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CBS Edition 83The CBS classification system

1. Reviews and booksa) Books on TLCb) Books containing one or several chapters on TLCc) Books containing frequent TLC information spread over severalchapters of other information

2. Fundamentals, theory and generala) Generalb) Thermodynamics and theoretical relationshipc) Relationship between structure and chrom. behaviourd) Measurement of physico-chemical and related valuese) Optimization of solvent systemsf) Validation of methods

3. General techniques (unless they are restricted to the applicationwithin one or two classification sections)

a) New apparatus/techniques for sample preparationb) Separation materialc) New apparatus for sample application/dosaged) New apparatus/techniques for chromatogram developmente) New apparatus/techniques for pre- or postchromatographicderivatizationf) New apparatus/techniques for quantitative evaluationg) New apparatus/techniques for other TLC steps (distinguishedfrom section 4)

4. Special techniquesa) Automation of sample preparation/applicationb) Automation of complex chromatogram developing techniquesc) Automation, computer application in quantitative chromatogramevaluationd) Combination of TLC with other chromatographic techniquese) Combination of TLC with other (non-chromatographic)techniques...MS, IR...etc.

5. Hydrocarbons and halogen derivativesa) Aliphatic hydrocarbonsb) Cyclic hydrocarbonsc) Halogen derivativesd) Complex hydrocarbon mixtures

6. Alcohols7. Phenols8. Substances containing heterocyclic oxygen

a) Flavonoidsb) Other compounds with heterocyclic oxygen

9. Oxo compounds, ethers and epoxides10. Carbohydrates

a) Mono- and oligosaccharides, structural studiesb) Polysaccharides, mucopolysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides

11. Organic acids and lipidsa) Organic acids and simple estersb) Prostaglandinsc) Lipids and their constituentsd) Lipoproteins and their constituentse) Glycosphingolipids (gangliosides, sulfatides, neutralglycosphingolipids)

12. Organic peroxides13. Steroids

a) Pregnane and androstane derivativesb) Estrogensc) Sterolsd) Bile acids and alcoholse) Ecdysones and other insect steroid hormones

14. Steroid glycosides, saponins and other terpenoid glycosides15. Terpenes and other volatile plant ingredients

a) Terpenesb) Essential oils

16. Nitro and nitroso compounds

17. Amines, amides and related nitrogen compoundsa) Amines and polyaminesb) Catecholamines and their metabolitesc) Amino derivatives and amides (excluding peptides)

18. Amino acids and peptides, chemical structure of proteinsa) Amino acids and their derivativesb) Peptides and peptidic proteinous hormones

19. Proteins20. Enzymes21. Purines, pyrimidines, nucleic acids and their constituents

a) Purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides, nucleotidesb) Nucleic acids, RNA, DNA

22. Alkaloids23. Other substances containing heterocyclic nitrogen

a) Porphyrins and other pyrrolesb) Bile pigmentsc) Indole derivativesd) Pyridine derivativese) other N-heterocyclic compounds

24. Organic sulfur compounds25. Organic phosphorus compounds (other than phospholipids)26. Organometallic and related compounds

a) Organometallic compoundsb) Boranes, silanes and related non-metallic compoundsc) Coordination compounds

27. Vitamins and various growth regulators (non-peptidic)28. Antibiotics, Mycotoxins

a) Antibioticsb) Aflatoxins and other mycotoxins

29. Pesticides and other agrochemicalsa) Chlorinated insecticidesb) Phosphorus insecticidesc) Carbamatesd) Herbicidese) Fungicidesf) Other types of pesticides and various agrochemicals

30. Synthetic and natural dyesa) Synthetic dyesb) Chloroplasts and other natural pigments

31. Plastics and their intermediates32. Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications

a) Synthetic drugsb) Pharmacokinetic studiesc) Drug monitoringd) Toxicological applicationse) Plant extracts, herbal and traditional medicinesf) Clinico-chemical applications and profiling body fluids

33. Inorganic substancesa) Cationsb) Anions

34. Radioactive and other isotopic compounds35. Other technical products and complex mixtures

a) Surfactantsb) Antioxidants and preservativesc) Various specific technical productsd) Complex mixtures and non-identified compounds

