pos

sibl

eEa

rly

life

expe

rien

ces

to c

reat

e st

rong

neg

ativ

e at

titud

es to

war

d in

vasi

ve s

peci

es a

nd te

ach

valu

e of

nat

ive

spec

ies

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Nat

ive

spec

ies

dist

ribu

tions

will

shi

ft, a

nd c

omm

unity

rea

lignm

ents

will

occ

ur w

ith c

hang

ing

clim

ate

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: C

ondu

ct b

iodi

vers

ity s

urve

ys to

des

crib

e cu

rren

t bas

elin

e co

nditi

ons

and

man

age

dist

ribu

tion

shift

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Form

aliz

e, e

xpan

d, a

nd s

tand

ardi

ze

biol

ogic

al m

onito

ring

pro

gram

s (e

.g.,

Man

agem

ent I

ndic

ator

Spe

cies

)

Use

mod

ern,

low

-cos

t tec

hnol

ogie

s su

ch

as e

DN

A/D

NA

bar

codi

ng a

nd d

igita

l ph

otop

oint

s

Impl

emen

t ass

iste

d m

igra

tions

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?St

ream

s, r

iver

s, la

kes

thro

ugho

ut IA

P re

gion

Stre

ams,

riv

ers,

lake

s th

roug

hout

IAP

regi

onSu

itabl

e bu

t cur

rent

ly u

nocc

upie

d ha

bita

ts; c

onsi

der

habi

tats

out

side

of

hist

oric

al r

ange

(e.g

., no

rthe

rn e

xten

t of

spe

cies

dis

trib

utio

ns) i

n ad

ditio

n to

hi

stor

ical

ran

ge

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

---

---

Clim

ate

Shie

ld fi

sh m

odel

can

be

used

to

iden

tify

high

-pro

babi

lity

habi

tats

; eD

NA

use

d to

con

firm

spe

cies

pre

senc

e or

abs

ence

; the

n m

ove

fish

into

hig

h-

prob

abili

ty a

reas

bas

ed o

n cu

rren

t and

fu

ture

clim

ate

fore

cast

s

Com

men

tsB

oise

NF,

Saw

toot

h N

F, a

nd S

alm

on-

Cha

llis

NF

have

rot

atin

g pa

nel m

onito

ring

de

sign

s th

at p

rovi

de g

ood

tem

plat

es

beca

use

broa

d-sc

ale

stat

us a

nd lo

cal t

rend

in

form

atio

n is

rep

rese

nted

New

gen

omic

tech

niqu

es a

nd

tech

nolo

gies

are

inex

pens

ive

and

mak

e br

oad

appl

icat

ions

mor

e fe

asib

le th

an

prev

ious

ly

This

is a

con

trov

ersi

al ta

ctic

and

car

e is

ne

eded

to d

o it

prop

erly

; if t

hrea

tene

d an

d en

dang

ered

spe

cies

are

pre

sent

, th

ere

are

perm

ittin

g pr

oced

ures

that

m

ust b

e fo

llow

ed; c

onsi

dera

tions

abo

ut

whe

ther

the

syst

em h

ad fi

sh h

isto

rica

lly

or n

ot (e

.g.,

geol

ogic

bar

rier

s to

sui

tabl

e ha

bita

ts);

if it

is a

list

ed s

peci

es, w

e m

ay

need

to d

esig

nate

it a

s an

“ex

peri

men

tal

popu

latio

n” to

be

polit

ical

ly fe

asib

le



Tabl

e 10

A.1

(co

ntin

ued)

—Te

rres

tria

l ani

mal

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he M

iddl

e R

ocki

es s

ubre

gion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Nat

ive

spec

ies

dist

ribu

tions

will

shi

ft, a

nd c

omm

unity

rea

lignm

ents

will

occ

ur w

ith c

hang

ing

clim

ate

(con

tinue

d)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: C

ondu

ct b

iodi

vers

ity s

urve

ys to

des

crib

e cu

rren

t bas

elin

e co

nditi

ons

and

man

age

dist

ribu

tion

shift

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

DSp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– E

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

F

Tact

ics

Use

dig

ital t

echn

olog

y in

dat

a co

llect

ion

and

data

base

upl

oads

Stre

amlin

e an

d in

tegr

ate

field

cre

w d

ata

colle

ctio

n pr

otoc

ols

Fully

util

ize

exis

ting

corp

orat

e da

taba

ses

and

lega

cy d

atas

ets

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Ev

eryw

here

Ever

ywhe

reEv

eryw

here

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Fiel

d co

mpu

ters

for

reco

rdin

g da

ta

digi

tally

in s

tand

ardi

zed

form

ats

One

cre

w m

easu

res

mul

tiple

par

amet

ers

inst

ead

of fi

ve c

rew

s m

easu

ring

one

pa

ram

eter

File

cab

inet

s ne

ed to

be

open

ed a

nd

tech

nici

ans

assi

gned

to d

ata

entr

y ta

sk;

huge

val

ue a

dded

by

mak

ing

exis

ting

data

sets

usa

ble

Com

men

tsTe

chni

cal s

uppo

rt s

taff

mem

bers

are

ke

y an

d ne

ed to

be

wel

l int

egra

ted

with

re

sour

ce e

xper

ts

Cou

ld s

ome

terr

estr

ial a

nd a

quat

ic

para

met

ers

be m

easu

red

by s

ame

crew

s?



Tabl

e 10

A.2

—Te

rres

tria

l ani

mal

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he S

outh

ern

Gre

ater

Yel

low

ston

e su

breg

ion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd fi

re r

egim

e sh

ifts

will

affe

ct p

ersi

sten

ce o

f mid

- an

d la

te-s

ucce

ssio

nal s

ageb

rush

(affe

ctin

g sa

ge-g

rous

e, s

age

thra

sher

, Bre

wer

’s sp

arro

w, p

ygm

y ra

bbit)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: D

eter

min

e m

ost a

ppro

pria

te m

anag

emen

t str

ateg

ies

to r

educ

e co

nife

r en

croa

chm

ent

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Det

erm

ine

whe

ther

futu

re fi

re is

mov

ing

tow

ard

or

away

from

his

tori

cal r

egim

e; w

here

we

susp

ect fi

re

regi

mes

are

dep

arte

d fr

om h

isto

rica

l, al

low

wild

fires

to

burn

for

reso

urce

ben

efit

Use

mec

hani

cal m

eans

to

redu

ce p

inyo

n-ju

nipe

r; u

se fi

re

to im

prov

e ha

bita

t for

fire

-po

sitiv

e sp

ecie

s

Con

side

r fu

ture

clim

ate

enve

lope

s of

sag

ebru

sh

whe

n de

term

inin

g ac

tion

(avo

id in

vest

men

t in

man

agin

g fo

r sa

gebr

ush

whe

re it

is u

nlik

ely

to

pers

ist)

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

reas

that

do

not h

ave

sage

-gro

use

habi

tat a

nd w

here

th

ere

are

few

con

cern

s ab

out i

nvas

ive

spec

ies

Mec

hani

cal t

reat

men

t whe

re

pres

crib

ed fi

re c

anno

t be

used

Enga

ge r

esto

ratio

n ef

fort

s an

d fu

ture

inve

stm

ents

fo

r sa

gebr

ush

whe

re fu

ture

clim

ate

is li

kely

to

sup

port

sag

ebru

sh c

omm

uniti

es; e

stab

lish

alte

rnat

ive

plan

s fo

r ar

eas

not l

ikel

y to

sup

port

pe

rsis

tent

sag

ebru

sh

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Are

as w

here

nat

ural

igni

tion

occu

rs; c

ondi

tion

(con

ifers

enc

roac

hing

?) a

nd c

omm

unity

type

(e.g

., m

ount

ain

sage

brus

h) w

ill d

eter

min

e w

heth

er fi

re w

ill

bene

fit

Alr

eady

app

rove

d ta

ctic

for

pres

crib

ed fi

re b

ased

on

prec

ipita

tion;

fire

for

>12

inch

es

diam

eter

; onl

y m

echa

nica

l for

<

12 in

ches

Con

side

r ut

ility

of l

ands

cape

app

roac

h an

d se

ek

coop

erat

ors

Com

men

tsTr

adeo

ff be

twee

n fir

e an

d pi

nyon

-jun

iper

en

croa

chm

ent;

incr

ease

d fir

e is

not

alw

ays

nega

tive

(e.g

., m

ount

ain

sage

brus

h); c

onsi

der

impl

icat

ions

of

incr

ease

d fir

e fo

r in

vasi

ve s

peci

es

---

Pote

ntia

lly e

ngag

e B

urea

u of

Lan

d M

anag

emen

t in

bur

ning

and

see

ding

act

iviti

es



Tabl

e 10

A.2

(co

ntin

ued)

—Te

rres

tria

l ani

mal

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he S

outh

ern

Gre

ater

Yel

low

ston

e su

breg

ion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge w

ill h

ave

nega

tive

effe

cts

on a

mph

ibia

ns (y

ello

w-l

egge

d fr

ogs,

Col

umbi

an s

potte

d fr

ogs,

bor

eal t

oad)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

aint

ain

inte

grity

and

qua

lity

of r

emai

ning

hab

itats

or

habi

tats

that

may

bec

ome

suita

ble

as te

mpe

ratu

res

incr

ease

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Man

age

for

othe

r re

late

d st

ress

ors:

M

aint

ain

heal

thy

fore

sts,

ran

gela

nd,

ripa

rian

hab

itat n

ear

curr

ent o

r fu

ture

co

re h

abita

ts; c

onsi

der

land

use

(e.g

., ro

ad c

once

ntra

tion)

Res

tore

bea

vers

and

asp

en; p

rovi

de w

oody

bro

wse

; co

nsid

er r

esto

ring

will

owM

inim

ize

dive

rsio

n of

flow

thro

ugh

wat

er r

ange

impr

ovem

ent

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?C

ore

area

s id

entifi

ed th

roug

h re

cent

B

ridg

er-T

eton

cap

able

hab

itat m

odel

ing

exer

cise

and

inve

ntor

y w

ork

1. D

eter

min

ed th

roug

h m

odel

ing

exer

cise

s of

whe

re b

eave

r ha

ve o

ccur

red

(e.g

., se

dim

enta

tion

stud

ies)

2. D

eter

min

e w

here

it w

ould

be

soci

ally

acc

epta

ble

to

rein

trod

uce

beav

er (e

.g.,

prev

ent u

ndes

ired

con

sequ

ence

s su

ch a

s flo

odin

g of

cam

pgro

und)

and

res

tore

asp

en3.

Det

erm

ine

whe

re a

spen

res

tora

tion

mig

ht b

e fe

asib

le4.

Pri

oriti

ze o

n ar

eas

that

may

rep

rese

nt fu

ture

hab

itat

As

dete

rmin

ed in

tact

ics

A (c

ore

area

s) a

nd B

(fea

sibl

e ar

eas)

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Det

erm

ine

oppo

rtun

ities

thro

ugh

addi

tiona

l mod

elin

g ex

erci

ses

to

dete

rmin

e fu

ture

hab

itat (

e.g.

, hig

her

elev

atio

n)

Col

labo

rate

with

ong

oing

bea

ver

rest

orat

ion

proj

ect;

colla

bora

te w

ith o

ngoi

ng a

spen

res

tora

tion

effo

rts

(ong

oing

w

ith m

any

part

ners

); co

nsis

tent

with

Pla

nnin

g R

ule

that

ta

lks

abou

t nat

ural

ran

ge o

f var

iatio

n; a

ddre

ss th

is ta

ctic

in

the

Bri

dger

-Tet

on F

ores

t Pla

n re

visi

on p

roce

ss.

Star

t with

any

new

ran

ge

impr

ovem

ents

or

othe

r w

ater

de

velo

pmen

ts; a

reas

whe

re w

e ar

e cu

rren

tly r

econ

stru

ctin

g ra

nge

impr

ovem

ents

Com

men

tsSt

ress

ors:

dis

ease

, mot

oriz

ed r

oute

s,

cam

ping

, res

ervo

irs,

wat

er q

ualit

y,

sedi

men

tatio

n, in

trod

uced

fish

, fir

e, li

vest

ock

graz

ing,

tim

ber

harv

est

Asp

en r

esto

ratio

n ha

s im

plic

atio

ns fo

r m

any

ecos

yste

m

func

tions

far

beyo

nd c

urre

nt ta

ctic

goa

ls--

-



Tabl

e 10

A.3

—Te

rres

tria

l ani

mal

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he U

inta

s an

d W

asat

ch F

ront

sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Hig

her

tem

pera

ture

s w

ill a

lter

timin

g of

life

his

tory

eve

nts

(e.g

., br

eedi

ng, d

ispe

rsal

, pel

age

chan

ge)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: Id

entif

y sp

ecie

s w

here

phe

nolo

gy m

ism

atch

es a

re r

elev

ant,

iden

tify

area

s w

here

phe

nolo

gy d

iffer

ence

is c

urre

ntly

min

imal

and

is li

kely

to b

e m

inim

al in

to th

e fu

ture

, pri

oriti

ze th

ose

area

s fo

r pr

otec

tion,

and

man

age

for

habi

tat r

esili

ence

; sca

le: P

rote

ct a

nd r

esto

re la

rge

enou

gh a

reas

to b

e re

leva

nt to

the

popu

latio

n

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Max

imiz

e ha

bita

t qua

lity

and

avai

labi

lity

so th

e po

pula

tion

is m

ore

resi

lient

, whi

ch m

ay h

elp

min

imiz

e im

pact

of p

heno

logy

mis

mat

ch

In a

reas

that

rem

ain

mat

ched

, pri

oriti

ze

thos

e ar

eas

for

prot

ectio

nId

entif

y ar

eas

that

will

bec

ome

mat

ched

in

the

futu

re a

nd m

aint

ain

and

prom

ote

conn

ectiv

ity s

o an

imal

s ca

n m

igra

te to

th

e ne

w h

abita

ts; a

lso

cons

ider

faci

litat

ed

mig

ratio

n w

here

app

ropr

iate

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Pr

iori

tize

rest

orat

ion

reso

urce

s w

here

hab

itats

ar

e op

timal

or

on th

e le

adin

g ed

ge o

f ran

ge

shift

Whe

re it

rem

ains

goo

d ha

bita

tW

here

it is

bec

omin

g su

itabl

e ha

bita

t

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Use

a v

arie

ty o

f met

hods

to p

rote

ct, m

aint

ain,

or

res

tore

hab

itats

whe

re a

ppro

pria

te to

in

crea

se r

esili

ence

Dur

ing

fore

st p

lann

ing,

con

duct

as

sess

men

ts to

iden

tify

rem

aini

ng

high

-qua

lity

habi

tats

mos

t lik

ely

to s

tay

mat

ched

with

phe

nolo

gy; p

rote

ct th

ese

area

s in

fore

st p

lan

land

man

agem

ent

pres

crip

tions

Ass

ess

whe

re h

abita

t qua

lity

is li

kely

to

incr

ease

and

bec

ome

mat

ched

with

ph

enol

ogy,

man

age

to fa

cilit

ate

habi

tat

impr

ovem

ents

, and

pro

tect

in fo

rest

pla

n

Com

men

tsM

onito

r th

e m

ost s

usce

ptib

le s

peci

es to

va

lidat

e po

pula

tion

resp

onse

to th

ese

man

agem

ent a

ctio

ns

---

Ass

iste

d m

igra

tion

is a

last

res

ort;

allo

win

g na

tura

l mig

ratio

n by

mai

ntai

ning

co

nnec

tivity

is p

refe

rred



Tabl

e 10

A.3

(co

ntin

ued)

