1 Visions of America, A History of the United States

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1 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Revivalism, Reform, and Artistic Renaissance, 1820–1850

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1 Visions of America, A History of the United States

2 Visions of America, A History of the United States

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Revivalism, Reform, and Artistic Renaissance, 1820–1850

I. Revivalism and Reform

II. Abolitionism and the Proslavery Response

III. The Cult of True Womanhood, Reform, and Women’s Rights

IV. Religious and Secular Utopianism

V. Literature and Popular Culture

VI. Nature’s Nation

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4 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Revivalism and Reform

A. Revivalism and the Market Revolution

B. Temperance

C. Schools, Prisons, and Asylums

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5 Visions of America, A History of the United States

Revivalism and the Market Revolution

What was the Second Great Awakening?

How did Finney use the tools of the market revolution to further the goals of the Second Great Awakening?

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Temperance

What does this painting of a militia muster reveal about alcohol consumption in America?

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Temperance

Temperance – A reform movement that developed in response to concern over the rising levels of alcohol consumption in American society

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Schools, Prisons, and Asylums

How did Mann’s vision of educational reform differ from that of the Working Men’s Party?

What was a panopticon?

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Schools, Prisons, and Asylums

Penitentiary – A new reform-based model of incarceration that isolated individuals from one another and gave them a chance to repent and reform

– A radical departure from earlier approaches to crime, which cast behavior in terms of sinfulness, innate depravity, and punishment

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Abolitionism and the Proslavery Response

A. The Rise of Immediatism

B. Anti-Abolitionism and the Abolitionist Response

C. The Proslavery Argument

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The Rise of Immediatism

Why was David Walker’s Appeal so radical?

Who was Henry “Box” Brown?

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The Rise of Immediatism

Immediatism – Abolitionist doctrine that rejected gradualism and advocated an immediate end to slavery

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Images as History

Hiram Powers’s statue, “The Greek Slave”, became part of the larger debate about slavery in the mid-nineteenth century.

Why did the public accept the nudity of “The Greek Slave”?

“THE GREEK SLAVE”

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Images as History“THE GREEK SLAVE”

She modestly turns away from viewers.

The chains around her wrists signify her status as a slave.

Because she was “clothed in Christian virtue,” the statue drew even women and children viewers.

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Anti-Abolitionism and the Abolitionist Response

What was the “gag rule”?

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Anti-Abolitionism and the Abolitionist Response

Gag Rule – A procedural motion that required that the House of Representatives automatically table antislavery petitions and not consider them

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The Proslavery Argument

What was the proslavery argument?

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The Proslavery Argument

Peculiar Institution – A term that John C. Calhoun coined to describe Southern slavery

– In Calhoun’s view, slavery was not “an evil” or a cause of shame but rather “a good—a positive good” to be championed.

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The Cult of True Womanhood, Reform, and Women’s Rights

A. The New Domestic Ideal

B. Controlling Sexuality

C. The Path toward Seneca Falls

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The New Domestic Ideal

How does “Domestic Happiness” represent the ideal of the family?

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The New Domestic Ideal

Cult of True Womanhood – A set of beliefs that defined women’s values in opposition to the aggressive and competitive values of the marketplace

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Controlling Sexuality

Which reform movements attracted antebellum women?

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The Path toward Seneca Falls

How did Stanton’s upbringing influence her approach to women’s rights?

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The Path toward Seneca Falls

Seneca Falls Convention – A convention of women’s rights supporters held in Seneca Falls, New York

– Attendees drafted a Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, which declared that “all men and women are created equal”

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Religious and Secular Utopianism

A. Millennialism, Perfectionism, and Religious Utopianism

B. Secular Utopias

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Millennialism, Perfectionism, and Religious Utopianism

How did the Shakers recast the idea of the family?

What did the Oneida community believe?

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Millennialism, Perfectionism, and Religious Utopianism

Complex Marriage – A system developed by John Humphrey Noyes’s followers at Oneida, in which any man or women who had experienced saving grace was free to engage in sexual relations with any other person

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Competing VisionsREACTIONS TO SHAKER GENDER ROLES

The Shakers reconfigured traditional gender and family roles.

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Competing VisionsREACTIONS TO SHAKER GENDER ROLES

What do reactions to Shaker gender roles reveal about nineteenth-century American values?

In The Shaker Bridal, Hawthorne’s main character is unhappy and pitied after forsaking conventional marriage.

In an 1829 account, a visitor to a Shaker community describes a joyful religious utopia of tranquility and comfort.

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Secular Utopias

Why did Mormon values appeal to farmers and other small producers in the era of the market revolution?

What geographical patterns are evident from this map of utopian communities?

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Choices and Consequences

George Cragin, Mary’s husband, was interested in Noyes’s ideas.

Moved to Vermont and joined the community at Putney

The Putney community required participation in complex marriage.

MARY CRAGIN’S EXPERIMENT IN FREE LOVE AT ONEIDA

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Choices and Consequences

Mary’s choices regarding free love

MARY CRAGIN’S EXPERIMENT IN FREE LOVE AT ONEIDA

Persuade her husband to leave the community

with her

Leave regardless of her husband’s

decision

Stay with her husband and participate in

complex marriage

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Choices and Consequences

Decision and consequences• Mary stayed at Putney and participated in

complex marriage.• Eventually traveled to Oneida and became

one of the founding members.• Declared that life at Oneida brought her closer

to God.

Why might a woman like Mary Cragin have been drawn to the Oneida Community?

MARY CRAGIN’S EXPERIMENT IN FREE LOVE AT ONEIDA

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Choices and Consequences

Continuing Controversies

•Why would a nineteenth-century woman be attracted to utopian movements that rejected mainstream views of the family and marriage?

MARY CRAGIN’S EXPERIMENT IN FREE LOVE AT ONEIDA

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Literature and Popular Culture

A. Literature and Social Criticism

B. Domestic Fiction, Board Games, and Crime Stories

C. Slaves Tell Their Story: Slavery in American Literature

D. Lyceums and Lectures

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Literature and Social Criticism

How did Thoreau, Hawthorne, and Melville respond to the market revolution?

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Literature and Social Criticism

Transcendentalism – A loose set of ideas that looked to nature for inspiration and insights

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Domestic Fiction, Board Games, and Crime Stories

What ideas about the family and religion are reflected in “The Mansion of Happiness”?

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Slaves Tell Their Story: Slavery in American Literature

Why did Douglass need to prove that he was the author of his autobiography?

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Lyceums and Lectures

Why was phrenology so popular during this period?

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Nature’s Nation

A. Landscape Painting

B. Parks and Cemeteries

C. Revival and Reform in American Architecture

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Landscape Painting

What does Cole’s painting reveal about American views of nature?

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Parks and Cemeteries

What was the rural cemetery movement?

Why did Egyptian architectural styles inspire Americans in the 1830s?

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Revival and Reform in American Architecture

What was the Greek revival?

What does Shaker furniture reveal about Shaker values?

Why did phrenologists favor the octagon as an architectural style?

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