36. Thin-layer electrophoresis37. Environmental analysis

a) General papersb) Air pollutionc) Water pollutiond) Soil pollution

38. Chiral separations

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1. Reviews and books

83 001 P. PACHALY, (Inst. for Pharm., Friedrich-Wilhelm-Univ., Kreuzbergweg 26, 53115 Bonn, Germany): DC-Atlas -Duennschichtchromatographie in der Apotheke. (Thin-layer Chromatography in the Pharmacy). A book with 211monographs, numerous colored pictures, ISBN 3-8047-1623-7; DM/SFR 198.-

1a

83 002 J. SHERMA (Dept. of Chem., Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042, USA): Planar Chromatography. Anal.Chem. 70, 7R - 26R (1998). Selective review of the literature of thin-layer chromatography in Chemical Abstracts fromNovember 1, 1995 to November 1, 1997. The review contains General Considerations (history, books, reviews; theoryand fundamental studies; chromatographic systems, apparatus and techniques; detection and identification; quantitativeanalysis; and preparative and radio-TLC) and Applications (acids and phenols; amino acids etc.; antibiotics; bases andamines; carbohydrates; dyes and pigments; hydrocarbons; lipids; pesticides; pharmaceuticals, drugs, and alkaloids;purines, pyrimidines, and nucleic acids; steroids; surfactants and detergents; toxins; vitamins; miscellaneous organiccompounds; inorganics and metal organics); the most important (463 of 1650) publications were cited.

1b

83 003 Y. SUN (Sun Yuqing), Y. WANG (Wang Yanthong), L. LIN (Lin Leming), F. LI (Li Famei), (Shenyang Univ. Pharm.,Shanyang, P.R. China): (Modern chromatographic techniques and their applications in pharmaceuticalanalysis. ) (Chinese). A book on the basic, techniques and application in pharmaceutical analysis of modernchromatography, including chapters on TLC.

1b

2. Fundamentals, theory and general

83 004 V.G. BERETZKIN, (Inst. of Petrochem. Synth., Rus. Acad. of Sci., Lenin av. 29, 117912 Moscow, Russia): The searchfor a means of classifying the methods of planar chromatography. J. Planar Chromatogr. 12, 51-57 (1999).Analysis of the modern terminology of planar chromatography and suggestion of new variants. Some possible newdirections in over-pressured TLC are considered.

2a

83 005 E. HAHN-DEINSTROP (Kleingeschaidter Str. 23, D-90542 Eckental, Germany): Quantitative Auswertung in derDünnschicht-Chromatographie - Densitometer oder Videokamera?. CLB Chemie in Labor und Biotechnik 2, 55-60(1999). A comparison between a TLC Scanner and a video-system as tools in quantitative evaluations of HPTLCchromatograms. Discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of both systems.

2

83 006 W. KIRIDENA, C.F. POOLE*, (*Dept. of Chem., Wayne State Univ., Detroit, MI 48202, USA): Structure-drivenretention model for method development in reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography onoctadecylsiloxane-bonded layers. J. Planar Chromatogr. 12, 13-25 (1999). Use of the solvation parameter model toderive system maps for methanol, 2-propanol, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide, and acetonebinary mobile phase components in water on RP-18. Interpretation of the system constants provides an explanation ofsolvent selectivity in terms of fundamental intermolecular interactions and changes in the phase ratio. Excellentagreement between predicted and experimental Rf values which highlights the strong potential for this new method ofcomputer-aided method development in reversed phase chromatography.

2e

83 007 M. LUKACS*, B. BARCSA, K. KOVACS-HADADY, (*L. Kossuth Univ., Dept. Inorg. & Anal. Chem., P.O. Box 21, 4010Debrecen, Hungary.): The effects of pH, ionic strength and buffer concentration of mobile phase on RF of acidiccompounds in ion-pair TLC. Chromatographia 48, 511-516 (1998). Study of the effects of title factors important inion-pair, HPLC towards ion-pair TLC, using tetramethyl and cetyltrimethyl ammonium salts as ion-pairing reagents andsilica gel and chemically bonded silica gel as the stationary phase, impregnated with ion-pairing reagent or treated withbuffer at different concentrations, using mobile phase buffer, salts and ion-pairing reagent. Discussion of the migrationbehavior of different benzoic acids, etc.