—Te

rres

tria

l ani

mal

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he U

inta

s an

d W

asat

ch F

ront

sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Cha

ngin

g in

tens

ity a

nd fr

eque

ncy

of fi

re r

egim

es w

ill d

ecre

ase

area

and

con

nect

ivity

of s

ome

habi

tats

, not

ably

late

-suc

cess

iona

l an

d m

atur

e fo

rest

and

big

sag

ebru

sh

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

aint

ain

curr

ent h

abita

t, re

stor

e hi

stor

ical

hab

itat,

prom

ote

pote

ntia

l fut

ure

habi

tat,

and

incr

ease

res

ilien

ce o

f the

se h

abita

ts a

nd s

urro

undi

ng

habi

tats

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Stra

tegi

cally

pla

ce fu

el b

reak

s to

min

imiz

e ri

sk

to im

port

ant h

abita

t are

asR

esto

re d

istu

rban

ce r

egim

es b

y re

duci

ng

accu

mul

ated

fuel

load

s Id

entif

y ar

eas

in th

e fu

ture

that

will

hav

e th

e di

stur

banc

e re

gim

es c

hara

cter

istic

of

late

-suc

cess

iona

l and

mat

ure

fore

sts

and

big

sage

brus

h, a

nd m

anag

e to

pro

mot

e th

eir

deve

lopm

ent a

nd r

esili

ence

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?St

rate

gica

lly p

lace

on

the

win

dwar

d si

de o

f im

port

ant h

abita

t are

as; p

lace

in a

con

figur

atio

n to

min

imiz

e ri

sk o

f fire

spr

ead

acro

ss th

e la

ndsc

ape.

With

in th

e ha

bita

ts w

here

unc

hara

cter

istic

fu

el lo

ads

have

dev

elop

ed, a

nd b

alan

ced

with

oth

er o

bjec

tives

for

spec

ies

depe

nden

t on

a co

mpl

ex u

nder

stor

y

Iden

tify

whe

re d

istu

rban

ce r

egim

es

asso

ciat

ed w

ith y

our

targ

et h

abita

t will

sh

ift, a

nd fo

cus

rest

orat

ion

on th

ose

area

s an

d co

nnec

tivity

to th

ose

area

s

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Any

whe

re th

ese

habi

tats

are

iden

tified

and

a

brea

k in

fuel

con

tinui

ty is

nee

ded

Usi

ng p

resc

ribe

d fir

e an

d fir

e su

rrog

ates

to

cre

ate

the

cond

ition

s to

rep

licat

e hi

stor

ical

freq

uenc

y an

d in

tens

ity

In a

reas

that

are

pro

ne to

nat

ive

type

co

nver

sion

s re

sulti

ng fr

om c

hang

ing

ecol

ogic

al c

ondi

tions

Com

men

tsSp

ecie

s th

at u

se la

te-s

eral

or

mat

ure

stan

d ch

arac

teri

stic

sR

ecog

nize

that

thes

e tr

eatm

ents

will

cau

se

a sh

ort-

term

impa

ct fo

r lo

ng-t

erm

ben

efits

Polic

y ch

ange

nee

ded

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Inc

reas

ed d

urat

ion

and

peri

odic

ity o

f dro

ught

and

red

uced

soi

l moi

stur

e w

ill s

tres

s ve

geta

tion

and

aqua

tic w

ildlif

e sp

ecie

s

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: R

esto

re a

nd e

nhan

ce w

ater

res

ourc

e fu

nctio

n an

d di

stri

butio

n at

the

appr

opri

ate

wat

ersh

ed s

cale

; pri

oriti

ze w

ater

shed

s ba

sed

on c

ondi

tion

and

a va

riet

y of

res

ourc

e va

lues

, inc

ludi

ng w

ildlif

e

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Red

uce

biom

ass

to r

educ

e ev

apot

rans

pira

tion

and

mor

talit

y re

sulti

ng fr

om w

ater

str

ess

for

grou

ndw

ater

-fed

sys

tem

s (th

inni

ng a

nd o

ther

ve

geta

tion

trea

tmen

ts) a

nd m

aint

ain

shad

e fo

r no

ngro

undw

ater

-fed

sys

tem

s.

Incr

ease

wat

er s

tora

ge b

y m

anag

ing

for

beav

er p

opul

atio

ns u

sing

a

com

preh

ensi

ve b

eave

r st

rate

gy

(min

imiz

ing

confl

icts

, suc

h as

by

redu

cing

ca

ttle

impa

cts

on s

mal

l wat

er s

ourc

es)

Prov

ide

enha

nced

wat

er d

istr

ibut

ion

with

app

ropr

iate

wild

life

use

desi

gns

and

bala

nce

wat

er u

se w

ith w

ildlif

e ne

eds;

pr

otec

t hea

dwat

ers,

spr

ing

head

s, r

ipar

ian

area

s, e

tc.

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Su

gges

ted

scal

e of

Hyd

rolo

gic

Uni

t Cod

e 8

to 1

2 ba

sed

on a

sses

smen

t for

wat

ersh

ed

prio

ritiz

atio

n

Rip

aria

n ar

eas

whe

re c

ondi

tions

are

ap

prop

riat

e (p

rese

nce

of a

spen

and

w

illow

) and

con

flict

will

not

res

ult

(cul

vert

dam

age,

floo

ding

roa

ds)

Are

as w

here

ther

e is

con

cern

abo

ut

amph

ibia

n po

pula

tions

and

oth

er w

ildlif

e sp

ecie

s de

pend

ent o

n w

ater

sou

rces

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Inte

grat

ed a

ppro

ach

with

mul

tiple

res

ourc

es

(hyd

rolo

gy, fi

sher

ies,

ran

ge, w

ildlif

e, e

tc.)

Part

ners

hips

with

Sta

te, C

ount

y, w

ater

di

stri

cts,

non

gove

rnm

enta

l org

aniz

atio

ns;

need

pub

lic e

duca

tion

to fo

ster

ac

cept

ance

Coo

rdin

atio

n w

ith r

ange

sta

ff; u

se

volu

ntee

rs to

hel

p cr

eate

pon

ds a

nd

alte

rnat

ive

wat

er s

ourc

es



Tabl

e 10

A.3

(co

ntin

ued)

—Te

rres

tria

l ani

mal

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he U

inta

s an

d W

asat

ch F

ront

sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Alte

red

dist

urba

nce

regi

mes

and

wat

er a

vaila

bilit

y an

d in

crea

sing

tem

pera

ture

s w

ill c

ontin

ue to

faci

litat

e th

e sp

read

of i

nvas

ive

plan

t spe

cies

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: U

se a

n in

tegr

ated

app

roac

h to

pre

vent

the

spre

ad a

nd e

stab

lishm

ent o

f inv

asiv

e sp

ecie

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Use

rap

id r

espo

nse

to tr

eat a

nd r

esto

re n

ewly

in

vade

d ar

eas

to p

reve

nt e

stab

lishm

ent

Enha

nce

the

resi

stan

ce a

nd r

esili

ence

of

nativ

e pl

ant c

omm

uniti

es b

y m

aint

aini

ng

vigo

rous

gro

wth

of n

ativ

e sh

rub,

per

enni

al

gras

s, a

nd o

ther

per

enni

al s

peci

es

thro

ugh

rest

orat

ion

activ

ities

, app

ropr

iate

gr

azin

g te

chni

ques

, and

fire

man

agem

ent

trea

tmen

ts

Use

inte

grat

ed p

est m

anag

emen

t to

cont

rol e

stab

lishe

d in

fest

atio

ns, i

nclu

ding

bi

ocon

trol

, her

bici

des,

and

eco

logi

cal

com

petit

ion

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Id

entif

y su

scep

tible

are

as th

roug

h m

odel

ing

and

mon

itori

ng to

allo

w fo

r ra

pid

resp

onse

Gra

zing

allo

tmen

ts a

nd k

now

n ar

eas

of

heal

thy

nativ

e pl

ant c

omm

uniti

esA

reas

kno

wn

to b

e in

fest

ed

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Educ

ate

field

em

ploy

ees

and

publ

ic to

iden

tify

and

repo

rt in

vasi

ve o

ccur

renc

eIn

are

as d

epar

ted

from

his

tori

cal fi

re

regi

me

or id

entifi

ed th

roug

h w

ater

shed

as

sess

men

t and

ran

ge m

onito

ring

Ong

oing

ann

ual p

rogr

am o

f wor

k an

d pa

rtne

rshi

ps



Tabl

e 10

A.4

—Te

rres

tria

l ani

mal

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he P

late

aus

subr

egio

n w

orks

hop

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge w

ill r

esul

t in

shift

s in

alp

ine

spec

ies

com

posi

tion

(of b

oth

plan

ts a

nd a

nim

als,

e.g

., sp

ruce

-fir

encr

oach

men

t, ro

dent

s, h

uman

s) d

ue to

shr

inki

ng s

now

pack

, cha

nges

in ti

min

g of

sno

wm

elt,

and

incr

easi

ng te

mpe

ratu

res

that

allo

w s

peci

es to

mov

e up

into

alp

ine

ecos

yste

ms;

spe

cies

af

fect

ed in

clud

e pi

ka, e

ndem

ic p

lant

s, p

ollin

ator

s, a

nd b

lack

ros

y fin

ch

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: R

educ

e ad

ditio

nal s

tres

sors

in a

lpin

e ha

bita

ts

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Man

age

hum

an a

cces

s (e

.g.,

build

trai

ls,

hard

en s

ites,

use

per

mit

syst

ems

or o

utfit

ter

guid

es)

Mai

ntai

n m

ount

ain

goat

s at

pop

ulat

ions

th

at e

limin

ate

adve

rse

impa

cts

(rem

ove

goat

s if

need

ed a

nd d

isco

urag

e co

ntin

ued

intr

oduc

tion

of g

oats

)

Mon

itor

mov

emen

t of p

lant

s (in

clud

ing

both

con

ifers

and

exo

tic w

eeds

) and

m

onito

r m

ovem

ent o

f tre

elin

e

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

lpin

e tr

ailh

eads

; are

as o

f hig

h us

e (e

.g.,

La

Sals

)La

Sal

s, T

usha

rs, M

t. D

unto

n, A

shle

y N

FEv

eryw

here

hab

itat i

s pr

esen

t

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Wor

k w

ith r

ecre

atio

n st

aff;

cons

ider

in

deve

lopm

ent o

f new

fore

st p

lans

Wor

k w

ith U

tah

Div

isio

n of

Wild

life

Res

ourc

es (D

WR

)O

ngoi

ng tr

eelin

e st

udy

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge w

ill le

ad to

cha

nges

in w

etla

nd h

abita

t qua

ntity

and

qua

lity

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

aint

ain

conn

ectiv

ity a

nd h

abita

t qua

lity

to p

rom

ote

resi

lienc

e of

wet

land

hab

itats

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Act

ivel

y re

stor

e an

d pr

otec

t fun

ctio

ning

w

etla

nds

Rei

ntro

duce

bea

ver;

exp

and

or r

esto

re

habi

tat w

here

app

ropr

iate

Man

age

graz

ing

to p

rom

ote

good

rip

aria

n co

ver

and

prop

erly

func

tioni

ng r

ipar

ian

habi

tats

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

ll pe

renn

ial s

trea

ms

Sout

heas

tern

Uta

h; e

very

whe

re b

eave

rs

wer

e hi

stor

ical

ly p

rese

ntA

ll gr

azed

pub

lic la

nds

with

per

enni

al

stre

ams

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Wor

k w

ith S

tate

div

isio

n of

wat

er r

ight

s,

Uta

h D

WR

, con

serv

atio

n gr

oups

like

Tro

ut

Unl

imite

d, a

nd th

e St

ate

wat

ersh

ed r

esto

ratio

n in

itiat

ive

DW

R s

tate

wid

e be

aver

con

serv

atio

n an

d m

anag

emen

t pla

n; S

tate

and

DW

R

wild

life

actio

n pl

an

Col

labo

rativ

e gr

oups

; gra

zing

per

mit

rene

wal

s; s

age-

grou

se la

nd u

se p

lan

amen

dmen

ts

Com

men

tsId

entif

y, m

ap, a

nd a

sses

s im

port

ant h

abita

ts;

iden

tify

data

gap

s ac

ross

all

land

s; th

is is

re

leva

nt fo

r al

l of t

he r

esou

rce

area

s



Tabl

e 10

A.4

(co

ntin

ued)