2

83 008 D. NUROK*, R.R. SORRELL, C.L. McCAIN, M.C. FROST, P. HAJDU, T.C. POWELL, T. LAHR, R.M. KLEYLE, (*Dept. of



83 008 D. NUROK*, R.R. SORRELL, C.L. McCAIN, M.C. FROST, P. HAJDU, T.C. POWELL, T. LAHR, R.M. KLEYLE, (*Dept. ofChem., Indiana Univ.-Purdue Univ. at Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA): Predictionof retention using polar and nonpolar surface areas of single-solvent mobile phases. J. Planar Chromatogr. 12,42-45 (1999). Preparation of p-nitrobenzyl esters of dansyl derivatives of fifteen amino acids and chromatography onsilica gel with a series of single-solvent mobile phases. Multiple linear regression was used to construct a model thatpredicts retention as a function of the polar and the nonpolar surface areas of each solvent. The values of the interceptand regression coefficients are solute-dependent, but the form of the predictive equation is concordant for all solventstested.

2c

83 009 B. RENGER, (Byk Gulden Pharmazeutika, Werk Singen, Robert-Bosch-Strasse 8, D-78224 Singen, Germany): Benchmarking HPLC and HPTLC in pharmaceutical analysis. J. Planar Chromatogr. 12, 58-62 (1999). Theanalytical performance and costs have been compared for two chromatographic procedures used for assay and puritytesting of defined phospholipids: HPTLC with postchromatographic derivatization and HPLC with light scatteringdetection (LSD). For this special application HPTLC is as accurate and precise as HPLC, or even better. Benchmarking,including all possible cost sources, shows that cost reduction by use of HPTLC is significant (cost reduction 1:2.5). -HPTLC of phospholipids on silica gel with chloroform - methanol - acetic acid - water 65:20:8:5; chamber saturation.Detection by dipping into 10% copper(II) sulfate - phosphoric acid reagent, 5 min drying at 110°C and 30 min at 170°C.Evaluation by densitometry in absorbance mode at 365 nm.

2

83 010 J.K. ROZYLO*, M.A. ZABINSKA, A. NIEWIADOMY, (Fac. of Chem., Maria Curie-Sklodowska Univ., MariaCurie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland): The influence of chromatographic system properties on theretention of organic solutes. J. Planar Chromatogr. 11, 433-437 (1998). Examination of the behavior of somedihydroxybenzanilides, organic compounds with fungicidal properties, using RP-planar chromatography. The effect oforganic modifier (methanol or acetone) concentration and stationary phase (RP-NH2 or RP-CN) properties on soluteretention was investigated and the dependence of peak shape and symmetry on the mobile and stationary phase wasanalyzed. RP-CN phases are useful for the chromatographic separation of benzanilides chosen. Chromatography wasperformed at 20°C in a horizontal sandwich chamber saturated for 20 min. Densitometry at 325 nm.

2d, 29e

83 011 J.-P. SALO, H. SALOMIES, (Univ. of Helsinki, Div. of Pharm. Chem., Dept. of Pharm., P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E),FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland): Teaching the basics of pharmaceutical analysis by thin-layer chromatography andhigh-performance thin-layer chromatography to undergraduate students - laboratory practicals. J. AOAC Int. 82,38-47 (1999). Description of a 2-day program with 9 exercises in TLC in order to teach the basics of the techniqueincluding the preparation of written reports. The exercise consisted i.a. of the study of the influence of several factors onchromatographic behavior (e.g. sorbent type, layer thickness, particle size and distribution, chamber saturation,2-dimensional TLC, HPTLC); visualization techniques, and discussion of the results. Substances chromatographed,e.g. benzodiazepines, sulfonamides.