—Te

rres

tria

l ani

mal

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he P

late

aus

subr

egio

n w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Unc

hara

cter

istic

fire

s in

pon

dero

sa p

ine

will

res

ult i

n lo

ss o

f lat

e-su

cces

sion

al fo

rest

and

sna

gs (a

ffect

s Le

wis

’s w

oodp

ecke

r, A

llen’

s bi

g-ea

red

bat,

Abe

rt’s

squi

rrel

, nor

ther

n go

shaw

k, U

tah

prai

rie

dog)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

aint

ain

curr

ent h

abita

t, re

stor

e hi

stor

ical

str

uctu

re, a

nd in

crea

se m

osai

c st

ruct

ure

(incl

udin

g sn

ags)

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Con

duct

thin

ning

and

pre

scri

bed

fire

trea

tmen

ts; u

se th

inni

ng fr

om b

elow

; m

aint

ain

natu

ral s

truc

ture

with

div

ersi

ty,

dens

ity; c

ontr

ol la

dder

fuel

s

Man

age

graz

ing

to d

isco

urag

e ov

ergr

azin

g of

nat

ive

plan

ts a

nd to

mai

ntai

n fin

e fu

els

to c

arry

fire

Plan

t ada

pted

(loc

ally

sou

rced

) pon

dero

sa p

ine

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Ex

istin

g st

ands

on

publ

ic a

nd p

rivat

e la

nds

(thou

gh th

inni

ng is

lim

ited

in r

oadl

ess

area

s an

d w

ilder

ness

)

Ever

ywhe

re p

onde

rosa

pin

e oc

curs

In a

reas

whe

re s

tand

-rep

laci

ng fi

res

have

oc

curr

ed, k

eepi

ng in

min

d th

e ca

paci

ty o

f the

ar

ea to

sup

port

pon

dero

sa p

ine

(soi

ls a

nd w

ater

co

nsid

erat

ions

)

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

As

fund

ing

is a

vaila

ble;

tim

ber

stan

d im

prov

emen

t; co

nsid

er in

pub

lic

and

priv

ate

land

man

agem

ent p

lans

; su

ppor

ting

loca

l bus

ines

ses

(e.g

., sm

all

diam

eter

pro

cess

ing

mill

s an

d ar

tisan

fu

rnitu

re)

Col

labo

ratio

ns (e

.g.,

Four

For

ests

, La

Sal

Sust

aina

bilit

y C

olla

bora

tive)

Afte

r w

ildfir

es

Com

men

tsM

ust k

eep

in m

ind

the

pres

erva

tion

of k

ey

habi

tat f

eatu

res

of w

ildlif

e (e

.g.,

snag

s)

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Los

s of

mix

ed-a

ge s

tand

s an

d lo

ss o

f mat

ure

aspe

n an

d sn

ags

may

occ

ur w

ith in

crea

sed

fire

freq

uenc

y (a

ffect

s ru

ffed

grou

se,

flam

mul

ated

ow

l, go

shaw

k, m

any

othe

rs)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: M

aint

ain

and

enco

urag

e re

crui

tmen

t of a

spen

to th

e ov

erst

ory

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Rem

ove

coni

fers

with

pre

scri

bed

fire

and

logg

ing

Enco

urag

e as

pen

rege

nera

tion

usin

g fe

ncin

g, u

ngul

ate

man

agem

ent (

redu

ce

num

bers

and

cha

nge

seas

on o

f use

[gr

aze

earl

y]),

and

deve

lopm

ent p

lans

like

that

im

plem

ente

d by

Wol

f Cre

ek R

anch

(wor

ks

clos

ely

with

Wild

Uta

h Pr

ojec

t)

Con

duct

pub

lic o

utre

ach

to h

elp

man

age

for

aspe

n sn

ags;

res

tric

t fire

woo

d cu

tting

; tar

get i

nfor

mat

ion

tow

ard

ranc

hette

ow

ners

; inc

lude

asp

en in

pub

lic e

duca

tion;

use

“t

his

is a

wild

life

hom

e” s

igns

and

sim

ilar

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Fo

rest

, Sta

te, a

nd p

rivat

e la

nds

that

are

be

ing

encr

oach

ed b

y co

nife

rsA

nyw

here

Scho

ols

and

anyw

here

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Mon

roe

Mou

ntai

n (c

olla

bora

tion

on

aspe

n, e

nvir

onm

enta

l ass

essm

ent y

et to

be

impl

emen

ted)

La S

al S

usta

inab

ility

Col

labo

rativ

e (L

SSC

)So

uthe

rn U

tah

Nat

iona

l Par

ks,

ongo

ing

soci

al m

edia

com

mun

icat

ions

, citi

zen

scie

nce

activ

ities

Com

men

ts--

-M

ust c

onsi

der

both

wild

life

and

lives

tock

---



Appendix 11—Outdoor Recreation Adaptation Options for the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership Region

The following tables describe climate change sensitivities and adaptation strategies and tactics for outdoor recreation, developed in a series of workshops as a part of the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership (IAP). Tables are organized by subregion within the IAP. See Chapter 14 for summary tables and discussion of adaptation options for recreation.



Tabl

e 11

A.1

— O

utdo

or r

ecre

atio

n ad

apta

tion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he U

inta

s an

d W

asat

ch F

ront

sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: The

re is

a la

ck o

f inf

orm

atio

n on

the

rela

tions

hip

betw

een

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd o

utdo

or r

ecre

atio

n

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: C

ondu

ct r

esea

rch

on v

isito

rs w

ho a

re o

r w

ill b

e co

min

g, w

here

they

are

from

, wha

t the

y ar

e do

ing,

and

cul

tura

l diff

eren

ces

and

expe

ctat

ions

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Res

earc

h al

l sou

rces

; res

earc

h de

mog

raph

ics

rela

ted

to h

untin

g, fi

shin

g, n

atur

e vi

ewin

g, h

ikin

g,

road

s, tr

ails

, fac

ilitie

s

Ass

imila

te in

form

atio

n in

to r

esou

rce

plan

sPr

epar

e in

form

atio

n fo

r sp

ecifi

c po

pula

tions

that

will

be

affe

cted

by

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd in

thei

r re

spec

tive

lang

uage

(s)

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

ll ar

eas:

cam

pgro

unds

, tra

ilhea

ds, d

ay u

se,

wild

erne

ss

---

---

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

All

reso

urce

are

as

Com

men

tsIm

pera

tive;

we

do n

ot h

ave

enou

gh in

form

atio

n av

aila

ble

to a

scer

tain

spe

cific

tact

ics;

whi

ch e

thni

c gr

oups

will

be

affe

cted

by

clim

ate

chan

ge?

Less

er a

mou

nts

of s

now

are

exp

ecte

d --

-

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Peo

ple

man

agem

ent:

Incr

ease

d flo

odin

g an

d fir

e w

ill r

esul

t in

few

er r

ecre

atio

nal s

ites,

mor

e us

e of

alte

rnat

ive

cam

pgro

unds

, re

duce

d se

rvic

es, a

nd in

crea

sed

use

of fe

wer

faci

litie

s; n

eed

flexi

bilit

y in

ada

ptin

g to

cha

ngin

g co

nditi

ons

and

in m

ovin

g pe

ople

as

need

ed

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: R

esea

rch

and

docu

men

t exi

stin

g us

es

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Inve

ntor

y: U

se a

nd u

pdat

e th

e Fo

rest

Ser

vice

IN

FRA

dat

abas

e to

ass

ure

corr

ect i

nfor

mat

ion

is

avai

labl

e

Peop

le m

anag

emen

t: A

s co

nditi

ons

chan

ge, m

ove

peop

le to

mor

e de

sira

ble

site

s as

nee

ded;

thin

k cr

eativ

ely

Com

mun

icat

ion:

Hav

e cl

ear

and

cons

tant

di

scus

sion

s w

ith fo

rest

s, a

nd e

stab

lish

dist

rict

s

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

ll fo

rest

s an

d si

tes

Und

erus

ed o

r ne

w s

ites

that

may

hav

e to

be

util

ized

as

wea

ther

cha

nges

and

floo

ds

and

fire

incr

ease

; site

s w

here

sea

son

of

use

may

cha

nge

At a

ll le

vels

as

need

ari

ses

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Ann

ual a

nd c

onst

ant r

evie

w o

f dat

a to

ass

ure

accu

racy

A

s fu

ndin

g an

d co

nditi

ons

pers

ist;

chan

ges

to la

ws

and

dire

ctio

n m

ay b

e af

fect

ed; p

repa

re fo

r m

anag

ing

garb

age

and

prov

idin

g en

hanc

ed r

estr

oom

am

eniti

es

Wat

ch a

nd m

onito

r as

clim

ate

chan

ges

Com

men

tsPr

oper

trai

ning

for

data

inpu

t N

atio

nal E

nvir

onm

enta

l Pro

tect

ion

Act

an

alys

is a

nd p

lann

ing

befo

reha

nd w

ill b

e ne

eded

; For

est P

lans

will

nee

d to

add

ress

th

ese

chan

ges

to b

e ad

equa

tely

pre

pare

d

Can

incl

ude

new

tech

nolo

gies

for

quic

k ex

chan

ge o

f inf

orm

atio

n



Tabl

e 11

A.1

(co

ntin

ued)

—R

ecre

atio

n ad

apta

tion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he U

inta

s an

d W

asat

ch F

ront

sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Tem

pera

ture

cha

nges

bri

ng c

hang

es in

sea

son,

bot

h fo

r pe

ople

and

res

ourc

es, a

nd m

ay p

ut m

ore

pres

sure

on

cultu

ral r

esou

rces

an

d si

tes

(e.g

., lo

otin

g, c

olle

ctin

g, in

adve

rten

t im

pact

s fr

om u

sers

to c

ultu

ral r

esou

rces

)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: E

duca

te u

sers

and

pro

tect

cul

tura

l res

ourc

es

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Red

irec

t pub

lic to

less

sen

sitiv

e cu

ltura

l are

asPr

ovid

e ed

ucat

ion

and

inte

rpre

tatio

n to

info

rm th

e pu

blic

abo

ut w

hy th

ese

reso

urce

s ar

e im

port

ant

Dir

ectly

pro

tect

cul

tura

l res

ourc

es

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

ll si

tes;

col

labo

rate

with

oth

er a

genc

ies

on

stra

tegi

es; N

atio

nal P

ark

Serv

ice

is v

ery

adep

t at

peop

le m

anag

emen

t

Dev

elop

ed a

nd s

usta

ined

site

sSp

ecifi

c si

tes

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Div

ert p

ublic

to m

ore

easi

ly s

usta

inab

le s

ites

whi

le h

ighl

ight

ing

site

s th

at w

e w

ant t

hem

to

visi

t

Info

rm p

ublic

of a

ll ag

es a

bout

the

impo

rtan

ce o

f out

door

eth

ics

and

resp

ectin

g ou

tdoo

r re

sour

ces

Phys

ical

bar

rier

s an

d m

onito

ring

Com

men

tsM

ay n

eed

to u

se p

lant

ings

, har

dsca

pe, e

tc. t

o di

vert

vis

itors

to w

here

we

wan

t the

m to

go;

ut

ilize

eng

inee

ring

tech

niqu

es

Expl

ore

all m

etho

ds o

f del

iver

y to

the

publ

icLa

w e

nfor

cem

ent p

rese

nce

need

ed;

enga

gem

ent o

f tri

bes

is v

ital



Tabl

e 11

A.2

—O

utdo

or r

ecre

atio

n ad

apta

tion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he P

late

aus

subr

egio

n w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Sea

son

of u

se, t

ypes

of r

ecre

atio

n, a

nd lo

catio

n of

act

iviti

es m

ay c

hang

e as

the

clim

ate

chan

ges

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: Id

entif

y an

d pr

iori

tize

recr

eatio

n si

tes

that

are

pro

ne to

cha

nge

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Use

pre

dict

ive

mod

elin

g th

at in

corp

orat

es

chan

ging

clim

ate

cond

ition

s (e

.g.,

prec

ipita

tion,

tem

pera

ture

)

Surv

ey th

e pu

blic

dir

ectly

or

indi

rect

ly to

det

erm

ine

use

patte

rns,

se

nsiti

vity

to c

hang

ing

clim

ate

patte

rns,

tren

ds

Educ

ate

the

publ

ic a

bout

like

ly im

pact

s of

cha

ngin

g re

crea

tiona

l opp

ortu

nitie

s

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?D

urin

g lo

ng-t

erm

pla

nnin

g pr

oces

ses

to

iden

tify

pote

ntia

l use

r ve

rsus

use

r co

nflic

ts

(e.g

., no

nmot

oriz

ed v

ersu

s m

otor

ized

w

inte

r us

e)

Nat

iona

l Vis

itor

Use

Mon

itori

ng, t

rail

coun

ters

, Web

-bas

ed to

ols

Focu

s on

nat

iona

l for

est l

ocat

ions

or

site

s in

whi

ch

chan

ges

are

occu

rrin

g (e

.g.,

pine

bee

tle in

fest

atio

ns)

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

In h

igh-

use

loca

tions

; use

info

rmat

ion

and

data

from

oth

er a

genc

ies

(e.g

., N

atio

nal

Park

Ser

vice

)

Col

lect

dat

a fr

om u

ser

grou

ps, l

ocal

in

tere

st g

roup

s; u

se s

ocia

l med

iaA

s w

e ch

ange

roa

d cl

osur

e da

tes,

for

exam

ple,

pro

vide

th

e “w

hy”;

use

soc

ial m

edia

; set

up

kios

ks a

t sce

nic

over

look

s to

pro

vide

info

rmat

ion,

esp

ecia

lly r

egar

ding

pi

ne b

eetle

impa

cts

Com

men

tsSe

e ho

w R

ecre

atio

n O

ppor

tuni

ty S

pect

rum

m

ay c

hang

e w

ith r

egar

d to

vis

itatio

n, o

ther

va

riab

les

Enco

urag

e us

er g

roup

s to

con

duct

th

e su

rvey

sEn

cour

age

recr

eatio

n ac

tiviti

es to

rem

ove

inva

sive

sp

ecie

s (e

.g.,

Fish

Lak

e pe

rch

tour

nam

ent)