2a

83 012 C. SARBU*, S. TODOR, (*"Babes-Bolyai" Univ., Fac. Chem. & Chem. Eng., Arany Janos II, 3400 Cluj-Napoca,Romania): Determination of lipophilicity of some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and their relationshipsby using principal component analysis based on thin-layer chromatographic retention data. J. Chromatogr. A822, 263-269 (1998). Determination of the relative lipophilicity of ten non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents byreversed-phase TLC using different plates and water - methanol mixtures as eluents. Investigation of the retentionbehavior of the compounds, their Rm values decrease linearly with increasing concentration of methanol in the eluents.Estimation and comparison of lipophilicity of the "congeneric lipophilicity chart".

2d

83 013 J. SLIWIOK, (Inst. of Chem., Fac. of Pharm., Silesian Univ., 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006 Katowice, Poland): Determination of Log P for selected aliphatic isomers separated by TLC. J. Planar Chromatogr. 12, 80-82 (1999).Modification of Rekker's equation which enables differentiation between selected isomers. TLC of lauryl acetate, ethyllaurate, myristyl acetate, ethyl myristate, cetyl acetate, ethyl palmitate on Kieselguhr impregnated with a 16% solutionof paraffin oil in benzene using ethanol - water 9:1. Detection by spraying with a 0.005% aqueous fuchsine solution.

2b

83 014 Q.S. WANG, L. ZHANG, H.Z. YANG, H.Y. LIU, (Nat. Lab. Elemento-Org. Chem., Nankai Univ., Tianjin 300071, P.R.



83 014 Q.S. WANG, L. ZHANG, H.Z. YANG, H.Y. LIU, (Nat. Lab. Elemento-Org. Chem., Nankai Univ., Tianjin 300071, P.R.China): Lipophilicity determination of some potential photosystem II inhibitors on reversed-phasehigh-performance thin-layer chromatography. J. Chromatogr. Sci 37, 41-44 (1999). Determination of Rf values of25 2-cyclo-3-methyl-thio-3-substituted amine-acrylates on RP-18 with methanol - water mixtures. Establishment of therelationship between Rm value and partition coefficients. Evaluation of the lipophilicity of the compounds using the Rmovalue.

2d

83 015 Y. WANG (Wang Yuesong), J. ZHANG (Zhang Jun), L. LIN (Lin Leming)*, (Dalian Inst. Chem. Phys., Chin. Acad. Sci.,Dalian 716012, P.R. China): (The relationship between thin-layer chromatographic retention values andmolecular structures of a group of amino acids by using back-propagation artificial neural network. ) (Chinese).Chinese J. Chromatogr. (Sepu) 17, 14-17 (1999). Determination of the Rf values of a group of amino acids by normalphase TLC. Computation of the correlation coefficients for various parameters of amino acids. Classification of theparameters according to the results of correlation analysis. Studies of the title relation-propagation artificial neuralnetwork. Comparison of the results with those obtained experimentally, showed good agreement.

2c, 18a

83 016 Y. WANG (Wang Yuesong), J. ZHANG (Zhang Jun), L. LIN (Lin Leming)*, (Dalian Inst. Chem. Phys., Chin. Acad. Sci.,Dalian 716012, P.R. China): (The relationship between thin-layer chromatographic retention values andmolecular structures of phenol and aniline derivatives. ) (Chinese). Chinese J. Chromatogr. (Sepu) 17, 18-20(1999). Determination of the Rf values of 24 phenol and aniline derivatives on silica with mixtures of hexane - ethylacetate in various proportions. Classification of the compounds into two species with different features by oblique factoranalysis. Discussion of the effects of the molecular structure on the retention value for the two species. Multi-parameterregression analysis of Rf values with the topological indexes, showing good correlation for both groups.

2c, 7, 17

83 017 B. YUAN (Yuan Bo)*, C. ZHOU (Zhou Caiju), G. WANG (Wang Gouqing), L. LI (Li Ling), Y. FANG (Fan Yi), (*Dept.Basic Courses, Shenyang Pharm. Univ., Shenyang 110015, P.R. China): (Determination of dissociation constants ofsophordine and lehmannine by thin-layer chromatography. ) (Chinese). J. Shenyang Univ. Pharm. (ShenyangYaoke Daxue Xuebao) 16, 44-47 (1999). TLC on silica gel impregnated with buffers of different pH values, developedwith acetone - cyclohexane 2:3. Measurement of the dissociation constants of the compounds using the Rf-pH curves.Comparison of the results with those obtained by potentiometry and UV spectrophotometry giving good agreement.

2d

3. General techniques

83 018 G. KOWALIK, K. ROGOSZ, T. KOWALSKA*, (Silesian Univ., Inst. of Chem., 9 Szkolna St, 40-006 Katowice, Poland): Raman spectroscopic characterization of RP-18-type chemically bonded stationary phases for liquidchromatography. J. AOAC Int. 82, 297-304 (1999). Raman spectroscopic characterization of TLC RP-18-, RP-8-,RP-2-, aminopropyl- and cyanopropyl-, and diol -separation material in the wide, intense, and highly structured regionfrom about 2285 to 1130 cm-1 is well suited for spectroscopic quantitation of the density of coverage of TLC-type RP-18stationary phases and other TLC-type stationary phases with covalently chemically bonded organic ligands.

3b

83 019 I. MALINOWSKA, J.K. ROZYLO*, (*Maria Curie-Sklodowska Univ., Fac. of Chem., M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-036Lublin, Poland): Planar electrochromatography on silica and alumina. J. Planar Chromatogr. 11, 411-416 (1998).Report of an evaluation of one of the newest chromatographic methods, thin-layer electrochromatography on silica geland aluminum oxide with a strong homogeneous electric field and the monocomponent organic mobile phasescommonly used in adsorption chromatography. TLC of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and quinoline derivatives onsilica gel and aluminum. The influence of the electric field on the migration velocity of the mobile phase and thechromatographed substances on the cathode side was most evident for ethyl methyl ketone and ethyl acetate.

3c

83 020 C. MARUTOIU, R. CONSTNTIESCU, F. DOGAR, R. GRECU, (Inst. of Chem. "Raluca Ripan", Dept. ofChromatography, St. St. Fãntãnele 30, RO-3400 Cluj-Napoca, Romania): Chemically modified silica gel withmercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane as stationary phase in thin-layer chromatography. J. AOAC Int. 82, 399-4011999). Description of the preparation of a silica gel modified with mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane and the determinationof surface characteristics before and after chemical modification by elemental analysis, specific surface areacharacterization, infrared spectroscopy, and TLC of 8 dyes with acetone - benzene - acetic acid 16:4:1.

3b

83 021 R.J. MAXWELL*, A.R. LIGHTFIELD, (US Dept. of Agr., ARS, Eastern Reg. Res. Center, 600 E. Mermaid Lane,



83 021 R.J. MAXWELL*, A.R. LIGHTFIELD, (US Dept. of Agr., ARS, Eastern Reg. Res. Center, 600 E. Mermaid Lane,Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA): An improved method for efficient predevelopment washing of HPTLC plates. J.Planar Chromatogr. 12, 109-113 (1999). Development of an alternative approach to the direct-immersion washingtechnique to minimize surface contamination further, or to eliminate it. Plates from 4 suppliers were first washed byascending development with methanol, dried, and then washed by immersion in the same solvent. Surface residuesremaining on the plates were visualized by fluoro- and UV densitometry. The improved, two-step ascendingdevelopment-immersion prewashing technique yielded adsorbent layers that were essentially free from surfacecontamination, an essential requirement when residues at the ppb level and below are analyzed by this means.Scanning in the fluorescence mode at 366 nm.

3g

83 022 J. SUMMANEN*, T. YRJ÷NEN, R. HILTUNEN, H. VUORELA, (*Pharmacogn. Div., Dept. of Pharm., P.O. Box 56,(Viikinkaari 5 E), FIN-00014 Univ. of Helsinki, Finland): Influence of the densitometer and video-documentationsettings in the detection of plant phenolics by TLC. J. Planar Chromatogr. 11, 421-427 (1998). Study of theinfluence of densitometer and video TLC-documentation system settings using two different mixtures of phenoliccompounds, either phenolic acids and flavonoids or coumarins, and the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of a methanolicextract of Phyllanthus emblica L. leaves as test mixtures. HPTLC on silica gel with e.g. toluene - ethanol - formic acid -n-hexane 30:9:2:9 and on RP-18 with methanol - water 1:1 + 1% o-phosphoric acid. Detection under UV 366 nm. Thesettings tested for a dual-wavelength, flying-spot UV densitometer were the beam slit-size and data accumulation byreflectance mode. The CCD video camera settings tested in the video image-analyzing system were the resolution,frame ( = data) accumulation, integration period, and aperture. According to the comparison both methods can beregarded as equivalent for the detection of phenolic compounds at wavelengths of 254 and 366 nm.