Tabl

e 11

A.3

—O

utdo

or r

ecre

atio

n ad

apta

tion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he G

reat

Bas

in a

nd S

emi D

eser

t sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Cha

nges

in r

ecre

atio

n us

e pa

ttern

s w

ill o

ccur

with

war

min

g (y

ear-

roun

d se

ason

s fo

r no

n-sn

ow a

ctiv

ities

, shi

ft in

sno

w-

depe

nden

t act

iviti

es, c

hang

es in

use

type

s an

d de

man

d)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se fl

exib

ility

and

cap

acity

for

man

agin

g re

crea

tion

reso

urce

s to

mee

t shi

fting

dem

ands

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Dev

elop

cre

ativ

e bu

dget

str

ateg

ies

to s

uppo

rt

long

er a

nd o

verl

appi

ng u

se s

easo

ns; p

ursu

e ad

ditio

nal g

rant

fund

ing

and

part

ners

hips

and

op

port

uniti

es fo

r ne

w fe

es (e

.g.,

som

ethi

ng

sim

ilar

to A

dven

ture

Pas

s, p

arki

ng fe

es, u

se

for

peak

use

tim

es);

offe

r fa

cilit

ies

thro

ugh

pros

pect

us fo

r bu

sine

sses

opp

ortu

nitie

s;

leve

rage

out

fittin

g an

d gu

idin

g fu

nds

(FD

DS4

2)

Incr

ease

flex

ibili

ty fo

r ye

ar-r

ound

use

of

faci

litie

s; r

edev

elop

or

hard

en e

xist

ing

or

new

site

s (e

.g.,

inte

grat

e su

mm

er u

ses

into

sk

i are

a op

erat

ions

); pa

ve a

cces

s ro

ads

for

win

ter

and

wet

use

s; in

stal

l gat

es o

r ot

her

acce

ss c

ontr

ol w

here

sno

w n

o lo

nger

clo

ses

area

s; c

hang

e ty

pes

of in

fras

truc

ture

(e.g

., m

arin

as u

sed

to b

e st

atic

but

now

nee

d to

be

flex

ible

); in

crea

se c

apac

ity a

t exi

stin

g si

tes

to a

ccom

mod

ate

long

er u

se s

easo

ns

Leve

rage

loca

l par

tner

ship

s to

ass

ist

with

man

agem

ent o

f rec

reat

ion

faci

litie

s (e

.g.,

deve

lop

part

ners

hips

with

loca

l go

vern

men

t, ot

her

agen

cies

, tri

bes,

an

d us

er g

roup

s, n

ongo

vern

men

tal

orga

niza

tions

[G

reat

Bas

in In

stitu

te];

pr

omot

e tr

ail a

dopt

ion;

faci

litat

e lo

cal

econ

omic

dev

elop

men

t opp

ortu

nitie

s)

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Fo

rest

wid

e an

d re

gion

wid

e; a

ll re

crea

tion

site

sPl

aces

with

vul

nera

bilit

y to

floo

ding

, ch

angi

ng w

ater

leve

ls, i

ncre

ased

unf

roze

n sa

tura

tion,

and

exp

andi

ng s

umm

er a

ctiv

ities

in

pre

viou

sly

win

ter-

only

are

as; c

onsi

der

desi

gn fo

r ye

ar-r

ound

use

(vau

lt ve

rsus

flus

h to

ilets

)

Fore

stw

ide

and

regi

onw

ide;

esp

ecia

lly

impo

rtan

t in

area

s th

at a

re fa

r fr

om F

ores

t Se

rvic

e fa

cilit

ies

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Targ

et m

ost h

eavi

ly u

sed

area

sEx

istin

g de

velo

ped

recr

eatio

n fa

cilit

ies

(res

tore

vul

nera

ble

site

s, c

hang

e or

clo

se

som

e si

tes)

req

uire

sus

tain

able

faci

lity

inve

stm

ents

und

er n

ew p

rosp

ectu

s bi

ds;

whe

re m

oney

is a

vaila

ble

Bui

ld o

n ex

istin

g ag

reem

ents

; rea

ch

out f

or n

ew p

artn

ers;

eng

age

loca

l st

ewar

dshi

p gr

oups

; wor

k w

ith y

outh

gr

oups

; wor

k w

ith tr

ibes

mor

e

Com

men

tsEd

ucat

e pu

blic

abo

ut fe

es to

red

uce

push

back

; su

ppor

t nat

iona

l pol

icie

s fo

r lo

cal f

ee r

eten

tion

Flex

ible

man

agem

ent o

f rec

reat

ion

site

s is

ne

eded

(e.g

., ch

ange

trav

el m

anag

emen

t pl

ans

to o

pen

area

s ba

sed

on c

ondi

tion,

not

da

te)

Red

ucin

g op

erat

iona

l and

trav

el c

osts

is

ver

y im

port

ant b

ecau

se o

f bud

get

cons

trai

nts

and

dist

ance

s



Appendix 12—Infrastructure Adaptation Options for the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership Region

The following tables describe climate change sensitivities and adaptation strategies and tactics for infrastructure, developed in a series of workshops as a part of the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership (IAP). Tables are organized by subregion within the IAP. See Chapter 14 for summary tables and discussion of adaptation options for infrastructure.



Tabl

e 12

A.1

—In

fras

truc

ture

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he M

iddl

e R

ocki

es s

ubre

gion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Inc

reas

ed te

mpe

ratu

res

will

hav

e br

oad

impl

icat

ions

for

build

ing

desi

gn a

nd m

aint

enan

ce

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: P

rote

ct e

xist

ing

and

futu

re in

fras

truc

ture

by

exam

inin

g pr

esen

t and

futu

re h

azar

ds o

n bu

ildin

g in

fras

truc

ture

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Exam

ine

surr

ound

ings

for

haza

rd tr

ees,

and

re

mov

e th

ose

that

pre

sent

haz

ards

to fa

cilit

ies

Follo

w r

ecom

men

ded

prac

tices

for

keep

ing

build

ings

saf

e fr

om fi

res

Mon

itor

mov

emen

t of r

ange

s of

pot

entia

l in

sect

s; e

duca

te th

ose

livin

g in

and

m

aint

aini

ng b

uild

ings

abo

ut th

e si

gns

and

risk

s of

inse

cts

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

ny b

uild

ing

Any

bui

ldin

gA

ny b

uild

ing

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Dur

ing

gene

ral m

aint

enan

ce a

nd la

ndsc

apin

g,

cont

inua

lly e

valu

ate

the

site

for

haza

rds

Eval

uate

str

uctu

res

for

com

plia

nce

with

bes

t pr

actic

es d

urin

g bu

ildin

g co

nditi

on s

urve

ys

Reg

ionw

ide

educ

atio

n an

d re

sear

ch

diss

emin

atio

n on

inse

ct is

sues

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Inc

reas

ed te

mpe

ratu

res

will

hav

e br

oad

impl

icat

ions

for

build

ing

desi

gn a

nd m

aint

enan

ce

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: A

dd g

uida

nce

to e

xist

ing

desi

gn s

tand

ards

and

con

side

r ad

just

men

t of m

aint

enan

ce a

ctiv

ities

to a

ccou

nt fo

r cl

imat

e ch

ange

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Con

side

r fu

ture

of h

otte

r te

mpe

ratu

res

duri

ng

build

ing

HV

AC

des

ign

Des

ign

for

and

inst

all h

eat-

and

dro

ught

-re

sist

ant l

ands

cape

s (x

eris

cape

)A

ntic

ipat

e w

here

ice

dam

pro

blem

s m

ay

occu

r in

the

futu

re

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

ny b

uild

ing

A

ny b

uild

ing

Bui

ldin

gs in

hig

her

elev

atio

ns w

here

w

inte

r te

mpe

ratu

re m

ay fl

uctu

ate

near

fr

eezi

ng

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Dur

ing

new

con

stru

ctio

n an

d H

VA

C

repl

acem

ent

Dur

ing

new

con

stru

ctio

n an

d w

hen

fund

ing

oppo

rtun

ities

are

pre

sent

D

urin

g ne

w c

onst

ruct

ion

and

re-r

oofin

g pr

ojec

ts, c

onsi

der

the

pote

ntia

l for

ice

dam

pro

blem

s

Com

men

tsC

onsi

der

desi

gnin

g fo

r in

crea

se in

tem

pera

ture

of

10

°F b

y 21

00C

once

ntra

te o

n fa

cilit

ies

with

hig

hest

wat

er

use



Tabl

e 12

A.1

(co

ntin

ued)

—In

fras

truc

ture

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he M

iddl

e R

ocki

es s

ubre

gion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Inc

reas

ed te

mpe

ratu

res

will

hav

e br

oad

impl

icat

ions

for

road

des

ign

and

mai

nten

ance

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se r

esili

ence

whe

re r

oads

and

str

eam

s in

tera

ct

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Ada

pt th

e de

sign

sta

ndar

ds w

here

futu

re r

ain-

on-s

now

eve

nts

are

expe

cted

D

evel

op r

isk

asse

ssm

ent f

or r

oad

infr

astr

uctu

rePe

rfor

m r

oad

blad

ing

and

grad

ing

activ

ities

dur

ing

peri

ods

whe

n na

tura

l m

oist

ure

cond

ition

s ar

e op

timum

, and

use

w

ater

truc

ks a

s ne

eded

to s

uppl

emen

t

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

genc

y an

d pa

rtne

r ro

ad s

yste

ms

A

genc

y an

d pa

rtne

r ro

ad s

yste

ms

A

genc

y an

d pa

rtne

r ro

ad s

yste

ms

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Smal

ler

proj

ect s

cale

impl

emen

tatio

n an

d du

ring

reg

ular

mai

nten

ance

and

rep

lace

men

tD

evel

op p

artn

ersh

ip w

ith F

eder

al H

ighw

ay

Adm

inis

trat

ion

Impl

emen

t dur

ing

regu

lar

mai

nten

ance

ac

tiviti

es

Com

men

ts--

---

-M

aint

enan

ce m

ay n

eed

to o

ccur

ear

lier

and

mor

e of

ten

in th

e fie

ld s

easo

n



Tabl

e 12

A.2

—In

fras

truc

ture

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he S

outh

ern

Gre

ater

Yel

low

ston

e su

breg

ion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Inc

reas

ed s

torm

freq

uenc

y an

d in

tens

ity c

ondi

tions

will

hav

e br

oad

impl

icat

ions

for

desi

gn a

nd m

aint

enan

ce o

f bri

dges

, dam

s,

cana

ls, a

nd le

vees

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: P

rote

ct e

xist

ing

and

futu

re in

fras

truc

ture

by

exam

inin

g pr

esen

t and

futu

re h

azar

ds o

n da

m in

fras

truc

ture

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Eval

uate

exi

stin

g in

vent

ory

for

capa

city

and

st

ruct

ural

inte

grity

usi

ng p

roje

cted

clim

ate

mod

els

for

extr

eme

stor

m e

vent

s

Inco

rpor

ate

proj

ecte

d cl

imat

e m

odel

s fo

r ex

trem

e st

orm

eve

nts

in s

truc

ture

des

ign

and

brid

ge lo

catio

n.

Faci

litat

e pa

rtne

ring

effo

rts

betw

een

priv

ate,

loca

l, St

ate,

and

Fed

eral

ju

risd

ictio

ns

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

ny e

xist

ing

brid

ge, d

am, c

anal

, lev

eeA

ny p

lann

ed b

ridg

e, d

am, c

anal

, lev

eeA

ny e

xist

ing

or p

lann

ed b

ridg

e, d

am,

cana

l, le

vee

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

As

part

of s

ched

uled

insp

ectio

ns, m

aint

enan

ce

activ

ities

, and

as

requ

este

d by

par

tner

sD

urin

g sc

opin

g, p

lann

ing,

and

eng

inee

ring

de

sign

Ong

oing

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Ant

icip

ated

wild

fire

inte

nsity

con

ditio

ns w

ill h

ave

broa

d im

plic

atio

ns fo

r in

fras

truc

ture

des

ign

and

mai

nten

ance

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: P

rote

ct e

xist

ing

and

prop

osed

infr

astr

uctu

re b

y ex

amin

ing

pres

ent a

nd fu

ture

haz

ards

due

to in

crea

sed

wild

fires

and

pos

t-w

ildfir

e co

nditi

ons

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Des

ign

brid

ges

and

culv

erts

to m

inim

ize

dive

rsio

n po

tent

ial

Incr

ease

def

ensi

ble

spac

e ar

ound

in

fras

truc

ture

and

dis

cour

age

deve

lopm

ent

in th

e w

ildla

nd-u

rban

inte

rfac

e

Enha

nce

exis

ting

publ

ic a

nd p

rivat

e fir

e ha

zard

edu

catio

n an

d m

itiga

tion

as

rela

ted

to in

fras

truc

ture

des

ign

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

ny p

lann

ed b

ridg

e or

cul

vert

Exis

ting

and

prop

osed

str

uctu

res

with

in a

nd

adja

cent

to F

eder

al la

nds

Publ

ic a

nd p

rivat

e do

mai

n as

wel

l as

loca

l, St

ate,

and

Fed

eral

fire

-rel

ated

ag

enci

es

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Dur

ing

scop

ing,

pla

nnin

g, e

ngin

eeri

ng d

esig

nD

urin

g in

spec

tion,

sco

ping

, pla

nnin

g,

engi

neer

ing

desi

gnO

ngoi

ng



Tabl

e 12

A.3

—In

fras

truc

ture

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he G

reat

Bas

in a

nd S

emi D

eser

t sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Pow

er li

ne in

fras

truc

ture

may

be

incr

easi

ngly

impa

cted

by

ecol

ogic

al d

istu

rban

ces

(e.g

., w

ildla

nd fi

re, i

nsec

t and

dis

ease

tree

ha

zard

s, in

vasi

ve p

lant

s [c

heat

gras

s], a

nd g

eolo

gic

haza

rds)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: C

reat

e pl

ausi

ble

risk

sce

nari

os to

util

ize

in c

urre

nt p

erm

it m

anag

emen

t

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Tact

ics

Com

mun

icat

e w

ith e

xist

ing

pow

er li

ne p

erm

it ho

lder

s an

d an

nual

ly in

wild

land

fire

san

d ta

ble

exer

cise

s

Map

all

pow

er li

nes

in th

e IA

P re

gion

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Em

erge

ncy

resp

onse

pla

ns fo

r pl

ausi

ble

scen

ario

sG

IS p

roje

ct d

evel

opm

ent

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

In h

igh

fire

risk

are

as, r

epla

ce w

ood

pole

s w

ith

stee

l pol

es--

-

Com

men

tsIn

tegr

ated

veg

etat

ion

man

agem

ent w

ith p

ower

co

mpa

ny--

-

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Use

of p

ower

line

infr

astr

uctu

re m

ay c

hang

e be

caus

e of

cha

nges

in p

ower

gen

erat

ion

and

dem

and

(e.g

., al

tern

ativ

e en

ergy

so

urce

s su

ch a

s so

lar

and

geot

herm

al)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: C

reat

e pl

ausi

ble

risk

sce

nari

os to

util

ize

in a

ppro

val p

roce

ss (N

atio

nal E

nvir

onm

enta

l Pol

icy

Act

pro

cess

and

des

ign)