3g

83 023 B. SZABADY, Z. FATER, S. NYIREDY, (Res. Inst. for Med. Plants, P.O. Box 11, H-2011 Budakal·sz, Hungary): Comparative study of automated development chambers. J. Planar Chromatogr. 12, 82-85 (1999). Study of twocommercially available automated development chambers. TLC of a test dye mixture with dichloromethane, a solutionof opium alkaloids (morphine, codeine, narcoteline, thebaine, papaverine, narcotine) with ethyl acetate - acetone -n-hexane - methanol - dichloromethane - diethylamine 12:12:24:2:2:1 and a solution of cannabinoids (cannabichromene,cannabigerol, cannabinol, D9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol) with acetone - dichloroethane - diisopropyl ether -n-hexane 1:1:3:20 on silica gel. Details on preconditioning and saturation, reproducibility of retention data as well aspractical aspects of the automated developing chambers are mentioned.

3

83 024 LIU YUN, ZHANG WEICHENG; (*Dept. Chem. Eng., Beijing Inst. Light Industry, Beijing, 100037, P.R. China): Physico-chemical phenomena of double-layer spray and effect on enhancement and stabilization offluorescence. Chromatographia 48, 548-554 (1998). Study of double spray in TLC to enhance fluorescence of dansylderivatives, 200-360 fold by spraying with 20% triethanolamine in propane-2, followed by 30% paraffin oil in hexane,spots are stable for one month. Visual detection limits, 1-6 p mole per spot. Use of the graphical method to explain thephenomena.

3e

4. Special techniques

83 025 V.G. BEREZKIN*, R.G. MARDANOV, Y.M. DEDKOV, O.G. RADUGINA, S.Y. KEL'INA, (Inst. of Petrochem. Synth.,Russian Acad. of Sci., Lenin av. 29, 117912 Moscow, Russia): A planar chromatographic method forpreconcentration of impurities of low volatility by thermal desorption of the volatile main component. J. PlanarChromatogr. 11, 457-459 (1998). Description of a preconcentration method based on continuous elution and intensethermal desorption of the main volatile component in a narrow zone on the plate. A fiftyfold concentration of a modeldye mixture from an aqueous solution was achieved on a TLC plate in 20 - 30 min. Silica gel, propan-2-ol as mobilephase and quantitation by densitometry at 530 nm. The technique enables determination of the amounts of commonmetals in drinking water.

4e, 33

83 026 V.G. BEREZKIN, V.Y. RUMYANTSEV, S.V. VOROBEVA, E.P. DONTSOVA, R.G. MARDANOV, (Inst. of PetrochemicalSynthesis, Russian Acad. of Sci., Lenin av. 29, 117912 Moscow, Russia): A new method for two-dimensional planarchromatography using paper fixed on polymer film. J. Planar Chromatogr. 11, 438-440 (1998). Proposition of anew variant of two-dimensional planar paper chromatography, including the study of the possibility of two-dimensionalchromatography with paper chromatography in the first stage and a TLC plate in the second stage. This procedureused for the separation of a lipophilic dye mixture with toluene as mobile phase needs 2 h. When conventionaltwo-dimensional paper chromatography is used the duration exceed 3.5 h.