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Cre

ate

resp

onse

pla

ns to

ris

k sc

enar

ios

Inco

rpor

ate

risk

sce

nari

os in

nat

ural

re

sour

ce p

lann

ing

and

fore

st p

lans

G

arne

r br

oad

supp

ort t

o co

nsid

er r

isk

asse

ssm

ents

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?--

---

---

-

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

---

---

---

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Rec

reat

ion

resi

denc

es m

ay b

e su

bjec

t to

incr

ease

d ri

sk fr

om e

xtre

me

clim

atic

eve

nts

(e.g

., fir

e, s

now

, floo

ding

, ava

lanc

he, a

nd

ecol

ogic

al d

istu

rban

ce)

Ada

ptio

n st

rate

gy/a

ppro

ach:

Dev

elop

ris

k as

sess

men

t too

ls, a

nd a

ddre

ss r

isk

with

hol

ders

and

Cou

nty

emer

genc

y m

edic

al s

ervi

ces

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Com

mun

icat

e w

ith e

xist

ing

recr

eatio

n re

side

nt

hold

ers

Dev

elop

cle

ar p

roce

dure

s fo

r re

mov

ing

a re

crea

tion

resi

denc

e th

at e

xcee

ds a

ris

k th

resh

old

Con

side

r de

velo

ping

in-l

ieu

lots

or

othe

r re

crea

tion

trac

ts

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

ll re

crea

tion

resi

denc

esSi

te-s

peci

fic a

nd in

eac

h di

stri

ctA

genc

y re

view

of p

rogr

am

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Com

mun

icat

ion

duri

ng a

nnua

l ins

pect

ions

and

na

tiona

l hom

eow

ners

ass

ocia

tion

mee

tings

Ann

ual i

nspe

ctio

ns; n

atio

nal h

omeo

wne

rs

asso

ciat

ion

mee

tings

Nat

iona

l and

reg

iona

l-le

vel m

eetin

gs



Tabl

e 12

A.3

(co

ntin

ued)

—In

fras

truc

ture

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at G

reat

Bas

in a

nd S

emi D

eser

t sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Rec

reat

ion

even

ts a

nd tr

ail i

nfra

stru

ctur

e m

ay fa

ce in

crea

sed

risk

from

ext

rem

e cl

imat

ic e

vent

s (e

.g.,

fire,

sno

w, fl

oodi

ng,

aval

anch

e, a

nd e

colo

gica

l dis

turb

ance

)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

corp

orat

e ch

ange

s in

ext

rem

e cl

imat

ic e

vent

s in

to r

ecre

atio

n ev

ent p

lann

ing

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Cha

nge

timin

g an

d lo

catio

n of

eve

nts

Con

duct

mor

e in

door

eve

nts,

suc

h as

co

mpu

teri

zed

bicy

cle

“spi

n” e

vent

sC

ance

l eve

nts

whe

n hu

man

saf

ety

is a

t ris

k

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?R

oad

and

mou

ntai

n bi

ke e

vent

s--

---

-

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

---

---

---



Appendix 13—Cultural Resource Adaptation Options for the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership Region

The following tables describe climate change sensitivities and adaptation strategies and tactics for cultural resources, developed in a series of workshops as a part of the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership (IAP). Tables are organized by subregion within the IAP. See Chapter 14 for summary tables and discussion of adaptation options for cultural resources.



Tabl

e 13

A.1

—C

ultu

ral r

esou

rce

adap

tatio

n op

tions

dev

elop

ed a

t the

Sou

ther

n G

reat

er Y

ello

wst

one

subr

egio

n w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Los

s of

trad

ition

al fo

od s

ourc

es m

ay o

ccur

with

sev

ere

wild

fire

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

tegr

ate

trad

ition

al e

colo

gica

l kno

wle

dge

with

fire

man

agem

ent p

lans

and

cul

tura

l res

ourc

e da

taba

se to

hol

istic

ally

man

age

for

trad

ition

al

food

sou

rces

(i.e

., hu

ckle

berr

ies,

mus

hroo

ms,

pin

e nu

ts, s

age-

grou

se)

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Emph

asiz

e pr

eser

vatio

n of

trad

ition

al fo

od

sour

ces

with

trib

al a

nd lo

cal s

igni

fican

ceEn

hanc

e re

silie

nce

of s

peci

fic h

abita

ts to

fire

and

ot

her

thre

ats;

man

age

fire

to m

aint

ain

or p

rote

ct

sage

brus

h ra

ngel

ands

and

oth

er s

ensi

tive

vege

tatio

n co

mm

unity

type

s

Iden

tify

and

prot

ect a

reas

sui

tabl

e fo

r tr

aditi

onal

food

gat

heri

ng d

urin

g fir

e su

ppre

ssio

n an

d re

hab

activ

ities

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

cros

s th

e na

tiona

l for

est a

nd r

egio

nA

cros

s th

e na

tiona

l for

est a

nd r

egio

nA

cros

s th

e na

tiona

l for

est a

nd

regi

on

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Con

sult

with

trib

es; e

limin

ate

com

mer

cial

pe

rmits

in a

reas

with

spe

cial

trib

al

sign

ifica

nce;

wor

k w

ith lo

cal u

ser

grou

ps to

id

entif

y ar

eas

of c

once

rn

Con

side

r al

l veg

etat

ion

trea

tmen

ts in

clud

ing

fire

man

agem

ent p

lann

ing

as o

ppor

tuni

ties

for

enha

ncin

g re

silie

nce;

con

side

r tr

aditi

onal

food

sou

rces

dur

ing

fire

man

agem

ent p

lann

ing

Con

tinue

to c

olle

ct d

ata

and

refin

e m

odel

s to

bet

ter

unde

rsta

nd

loca

tion

of tr

aditi

onal

food

-ga

ther

ing

area

s

Com

men

tsN

eed

to in

tegr

ate

trib

al a

nd lo

cal k

now

ledg

e w

ith e

xist

ing

Fore

st S

ervi

ce in

form

atio

nId

entif

y th

ese

area

s as

soo

n as

pos

sibl

e N

eed

to c

oord

inat

e w

ith

rese

arch

ers,

fire

man

ager

s, tr

ibes

, an

d cu

ltura

l res

ourc

e st

aff

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Inc

reas

ed fi

re w

ill r

esul

t in

incr

ease

d er

osio

n an

d lo

ss o

f veg

etat

ion,

whi

ch m

ay in

crea

se d

amag

e an

d im

pact

s to

cul

tura

l re

sour

ces

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: E

ncou

rage

pre

dist

urba

nce

and

post

dist

urba

nce

stra

tegi

es to

pro

tect

cul

tura

l res

ourc

es

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Incr

ease

the

use

of p

resc

ribe

d fir

e or

oth

er v

eget

atio

n m

anip

ulat

ion

Inve

ntor

y, m

ap, a

nd r

ate

fire

risk

for

cultu

ral r

esou

rces

Dev

elop

a p

lan

to a

ddre

ss p

ostfi

re im

pact

s to

cu

ltura

l res

ourc

es th

at h

ave

been

affe

cted

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?In

and

aro

und

cultu

ral

reso

urce

s th

at a

re s

usce

ptib

le

to im

pact

from

sev

ere

wild

fire

Acr

oss

the

natio

nal f

ores

tA

cros

s th

e bu

rned

are

as

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

At t

he p

roje

ct p

lann

ing

leve

l; du

ring

the

annu

al p

rogr

am o

f w

ork

disc

ussi

on.

Inte

grat

e in

vent

ory

with

oth

er s

urve

y ne

eds

focu

sing

on

high

site

pot

entia

l are

as a

cros

s th

e fo

rest

; enc

oura

ge fo

rest

per

sonn

el a

nd th

e pu

blic

to

cont

ribu

te in

form

atio

n on

at-

risk

site

loca

tions

Dev

elop

long

-ter

m s

tabi

lizat

ion

and

rest

orat

ion

plan

s; in

tegr

ate

into

Bur

ned

Are

a Em

erge

ncy

Res

pons

e (B

AER

) pla

ns a

nd d

urin

g th

e fo

rest

pl

anni

ng e

ffort

.

Com

men

tsN

eed

to id

entif

y ar

eas

with

hi

gh s

tand

den

sity

B

e cr

eativ

e in

find

ing

way

s to

com

plet

e th

e su

rvey

s;

utili

ze e

xist

ing

reso

urce

info

rmat

ion

(LiD

AR

) to

iden

tify

cultu

ral r

esou

rces

Ensu

re c

omm

unic

atio

n be

twee

n he

rita

ge a

nd fi

re

staf

f



Tabl

e 13

A.1

(con

tinu

ed)—

Cul

tura

l res

ourc

e ad

apta

tion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he S

outh

ern

Gre

ater

Yel

low

ston

e su

breg

ion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Im

plem

enta

tion

of a

dapt

atio

n st

rate

gies

by

othe

r re

sour

ce a

reas

may

affe

ct c

ultu

ral r

esou

rces

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: C

ompl

y w

ith N

atio

nal H

isto

ric

Pres

erva

tion

Act

(NH

PA) b

efor

e im

plem

enta

tion

of a

dapt

atio

n st

rate

gies

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Larg

e-sc

ale

plan

ning

effo

rt: I

nteg

rate

NH

PA c

onsi

dera

tions

in

to th

e de

velo

pmen

t of a

dapt

atio

n st

rate

gies

; if c

onsi

deri

ng

mod

ifica

tion

of la

ndsc

apes

or

habi

tats

, con

side

r op

port

uniti

es to

pr

eser

ve o

r pr

otec

t cul

tura

l res

ourc

es w

ithin

the

area

s co

nsid

ered

fo

r tr

eatm

ent

Earl

y in

itiat

ion

of N

HPA

co

mpl

ianc

e du

ring

spe

cific

pro

ject

pl

anni

ng

Dev

elop

a p

lan

to a

ddre

ss c

limat

e ch

ange

impa

cts

to c

ultu

ral

reso

urce

s

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?M

ust b

e ap

plie

d pr

ojec

t-w

ide

Acr

oss

the

natio

nal f

ores

tA

cros

s th

e na

tiona

l for

est a

nd

regi

on

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Ong

oing

, age

ncy-

wid

ePr

ojec

t ini

tiatio

n, o

ut y

ear

plan

ning

En

sure

com

mun

icat

ion

betw

een

heri

tage

and

oth

er r

esou

rce

area

s

Com

men

tsA

req

uire

men

t; tr

ibal

con

sulta

tion

also

req

uire

dB

e cr

eativ

e in

find

ing

way

s to

co

mpl

ete

the

surv

eys;

util

ize

exis

ting

reso

urce

info

rmat

ion

(LiD

AR

) to

iden

tify

cultu

ral

reso

urce

s

Expl

ore

oppo

rtun

ities

for

othe

r re

sour

ce m

anag

emen

t to

help

us

stab

ilize

and

pre

serv

e cu

ltura

l re

sour

ces

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Inc

reas

ed r

ecre

atio

n m

ay th

reat

en c

ultu

ral r

esou

rces

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: E

duca

te u

sers

and

pro

tect

cul

tura

l res

ourc

es

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Red

irec

t pub

lic to

less

sen

sitiv

e cu

ltura

l are

aEd

ucat

ion

and

inte

rpre

tatio

n to

info

rm

the

publ

ic o

f why

thes

e re

sour

ces

are

impo

rtan

t; en

gage

use

r gr

oups

Dir

ect p

rote

ctio

n w

ith p

hysi

cal b

arri

ers,

fe

ncin

g, v

eget

atio

n sc

reen

ing,

acc

ess

man

agem

ent

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Sp

ecifi

c si

tes;

nee

d to

iden

tify

high

rec

reat

ion

use

loca

tions

and

whe

re im

pact

s ar

e oc

curr

ing

or m

ay o

ccur

in th

e fu

ture

Dis

pers

ed r

ecre

atio

n si

tes,

sys

tem

trai

lsSp

ecifi

c si

tes

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Di v

ert p

ublic

to m

ore

easi

ly s

usta

inab

le s

ites

whi

le h

ighl

ight

ing

site

s th

at w

e w

ant t

hem

to

visi

t

Info

rm p

ublic

abo

ut th

e im

port

ance

of

cultu

ral r

esou

rce

ethi

cs a

nd r

espe

ctin

g th

ese

reso

urce

s

Phys

ical

bar

rier

s an

d m

onito

ring

Com

men

tsM

ay n

eed

to u

se p

lant

ings

, har

dsca

pe, e

tc. t

o di

vert

vis

itors

to w

here

we

wan

t the

m to

go;

ut

ilize

eng

inee

ring

tech

niqu

es

Nee

d to

wor

k w

ith r

ecre

atio

n st

aff t

o de

term

ine

publ

ic u

se p

atte

rns

Mor

e Fo

rest

Ser

vice

pre

senc

e, u

se

amba

ssad

ors;

trib

al e

ngag

emen

t is

vita

l; N

HPA

com

plia

nce

is r

equi

red



Tabl

e 13

A.2

—C

ultu

ral r

esou

rce

adap

tatio

n op

tions

dev

elop

ed a

t the

Pla

teau

s su

breg

ion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Inc

reas

ed fi

re w

ill r

esul

t in

incr

ease

d er

osio

n an

d lo

ss o

f veg

etat

ion,

whi

ch m

ay in

crea

se d

amag

e an

d im

pact

s to

arc

haeo

logi

cal

site

s

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: E

ncou

rage

pre

dist

urba

nce

and

post

dist

urba

nce

stra

tegi

es to

pro

tect

hig

h-va

lue

arch

aeol

ogic

al s

ites

and

reso

urce

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Incr

ease

the

use

of p

resc

ribe

d fir

e or

oth

er

vege

tatio

n m

anip

ulat

ion

Inve

ntor

y, m

ap, a

nd r

ate

fire

risk

for

arch

aeol

ogic

al r

esou

rces

Dev

elop

a p

lan

to a

ddre

ss p

ostfi

re im

pact

s to

ar

chae

olog

ical

site

s th

at h

ave

been

exp

osed

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?In

and

aro

und

arch

aeol

ogic

al r

esou

rces

that

ar

e in

fire

-pro

ne a

reas

In a

nd a

roun

d ar

chae

olog

ical

res

ourc

es

that

are

in fi

re-p

rone

are

asA

cros

s th

e na

tiona

l for

est

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

At t

he p

roje

ct p

lann

ing

leve

l; du

ring

the

annu

al p

rogr

am o

f wor

k di

scus

sion

Focu

s on

the

high

-ris

k ar

eas

as p

art o

f th

e re

quir

ed a

nnua

l sur

veys

; pur

sue

part

ners

hips

with

arc

haeo

logy

gro

ups

and

orga

niza

tions

In B

urne

d A

rea

Emer

genc

y R

espo

nse

(BA

ER) p

lans

; du

ring

the

fore

st p

lann

ing

effo

rt; i

n pr

efire

sea

son

plan

ning

Com

men

tsM

ay n

eed

to p

rior

itize

arc

haeo

logi

cal s

ites,

pr

oper

ties,

res

ourc

esB

e cr

eativ

e in

find

ing

way

s to

com

plet

e th

e su

rvey

s; u

se s

atel

lite

imag

ery

to

iden

tify

chan

ging

fire

ris

k

Com

mun

icat

ion

with

the

heri

tage

offi

cer

or s

taff;

ot

her

maj

or d

istu

rban

ces,

suc

h as

floo

ding

, can

be

addr

esse

d us

ing

thes

e ta

ctic

s



Tabl

e 13

A.3

—C

ultu

ral r

esou

rce

adap

tatio

n op

tions

dev

elop

ed a

t the

Gre

at B

asin

and

Sem

i Des

ert s

ubre

gion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Pin

yon

pine

fore

st m

ay b

e lo

st a

s a

cultu

ral r

esou

rce

due

to a

sev

ere

wild

fire

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

tegr

ate

trad

ition

al e

colo

gica

l kno

wle

dge

with

Wes

tern

sci

ence

to h

olis

tical

ly m

anag

e fo

r pi

ne n

uts

and

othe

r va

lues

(e.g

., sa

ge-g

rous

e)

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Emph

asiz

e pr

eser

vatio

n of

sta

nds

with

tr

ibal

sig

nific

ance

Enha

nce

resi

lienc

e of

sta

nds

to fi

re a

nd

othe

r th

reat

s; fo

cus

on p

hase

0/1

pin

yon-

juni

per

and

isol

ated

pin

yon-

juni

per

tree

s su

rrou

nded

by

good

sag

e-gr

ouse

hab

itat;

look

for

oppo

rtun

ities

to c

reat

e st

rate

gic

fuel

brea

ks in

con

tiguo

us w

oodl

and

Iden

tify

and

prot

ect a

reas

sui

tabl

e fo

r pi

nyon

un

der

futu

re c

limat

e co

nditi

ons

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

cros

s th

e na

tiona

l for

est a

nd

regi

onw

ide

Acr

oss

the

natio

nal f

ores

t and

reg

ionw

ide

Acr

oss

the

natio

nal f

ores

t and

reg

ionw

ide

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Atte

mpt

con

sulta

tion

with

all

affe

cted

tr

ibes

; elim

inat

e co

mm

erci

al p

erm

its in

ar

eas

with

spe

cial

trib

al s

igni

fican

ce

Con

side

r al

l veg

etat

ion

trea

tmen

ts a

s op

port

uniti

es fo

r en

hanc

ing

resi

lienc

e C

ontin

ue to

col

lect

dat

a an

d re

fine

mod

els

to

bette

r un

ders

tand

futu

re p

inyo

n di

stri

butio

n;

lear

n fr

om p

ast m

anag

emen

t pro

ject

s

Com

men

tsW

ork

to u

se lo

cal k

now

ledg

e in

de

term

inin

g w

here

pin

yon

shou

ld

and

shou

ld n

ot b

e re

mov

ed; n

eed

to

com

pare

trib

al c

once

rns

with

Wes

tern

sc

ienc

e an

d G

IS in

form

atio

n

Iden

tify

thes

e ar

eas

as s

oon

as p

ossi

ble

Col

labo

rate

with

res

earc

hers

, fire

man

ager

s,

and

othe

rs



Appendix 14—Ecosystem Service Adaptation Options for the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership Region

The following tables describe climate change sensitivities and adaptation strategies and tactics for ecosystem services, developed in a series of workshops as a part of the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership (IAP). Tables are organized by subregion within the IAP. See Chapter 14 for summary tables and discussion of adaptation options for ecosystem services.



Tabl

e 14

A.1

—Ec

osys

tem

ser

vice

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he M

iddl

e R

ocki

es s

ubre

gion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Sm

all r

ural

com

mun

ities

are

ent

irel

y de

pend

ent o

n a

sing

le w

ater

shed

or

sour

ce th

at m

ay b

e ex

pose

d to

fire

, dro

ught

, and

floo

ds

asso

ciat

ed w

ith c

limat

e ch

ange

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: D

evel

op p

repa

redn

ess

plan

s fo

r di

sast

er a

nd a

sses

s fu

ture

nee

ds fo

r w

ater

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

A

Tact

ics

Iden

tify

key

wat

ersh

eds

that

are

sen

sitiv

e

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Fo

rest

and

dis

tric

t lev

el

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Futu

re p

lann

ing,

wor

king

in w

ater

shed

hea

lth w

ith d

iscu

ssio

ns o

n fir

e pl

anni

ng; i

nclu

de d

iscu

ssio

n w

ith s

mal

l com

mun

ities

on

thei

r vu

lner

abili

ties

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Tem

pera

ture

cha

nges

bri

ng c

hang

es in

sea

son

for

both

peo

ple

and

reso

urce

s (e

.g.,

snow

mob

ile u

se c

hang

es to

ATV

use

, m

ount

ain

biki

ng o

ccur

s ov

er lo

nger

sea

sons

and

at h

ighe

r el

evat

ions

, hun

ting

and

peop

le p

ut p

ress

ure

on w

ildlif

e at

sen

sitiv

e tim

es)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: A

lign

hum

an u

ses

with

new

sea

sona

litie

s, a

nd im

plic

atio

ns fo

r th

ose

chan

ges

on r

esou

rces

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Impl

emen

t sea

sona

l use

or

othe

r pe

rmitt

ing

for

activ

ities

that

wer

e co

nstr

aine

d by

wea

ther

(e.g

., AT

V,

mou

ntai

n bi

king

)

Dev

elop

cap

acity

for

flexi

bilit

y in

sea

sons

(o

peni

ng d

ates

for

cam

pgro

unds

, acc

ess

to

trai

ls, r

oad

clos

ures

)

Eval

uate

impa

cts

and

confl

icts

to r

esou

rce

and

user

gro

ups

(e.g

., liv

esto

ck) d

ue to

re

com

men

ded

chan

ges

in s

easo

nal u

se

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Es

peci

ally

in h

ighe

r el

evat

ions

Ana

lysi

s of

nee

d do

ne a

t reg

iona

l lev

el; e

ach

unit

left

to c

arry

out

in p

ract

ice;

pro

blem

s ob

serv

ed a

t dis

tric

t lev

el, b

ut e

mpo

wer

men

t do

ne a

t nat

iona

l for

est l

evel

Dis

tric

t- a

nd fo

rest

-lev

el d

ecis

ions

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Perm

ittin

g or

sea

sona

l clo

sure

s (n

eed

to e

valu

ate

new

nee

d fo

r th

ese)

; lon

ger

oper

atin

g pe

riod

s (c

ampg

roun

ds,

conc

essi

ons)

; edu

catio

n an

d ou

trea

ch

(pub

lic, u

ser

grou

ps, t

railh

ead

sign

age)

Plan

ning

and

app

rovi

ng p

erm

ittin

g fo

r m

ultip

le s

ites

that

spa

n a

spec

trum

of w

eath

er

outc

omes

Publ

ic m

eetin

gs, o

nlin

e su

rvey

s, r

esea

rch

part

ners

to c

ondu

ct s

tudy

of i

ssue

Com

men

ts--

-St

affin

g an

d fu

ndin

g fo

r ex

tend

ed s

easo

ns

is p

robl

emat

ic; u

ncer

tain

ty in

con

trac

ts to

co

nces

sion

aire

s; m

ay b

e a

safe

ty is

sue

as

peop

le a

re in

bac

kcou

ntry

dur

ing

shou

lder

se

ason

s w

ith r

apid

ly c

hang

ing

wea

ther

Not

ing

confl

icts

bet

wee

n hu

nter

s be

ing

on th

e la

nd a

t the

sam

e tim

e ca

ttle

are

bein

g gr

azed

; thi

s is

an

issu

e fo

r hu

nter

s th

at lo

se a

cces

s w

ith c

ows

on th

e la

nd,

and

ranc

hers

who

se li

vest

ock

are

shot

; ex

pand

ed A

TV u

se c

an c

onfli

ct w

ith

hunt

ers

and

spre

ad w

eeds



Tabl

e 14

A.1

(co

ntin

ued)

—Ec

osys

tem

ser

vice

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he M

iddl

e R

ocki

es s

ubre

gion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Air

qua

lity

will

be

thre

aten

ed b

y in

crea

sed

fire

exte

nt a

nd fr

eque

ncy,

and

may

adv

erse

ly a

ffect

hea

lth, t

ouri

sm, a

nd o

ppor

tuni

ty

to g

o ou

tsid

e

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

tegr

ate

fire

plan

ning

and

res

pons

e w

ith c

limat

e ch

ange

con

side

ratio

ns

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Mod

el w

hich

pla

ces

are

susc

eptib

le to

hi

gh s

mok

e, a

nd g

et th

at m

essa

ge o

ut to

de

velo

pers

, tou

rist

s, o

ther

s

Info

rm p

eopl

e in

adv

ance

of a

nd d

urin

g bu

rn e

vent

s—m

ore

effe

ctiv

ely

(bot

h fo

r pr

escr

iptio

n bu

rns

and

wild

fire)

; im

prov

e un

ders

tand

ing

for

pres

crip

tion

burn

ne

cess

ity (h

abita

t vs.

logg

ing?

); im

prov

e m

essa

ging

reg

ardi

ng n

atur

al fi

re c

ycle

s

Min

imiz

e im

pact

s to

tour

ism

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

t uni

t lev

el b

ut h

ave

assi

stan

ce fr

om fi

re

scie

nce

cent

ers/

Nat

iona

l Int

erag

ency

Fir

e C

ounc

il (N

IFC

), an

d Fo

rest

Ser

vice

Res

earc

h C

ente

rs

Nat

iona

l, re

gion

al, a

nd u

nit l

evel

s;

cons

ider

the

stor

y-te

lling

app

roac

h.

Leve

rage

exi

stin

g m

essa

ges

abou

t fir

e an

d th

e ro

le o

f sm

oke

in h

ealth

y ec

osys

tem

s; th

e be

st p

lace

for

getti

ng th

e “w

ebca

m/c

urre

nt c

ondi

tion”

dat

a is

the

com

mun

ities

, tou

rism

boa

rds,

etc

.

Con

vers

atio

ns w

ith lo

cal p

ublic

abo

ut w

hat

the

tole

ranc

e le

vel i

s—ho

w to

qua

ntify

? C

omm

unic

ate

with

tour

ists

and

tour

ism

offi

ces;

gi

ve th

em in

form

atio

n to

pas

s al

ong

to o

ther

s;

add

mor

e in

form

atio

n on

rec

reat

ion.

gov

so

visi

tors

can

acc

ess

info

rmat

ion

them

selv

es;

emph

asiz

e op

port

uniti

es a

s w

ell a

s cl

osur

es

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Inco

rpor

ate

into

exi

stin

g fir

e pl

anni

ng,

tran

spor

tatio

n pl

anni

ng, r

ecre

atio

n pl

anni

ng,

wild

erne

ss p

lann

ing;

and

com

mun

icat

ion

stra

tegy

Prio

ritiz

e ri

ght b

efor

e an

d du

ring

fire

se

ason

(not

e: th

is is

bec

omin

g ye

ar r

ound

) --

-

Com

men

ts--

-Th

ere

is a

n op

port

unity

to g

et th

e m

essa

ge

out a

bout

wha

t is

open

as

wel

l as

wha

t is

clo

sed;

cou

ld in

stal

l web

cam

s to

sho

w

curr

ent c

ondi

tions

---



Tabl

e 14

A.1

(co

ntin

ued)

—Ec

osys

tem

ser

vice

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he M

iddl

e R

ocki

es s

ubre

gion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Tem

pera

ture

cha

nges

bri

ng c

hang

es in

sea

son,

for

both

peo

ple

and

reso

urce

s, a

nd m

ay p

ut m

ore

pres

sure

on

cultu

ral r

esou

rces

an

d si

tes

(i.e.