4d, 30



4d, 30

83 027 E. MINCSOVICS, M. GARAMI, L. KECSKES, B. TAPA, Z. VEGH, G. KATAY, E. TYHAK, (OPLC-NIT Engineering Ltd.,Andor u. 60, H-1119 Budapest, Hungary): Personal overpressured-layer chromatography (OPLC) basic system 50,flexible tool in analytical and semipreparative work. J. AOAC Int. 82, 587-598 (1999). Description of a newautomated overpressured-layer chromatographic (OPLC) system which is suitable for analytical and semipreparativeseparations. The automatic microprocessor-controlled system ensures rapid and reproducible off-line isocratic andstepwise gradient separations. With optimum linear velocity theoretical plate heights of 10 - 30 µm resp. 6 - 15 µm canbe reached (on irregular silica gel with an average particle size of 5µm resp 3 µm spherical silica gel). Rapid analyticalseparations of resveratrol (1555 s) and xanthine by one- (498 s) and two-directional (274 s) off-line developments wereaccomplished.

4b

83 028 S.A. STAHLMAN, (Inst. of Pharm., Eberhard-Karl-Univ., Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen): Ten-year reporton HPTLC-FTIR online coupling. J. Planar Chromatogr. 12, 5-12 (1999). Development, principles, application, andoptimization of the online coupling of HPTLC and FTIR successfully established by Kovar and coworkers. The examplesprovided illustrate the wide range and variability of the technique in the field of pharmaceutical, biological, andenvironmental analysis. Introduction, general principles, applications (identification, quantitation), recent developments,conclusion and outlook.

4e

5. Hydrocarbons and halogen derivatives

83 029 D. BODZEK*, C. DOBOSZ, B. JANOSZKA, P. BODZEK, (Dept. of Chem., Med. Fac. in Zabrze, Silesian Med. Acad., H.Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland): Determination of highly carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bythin-layer chromatography with densitometric detection. J. Planar Chromatogr. 12, 140-144 (1999). TLC ofacenaphthene, naphthalene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene,benzo(k)fluoroanthene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, phenanthrene, benzo(b)fluoroanthene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene,dibenz(ah)anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene) on silica gel with dichloromethane at -16°C in a DS type sandwichchamber. Detection under UV 365 nm. Quantitation by densitometry at 365 nm. Development of a quick and simplemethod.

5b

83 030 L.-D. LITVINOVA, V.N. ZGONNIK, (Rus. Acad. of Sci., Inst. of Macromol. Compounds, Bolshoi pr. 31, 199004 St.Petersburg, Russia): Separation of C60 and C70 fullerenes by thin-layer chromatography on silica gelimpregnated with polymers. J. AOAC Int. 82, 117-230 (1999). Investigation of the effect of polymer nature andconcentration of impregnating solution on retention factors and separation selectivity. TLC separation of C60 and C70fullerenes on silica gel impregnated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and poly(ethyleneoxide)(PEO) solutions with hexane. Detection under UV 254 and 366 nm. Results showed that PVA is a potentialcomplex-forming agent for fullerenes.

5b

83 031 C. REIMERS, (Hamburg-Harburg Techn. Univ., Waste and Residues Management Div., Harburger Schlo?str. 37, 21079Hamburg, Germany): Screening mineral oil contaminated soils by thin-layer chromatography. G.I.T. LaboratoryJ. 1, 42-43 (1999). TLC of PAH (dibenz(a,h)anthracene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene; benzo(a)pyrene,benzo(b)fluoroanthene, benzo(k)fluoroanthene; chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene; fluoroanthene, pyrene; phenanthrene,anthracene; acenaphthene) on RP-18 with hexane. Quantitation by fluorimetric determination at 366/400 nm. Alsodensitometric determination of aliphatic hydrocarbons on silica gel, development in hexane with chamber saturation,detection by aniline naphthalinesulfonic acid, and quantitation by fluorimetry at 366/400 nm.

5

83 032 L.A. SKORUPA, M.F. SALATINO, A. SALATINO*, (*Univ. of Sao Paulo, Inst. of Biosci., P.O. Box 11461, CEP 05422,Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil): Hydrocarbons of leaf epicular waxes of Pilocarpus (Rutaceae): Taxonomic meaning. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 26, 655-662 (1998). TLC of 1-phenyl-5-viny-5.9-dimethyl-decane on silica gelwith hexane - chloroform 73:27.