, loo

ting,

col

lect

ing,

inad

vert

ent i

mpa

cts

from

use

rs to

cul

tura

l her

itage

res

ourc

es)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: (1

) Im

prov

e st

ate

of o

ur k

now

ledg

e of

rem

ote

cultu

ral r

esou

rces

at r

isk

from

clim

ate

chan

ge im

pact

s; (2

) im

prov

e aw

aren

ess

to u

sers

bef

ore

they

get

out

ther

e

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Com

mun

icat

e w

ith u

sers

in a

var

iety

of w

ays

befo

re

they

hit

the

trai

lLe

arn

wha

t we

have

; com

plet

e an

in

vent

ory

of h

igh-

risk

are

asD

evel

op a

mon

itori

ng p

rogr

am fo

r hi

gh-

prio

rity

res

ourc

es

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

ll le

vels

, Web

site

s, tr

ailh

ead

sign

age,

trifo

lds,

so

cial

med

ia, p

ublic

ser

vice

ann

ounc

emen

ts; a

sses

s ef

fect

iven

ess!

“Le

ave

no tr

ace,

” “T

read

ligh

tly,”

“R

espe

ct a

nd p

rote

ct”

mes

sage

; par

tner

with

inte

rest

an

d ad

voca

cy g

roup

s, tr

ibes

, out

fitte

rs

Set s

trat

egy

at r

egio

nal l

evel

; im

plem

ent

at u

nit l

evel

; fun

ding

has

rar

ely

been

al

lotte

d to

Sec

tion

110

of th

e N

atio

nal

His

tori

c Pr

eser

vatio

n A

ct; n

eed

to id

entif

y op

port

uniti

es fo

r th

is

Set s

trat

egy

at r

egio

nal l

evel

; im

plem

ent

at u

nit l

evel

; ide

ntify

fund

ing

sour

ces

in

clim

ate

chan

ge o

r ot

her

sour

ces;

aga

in,

this

has

bee

n or

phan

ed in

the

past

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Con

side

r C

ham

ber

of C

omm

erce

, oth

er h

erita

ge

tour

ism

con

nect

ions

; lev

erag

e ce

lebr

atio

ns a

nd

cent

enni

als

to g

et th

e m

essa

ge o

ut

Cel

ebra

tions

and

cen

tenn

ials

may

br

ing

fund

ing

for

awar

enes

s; s

yste

mat

ic

inve

ntor

ies;

aer

ial p

hoto

grap

hy

Col

labo

rate

with

app

ropr

iate

par

ties

(trib

es, v

ette

d re

sear

cher

s, s

ite

stew

ard

prog

ram

, int

eres

t gro

ups)

for

citiz

en s

cien

ce; r

emot

e ca

mer

as fo

r en

forc

emen

t and

mon

itori

ng o

f im

pact

s to

cul

tura

l site

s

Com

men

tsA

t hig

her

geog

raph

ic a

nd s

ocie

tal s

cale

s to

avo

id

reve

alin

g se

nsiti

ve in

form

atio

n or

incr

easi

ng r

isk;

st

rate

gize

usi

ng n

onse

nsiti

ve c

ultu

ral r

esou

rces

in

the

mes

sagi

ng

Con

side

r so

cial

vul

nera

bilit

y an

gles

: at

-ris

k re

sour

ces

and

the

larg

er p

ictu

re o

f co

mm

unity

hea

lth a

nd id

entit

y

Nee

d to

be

sens

itive

to tr

ibes

’ rel

ucta

nce

to s

hare

info

rmat

ion

abou

t im

port

ant

site

s

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Fir

e, e

rosi

on, fl

oods

, and

mas

s w

astin

g w

ill th

reat

en tr

ails

and

oth

er r

ecre

atio

nal f

eatu

res

of th

e la

ndsc

ape,

res

ultin

g in

saf

ety

issu

es

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: Id

entif

y an

d de

scri

be th

reat

s; m

itiga

te fo

r th

reat

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Tact

ics

Use

exi

stin

g da

ta a

nd m

odel

s to

do

over

lays

of h

ighe

st v

ulne

rabi

lity

and

thre

at le

vels

(to

ecos

yste

m s

ervi

ces,

in g

ener

al)

Und

erst

and

dem

ogra

phic

tren

ds a

nd d

eman

d fo

r hu

ntin

g, fi

shin

g,

and

wild

life

view

ing

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

t uni

t lev

el w

ith a

ssis

tanc

e fr

om fi

re s

cien

ce c

ente

rs, N

IFC

, For

est

Serv

ice

Res

earc

h St

atio

ns; p

oten

tially

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y In

par

tner

ship

s w

ith w

ildlif

e gr

oups

, Sta

te a

genc

ies

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Inco

rpor

ate

into

exi

stin

g fir

e pl

anni

ng, t

rans

port

atio

n pl

anni

ng,

recr

eatio

n pl

anni

ng, w

ilder

ness

pla

nnin

gIn

nat

iona

l rep

orts

suc

h as

the

Res

ourc

e Pl

anni

ng A

ct (R

PA)

Ass

essm

ent,

part

ners

hips

with

gro

ups

such

as

Hea

dwat

ers

Econ

omic

s



Tabl

e 14

A.1

(co

ntin

ued)

—Ec

osys

tem

ser

vice

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he M

iddl

e R

ocki

es s

ubre

gion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Cha

nge

in ti

min

g of

wat

er a

vaila

bilit

y an

d ab

solu

te a

mou

nt o

f wat

er a

vaila

ble

will

affe

ct w

ater

-bas

ed r

ecre

atio

n; h

igh

tem

pera

ture

s m

ay d

rive

up d

eman

d fo

r w

ater

rec

reat

ion

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: P

lan

to a

ccou

nt fo

r th

ese

chan

ges

in d

eman

d

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Iden

tify

plac

es th

at a

re li

kely

to b

e af

fect

ed b

y cl

imat

e ch

ange

: eith

er lo

ss o

f w

ater

-bas

ed r

ecre

atio

n, o

r w

here

mor

e re

crea

tion

will

be

conc

entr

ated

Ret

hink

cam

pgro

und

loca

tions

to m

ake

them

m

ore

plea

sant

for

hot c

limat

es (e

.g.,

spot

s in

th

e sh

ade)

and

nea

r ex

istin

g w

ater

res

ourc

es;

use

inte

ntio

nal l

ocat

ions

to c

ontr

ol im

pact

s of

di

sper

sed

cam

ping

Futu

re r

eser

voir

s m

ay b

e ne

eded

to

mee

t mun

icip

al w

ater

dem

and

that

will

al

so b

e us

ed fo

r re

crea

tion,

but

may

al

so fl

ood

exis

ting

recr

eatio

n si

tes

(e.g

., ca

mpg

roun

ds)

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?A

ll fo

rest

sFo

rest

s es

peci

ally

attr

activ

e to

RV

s N

ear

exis

ting

wat

er r

esou

rces

, and

like

ly

new

site

s fo

r re

serv

oirs

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Part

neri

ng w

ith G

IS s

peci

alis

ts, r

ecre

atio

n sp

ecia

lists

, and

clim

ate

spec

ialis

ts

Will

req

uire

aw

aren

ess

for

futu

re p

lann

ing;

a

need

for

mor

e en

forc

emen

t to

keep

peo

ple

whe

re w

e w

ant t

hem

and

lim

it im

pact

s w

here

w

e do

not

; par

tner

ing

with

rec

reat

ion

user

gr

oups

will

be

a ke

y to

suc

cess

Look

ing

ahea

d to

pla

n fo

r su

ch c

hang

es

Com

men

tsA

firs

t req

uire

men

t may

be

an a

sses

smen

t of

cur

rent

use

, in

orde

r to

fore

cast

futu

re

dem

and

Nee

d to

edu

cate

peo

ple

abou

t the

sen

sitiv

ity

of w

ater

res

ourc

es to

hum

an im

pact

s; it

is v

ery

diffi

cult

to c

lose

site

s

---



Tabl

e 14

A.2

—Ec

osys

tem

ser

vice

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he S

outh

ern

Gre

ater

Yel

low

ston

e su

breg

ion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

ate

chan

ge is

like

ly to

lead

to s

hift

in g

razi

ng p

atte

rns

betw

een

Bur

eau

of L

and

Man

agem

ent (

BLM

) and

For

est S

ervi

ce (F

S)

land

s an

d m

ay in

terf

ere

with

wild

life

phen

olog

y (n

amel

y sa

ge-g

rous

e ne

stin

g)

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: D

evel

op a

hol

istic

app

roac

h to

gra

zing

man

agem

ent;

unde

rsta

nd r

anch

er’s

busi

ness

app

roac

h, la

nds

used

, wat

er m

anag

emen

t, an

d co

mpe

ting

dem

ands

from

oth

er r

esou

rces

and

mul

tiple

use

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

CSp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– D

Tact

ics

Mod

ify fl

exib

ility

in ti

min

g,

dura

tion,

and

inte

nsity

of

auth

oriz

ed g

razi

ng

Use

gra

zing

as

a to

ol to

ach

ieve

de

sire

d co

nditi

ons:

hol

istic

gr

azin

g, ta

rget

gra

zing

on

noxi

ous

wee

ds

Con

side

r no

vel w

ays

to m

anag

e gr

azin

g (e

.g.,

cont

ract

ing

graz

ing

oppo

rtun

ities

on

Fora

ge R

eser

ves

on th

e B

ridg

er-T

eton

NF

and

vaca

nt

allo

tmen

ts)

Min

imiz

e im

pact

s; d

esig

n liv

esto

ck w

ater

dev

elop

men

ts

(e.g

., sh

utof

f val

ves

for

tank

s, a

nd

prot

ectio

n of

spr

ing

sour

ces)

mor

e ef

ficie

ntly

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Pu

blic

, priv

ate,

and

all

adja

cent

la

nds

Acr

oss

the

natio

nal f

ores

t on

all

graz

ing

allo

tmen

tsA

cros

s th

e na

tiona

l for

est o

n al

l gr

azin

g al

lotm

ents

; esp

ecia

lly n

eede

d in

are

as w

here

ther

e is

a g

ap b

etw

een

avai

labi

lity

of B

LM la

nd a

nd F

S la

nd

On

graz

ing

area

s, in

sen

sitiv

e sp

ring

-sou

rce

ecos

yste

ms

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Perm

it re

new

als

and

fore

st p

lan

revi

sion

; col

labo

ratio

n w

ith o

ther

go

vern

men

tal e

ntiti

es; r

egio

nal

dire

ctiv

es

Part

ners

hips

with

Nat

ural

R

esou

rces

Con

serv

atio

n Se

rvic

e an

d w

ith S

tate

s, w

eed

man

agem

ent g

roup

s, C

ount

ies

---

An

engi

neer

ing

solu

tion

to w

ater

w

aste

and

impa

cts

to r

ipar

ian

area

s; p

artn

ersh

ips

Com

men

ts--

---

-Th

is g

ives

a s

pace

for

cattl

e du

ring

tim

es w

hen

they

hav

e no

whe

re e

lse

to g

o

May

nee

d no

vel w

ays

of fu

ndin

g



Tabl

e 14

A.2

(co

ntin

ued)

—Ec

osys

tem

ser

vice

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he S

outh

ern

Gre

ater

Yel

low

ston

e su

breg

ion

wor

ksho

p.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: With

hig

her

vari

abili

ty in

wea

ther

, tim

ing

of a

vaila

bilit

y of

rec

reat

ion

site

s m

ay b

ecom

e le

ss p

redi

ctab

le; w

arm

tem

pera

ture

s at

lo

w e

leva

tions

trig

ger

desi

re fo

r re

crea

tion,

but

col

der

and

wet

hig

h el

evat

ions

may

not

be

capa

ble

of a

bsor

bing

the

hum

an im

pact

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: C

hang

e st

affin

g an

d m

anag

emen

t in

high

ly v

aria

ble

shou

lder

sea

sons

to a

ccom

mod

ate

flexi

bilit

y in

sea

sons

, dat

es, a

nd tr

avel

man

agem

ent;

cons

ider

trad

eoffs

bet

wee

n fle

xibi

lity

and

pred

icta

bilit

y

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Add

gat

es to

clo

sed

area

s th

at m

ay b

e m

uddy

; use

mul

tiple

gat

e sy

stem

to o

pen

low

er tr

ails

but

clo

se o

ff hi

gher

ele

vatio

n tr

ails

; har

den

road

s th

at a

re li

kely

to b

e us

ed in

mud

dy s

easo

n

Use

soc

ial m

edia

and

rea

l-tim

e in

form

atio

n to

co

mm

unic

ate

to th

e pu

blic

the

impa

cts

of o

ut-o

f-se

ason

or

non-

seas

onal

ly a

ppro

pria

te r

ecre

atio

n

Flex

ible

trav

el m

anag

emen

t pla

ns,

staf

fing;

flex

ible

dat

es fo

r ro

ad

open

ings

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Lo

wer

ele

vatio

n ac

cess

poi

nts

Vir

tual

ly, l

ocal

-lev

el k

now

ledg

e; s

trat

egic

co

mm

unic

atio

ns; f

ores

t-le

vel c

onta

cts,

Fac

eboo

k®,

Twitt

er®

Low

er-e

leva

tion

and

mid

-ele

vatio

n ro

ads

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Trav

el p

lan

revi

sion

sIn

par

tner

ship

with

priv

ate

and

com

mun

ity

orga

niza

tions

(e.g

., Fr

iend

s of

Pat

hway

); te

ch-s

avvy

us

er g

roup

s

Trav

el p

lan

revi

sion

s

Com

men

ts--

-U

sers

ofte

n pr

edic

t use

bas

ed o

n pa

st e

xper

ienc

es,

whi

ch a

re n

o lo

nger

goo

d pr

edic

tors

of t

he p

rese

nt

and

futu

re, s

o us

ers

may

get

cau

ght o

ff-gu

ard

by

chan

ge in

wea

ther

and

trai

l con

ditio

ns; n

eed

to

educ

ate

peop

le o

n ch

angi

ng h

azar

ds

---



Tabl

e 14

A.3

—Ec

osys

tem

ser

vice

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he U

inta

s an

d W

asat

ch F

ront

sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Pol

linat

ors

will

be

sens

itive

to c

limat

e ch

ange

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se a

genc

y an

d pu

blic

aw

aren

ess

of th

e im

port

ance

of n

ativ

e po

llina

tors

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Esta

blis

h a

polli

nato

r co

ordi

nato

r to

com

mun

icat

e w

ith d

istr

ict-

and

fo

rest

-lev

el ID

team

s, a

s w

ell a

s th

e R

egio

nal O

ffice

and

the

publ

ic

Dev

elop

a c

heck

list t

o co

nsid

er p

ollin

ator

se

rvic

es in

pla

nnin

g, p

roje

ct a

naly

sis,

and

de

cisi

on m

akin

g

Esta

blis

h po

llina

tor

gard

ens

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Ea

ch n

atio

nal f

ores

tIn

bot

h th

e N

atio

nal F

ores

t Man

agem

ent A

ct a

nd

Nat

iona

l Env

iron

men

tal P

olic

y A

ct p

roce

sses

On

Fede

ral f

acili

ties

or in

par

tner

ship

with

ot

her

publ

ic e

ntiti

es (e

.g.,

publ

ic s

pace

s, p

arks

, ba

ckya

rds)

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

---

Dur

ing

proj

ect i

nitia

tion,

ID te

am p

roce

ss, f

ores

t pl

anni

ngC

olla

bora

tive

prog

ram

s an

d pa

rtne

rshi

ps,

scho

ols,

Sta

te a

nd p

rivat

e fo

rest

s,

nong

over

nmen

tal o

rgan

izat

ions

(e.g

., X

erce

s So

ciet

y), c

ham

bers

of c

omm

erce

Com

men

tsA

coo

rdin

ator

can

als

o be

es

tabl

ishe

d fo

r ot

her

ecos

yste

m

serv

ices

that

are

not

wel

l-re

pres

ente

d

A s

imila

r ch

eckl

ist m

ay b

e us

eful

at l

arge

spa

tial

scal

es (e

stab

lish

need

for

chan

ge a

nd d

esir

ed

futu

re c

ondi

tion

goal

s an

d ob

ject

ives

)

Seed

s of

loca

l ori

gin

shou

ld b

e em

phas

ized

; en

cour

age

awar

enes

s of

nat

ive,

pol

linat

or-

frie

ndly

pla

nts;

use

loca

l nur

seri

es, s

eed

colle

ctor

s, r

esto

ratio

n ec

olog

ists

, etc

.



Tabl

e 14

A.3

(co

ntin

ued)

—Ec

osys

tem

ser

vice

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he U

inta

s an

d W

asat

ch F

ront

sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Pol

linat

ors

will

be

sens

itive

to c

limat

e ch

ange

Ada

ptio

n st

rate

gy/a

ppro

ach:

Enh

ance

pol

linat

or h

abita

t on

Fede

ral l

ands

and

Fed

eral

faci

litie

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Dir

ect F

ores

t Ser

vice

uni

ts to

impr

ove

polli

nato

r ha

bita

t by

incr

easi

ng n

ativ

e ve

geta

tion

(via

inte

grat

ed p

est m

anag

emen

t an

d in

tegr

ated

veg

etat

ion

man

agem

ent)

by

appl

ying

pol

linat

or-f

rien

dly

fore

st-w

ide

best

m

anag

emen

t pra

ctic

es a

nd s

eed

mix

es

Esta

blis

h a

rese

rve

of n

ativ

e se

ed m

ixes

in

clud

ing

polli

nato

r-fr

iend

ly p

lant

s th

at a

re

adap

ted,

ava

ilabl

e, a

fford

able

, and

effe

ctiv

e

Dev

elop

rev

eget

atio

n gu

idel

ines

that

in

corp

orat

e m

enu-

base

d se

ed m

ixes

by

habi

tat t

ype

(e.g

., sp

ecie

s th

at a

re g

ood

for

polli

nato

rs, s

age-

grou

se, u

mbr

ella

sp

ecie

s) a

nd b

y em

piri

cal o

r pr

ovis

iona

l se

ed z

ones

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?H

igh-

prio

rity

are

as in

clud

e al

pine

, tal

l for

bs,

low

-ele

vatio

n w

etla

nds,

and

dry

and

dw

arf

sage

brus

h co

mm

uniti

es, a

ll of

whi

ch a

re

vuln

erab

le to

clim

ate

chan

ge im

pact

s

IAP

geog

raph

ic a

reas

(e.g

., U

inta

s an

d W

asat

ch F

ront

)Ea

ch n

atio

nal f

ores

t

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Silv

icul

tura

l and

Bur

n A

rea

Emer

genc

y R

espo

nse

(BA

ER) t

reat

men

ts, g

razi

ng a

nd

fuel

s m

anag

emen

t, po

stfir

e re

cove

ry, w

ildlif

e ha

bita

t im

prov

emen

t pro

ject

s, o

r an

y re

clam

atio

n or

rec

over

y pr

ojec

ts; i

nclu

de

prem

onito

ring

and

pos

tmon

itori

ng

Dev

elop

em

piri

cal s

eed

zone

s fo

r yo

ur

core

list

of n

ativ

e pl

ant m

ater

ials

des

ired

; in

the

abse

nce

of e

mpi

rica

l see

d zo

nes,

use

pr

ovis

iona

l or

inte

rim

see

d zo

nes

and

Leve

l 3

ecor

egio

ns

Whe

neve

r re

vege

tatio

n is

nee

ded;

for

exam

ple,

gui

delin

es w

ould

hel

p BA

ER

team

s, e

nter

pris

e te

ams,

fore

st p

lann

ing

team

s

Com

men

tsSe

e ta

ctic

BR

efer

ence

FSM

207

0 (N

ativ

e pl

ant

mat

eria

ls p

olic

y) a

nd th

e na

tiona

l see

d st

rate

gy; s

ee a

lso

Reg

ion

4 lis

t of p

ollin

ator

-fr

iend

ly r

esto

ratio

n sp

ecie

s

This

pro

duct

will

hel

p us

be

cons

iste

nt

with

FSM

207

0 po

licy

and

accu

rate

ly

sele

ct a

dapt

ed p

lant

mat

eria

l whe

n im

plem

entin

g re

vege

tatio

n an

d re

clam

atio

n pr

ojec

ts



Tabl

e 14

A.3

(co

ntin

ued)

—Ec

osys

tem

ser

vice

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he U

inta

s an

d W

asat

ch F

ront

sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Hig

her

tem

pera

ture

s an

d in

crea

sed

fire

activ

ity w

ill c

hang

e th

e co

mpo

sitio

n an

d al

ter

the

prod

uctiv

ity o

f for

age

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: In

crea

se r

esili

ence

of h

abita

ts th

at a

re u

sed

by u

ngul

ates

and

that

are

vul

nera

ble

to c

limat

e ch

ange

impa

cts

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Red

uce

conv

ersi

on o

f nat

ive

pere

nnia

l ve

geta

tion

to in

vasi

ve s

peci

esIn

tegr

ate

graz

ing

stra

tegi

es a

nd v

eget

atio

n tr

eatm

ents

(bot

h w

ild a

nd d

omes

tic u

ngul

ates

)Em

phas

ize

colla

bora

tive

prob

lem

sol

ving

w

ith p

erm

ittee

s an

d ot

her

inte

rest

ed

part

ies

rath

er th

an e

nfor

cem

ent

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?H

igh-

prio

rity

are

as in

clud

e ta

ll fo

rbs,

low

-el

evat

ion

wet

land

s an

d ri

pari

an a

reas

, and

dr

y an

d dw

arf s

ageb

rush

com

mun

ities

, all

of w

hich

are

vul

nera

ble

to c

limat

e ch

ange

im

pact

s

---

---

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Veg

etat

ion

trea

tmen

ts, a

llotm

ent m

anag

emen

t pl

ans,

mee

tings

with

cou

nty

wee

d m

anag

emen

t are

as, n

ativ

e pl

ant p

roje

cts,

etc

.

Wild

life

advi

sory

cou

ncils

Cou

nty

wee

d m

anag

emen

t are

as,

colla

bora

tive

grou

ps, a

llotm

ent

man

agem

ent p

lans

, par

tner

ship

s, a

nnua

l op

erat

ing

inst

ruct

ion

mee

tings

with

in

tere

sted

par

ties,

nat

ive

plan

t pro

ject

s,

field

tria

ls fo

r in

nova

tive

graz

ing

Com

men

ts--

-R

esea

rch

and

iden

tify

new

str

ateg

ies;

ens

ure

that

res

ults

are

mon

itore

dC

onsi

der

paym

ents

for

ecos

yste

m s

ervi

ces

and

ince

ntiv

es fo

r pa

rtic

ipat

ion

in

cons

erva

tion

prog

ram

s

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Am

ount

and

sea

sona

l dis

trib

utio

n of

wat

er w

ill c

hang

e in

rel

atio

n to

dem

and

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: A

sses

s an

d co

mm

unic

ate

Fore

st S

ervi

ce a

bilit

y to

hel

p m

eet d

eman

d

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Con

duct

inte

grat

ed a

sses

smen

t of w

ater

and

lo

cal e

ffect

s of

clim

ate

chan

geEn

cour

age

com

mun

icat

ion

and

full

disc

losu

re

of in

form

atio

nC

ondu

ct v

ulne

rabi

lity

asse

ssm

ents

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?O

n a

wat

ersh

ed b

asis

; nex

t, id

entif

y pr

iori

ties

to fu

rthe

r as

sess

tim

ing

and

quan

tity

at th

e st

ream

leve

l

Wat

ersh

ed c

ounc

ils, m

unic

ipal

wat

ersh

eds,

in

tera

genc

y w

orki

ng g

roup

s (e

.g.,

Mou

ntai

n A

ccor

d), l

ocal

com

mun

ities

Ass

essm

ents

cou

ld b

e do

ne b

y co

mm

unity

, wat

ersh

ed, a

dmin

istr

ativ

e bo

unda

ry, e

tc.

Com

men

tsA

sses

smen

t wou

ld fo

cus

on n

eeds

of a

hea

lthy

wat

ersh

ed, n

ot m

axim

izin

g yi

eld



Tabl

e 14

A.4

—Ec

osys

tem

ser

vice

ada

ptat

ion

optio

ns d

evel

oped

at t

he G

reat

Bas

in a

nd S

emi D

eser

t sub

regi

on w

orks

hop.

Sens

itiv

ity

to c

limat

ic v

aria

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

: Clim

atic

var

iabi

lity

and

war

min

g w

ill a

ffect

gra

zing

res

ourc

es a

nd p

olic

y

Ada

ptat

ion

stra

tegy

/app

roac

h: D

evel

op a

hol

istic

app

roac

h to

gra

zing

man

agem

ent;

unde

rsta

nd r

anch

er’s

busi

ness

app

roac

h, la

nds

used

, wat

er m

anag

emen

t, an

d co

mpe

ting

dem

ands

from

oth

er r

esou

rces

and

mul

tiple

use

s

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

ASp

ecifi

c ta

ctic

– B

Spec

ific

tact

ic –

C

Tact

ics

Part

ner

with

per

mitt

ee a

nd o

ther

man

ager

s of

land

s th

ey u

se to

cre

ate

a ho

listic

gra

zing

pr

ogra

m

Und

erst

and

chan

ges

in w

ater

ava

ilabi

lity

to p

repa

re a

nd a

djus

t gra

zing

m

anag

emen

t

Impl

emen

t edu

catio

n pr

ogra

ms

abou

t clim

ate

chan

ge im

pact

s an

d su

stai

nabl

e gr

azin

g pr

actic

es (h

ighl

ight

bot

h po

sitiv

e an

d ne

gativ

e ef

fect

s)

Whe

re c

an t

acti

cs b

e ap

plie

d?Pu

blic

, priv

ate,

and

all

adja

cent

land

sA

roun

d w

ater

res

ourc

esN

eeds

to b

e br

oadl

y im

plem

ente

d;

part

ners

hip

oppo

rtun

ities

with

Cat

tlem

en’s

Ass

ocia

tion,

Fut

ure

Farm

ers

of A

mer

ica,

N

atur

al R

esou

rces

Con

serv

atio

n Se

rvic

e,

scho

ols,

env

iron

men

tal o

rgan

izat

ions

Opp

ortu

niti

es fo

r im

plem

enta

tion

Whe

neve

r lo

okin

g at

Allo

tmen

t Man

agem

ent

Plan

or

annu

al o

pera

ting

plan

s Im

prov

e m

aps

and

mod

els

of w

ater

av

aila

bilit

y an

d co

mpe

ting

uses

; wor

k w

ith p

artn

ers

on w

ater

infr

astr

uctu

re

chan

ges

and

fund

ing

Bri

ng m

essa

ge in

to fo

rest

pla

n re

visi

on

disc

ussi

ons

and

whe

n w

orki

ng w

ith p

ublic

Com

men

tsW

ork

with

ext

ensi

on s

ervi

ces,

res

earc

h, o

ther

s w

ho u

nder

stan

d ra

nchi

ng n

eeds

Wor

king

ran

ches

pre

serv

e la

rge

open

la

ndsc

apes

and

wild

life

habi

tat