5d

7. Phenols

83 033 G.M. KITANOV, T. NEDIALKOV, (Med. Univ. of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria): Mangiferin and



83 033 G.M. KITANOV, T. NEDIALKOV, (Med. Univ. of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria): Mangiferin andisomangiferin in some Hyppericum species. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 26, 647-653 (1998). TLC ofmangiferin and isomangiferin on cellulose with two-dimensional system butanol - acetone - water 40:10:22. Visualizationunder UV 366 nm before and after exposure to NH3 vapor and by spraying with 5% AlCl3 in ethanol.

7

83 034 S. SOLLINGER, J. SAWATZKI, (Akzo Nobel Central Research GmbH, P.O. Box, D-63784 Obernburg, Germany): TLC-Raman fuer Routineanwendungen (TLC-Raman for routine application). GIT Fachz. Lab. 1, 14-18 (1999).TLC of hydroxybenzenes (pyrocatechol, resorcinol, phloroglucinol, hydroquinone, and pyrogallol) on conventional silicagel and specific Raman-TLC plates (coated with spherical silica gel) with toluene - methanol - acetic acid 45:16:4 in asaturated chamber. The spectra obtained by Raman spectroscopy enabled the use of data banks for the identification ofsubstances. Typical detection limits are in the low microgram region per application.

7, 4e

8. Substances containing heterocyclic oxygen

83 035 M.L. BIEGANOWSKA, A. PETRUCZYNIK*, (Dept. of Inorg. and Anal. Chem., Med. Acad., Staszica 6, 20-081 Lublin,Poland): Retention behavior of coumarins and flavonoids on polyamide and alumina layers. Part I. J. PlanarChromatogr. 12, 135-139 (1999). TLC of 21 coumarins and flavonoids on polyamide 11 and alumina with water -modifier 1:9; modifier: 1) methanol, 2) 2-propanol, 3) acetonitrile, 4) tetrahydrofuran, 5) dioxane in a horizontalsandwich chamber. Detection under UV 254 nm. Discussion of the selectivity of the systems, the adsorptive propertiesof the polyamide and the alumina, and the influence of different organic modifiers.

8a

83 036 A. BRACA*, N. De TOMMASI, J. MENDEV, I. MORELLI, (*Dip. di Chimica Bioroganica, Univ. di Pisa, Via Bonnano 33,I-56126 Pisa, Italy): Flavonoids and triterpenoids from Licania heteromorpha. Biochemical Systematics andEcology 27, 527-530 (1999). TLC of flavonoids on silica gel with butanol - acetic acid - water 12:3:5 or chloroform -methanol - water 40:9:1. Quantification by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy.

8a

83 037 J. CHEN*, A.M. MONTANARI, (Sci. Res. Dept., Florida Dept. of Citrus, Citrus Res. and Educ. Center, 700 ExperimentStation Road, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, USA): Isolation and identification of new polymethoxy-flavonoids fromDancy tangerine leaves. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46, 1235 -1238 (1998). TLC of e.g. sinensetine, tangeretin, nobilitin onRP-18 with methanol - water 4:1; 9:1. Detection under UV 254 and 366 nm and/or by spraying with sulfuric acid/ethanol1:4 followed by charring with a heat gun.

8a

83 038 S. COBZAC, G. CIMPAN, N. OLAH, S. GOCAN*, (*'Babes-Bolyai' Univ., Fac. of Chem. and Chem. Eng., Anal. Chem.Dept., 11 Arany Jano Street, 3400 Cluj-Napoca, Romania): The quantitative determination of rutin in differentglycerinic plant extracts by solid-phase extraction and thin-layer chromatography with densitometry. J. PlanarChromatogr. 12, 26-29 (1999). TLC of rutin on silica gel with ethyl acetate - formic acid - water 8:1:1, chambersaturation. Quantitation after drying by densitometry at 260 nm in reflectance mode, also at 440 nm after spraying witha 1% methanolic solution of 2-aminoethyldiphenylborinate.

8a

83 039 HA SOOK CHUNG, LENG CHEE CHANG, SANG KOK LEE, L.A. SHANNON, R.B. van BREMEN, R.G. MEHTA, N.R.FARNSWORTH, J.M. PEZZUTO, A.D. KINGHORN*, (Program for Collab. Res. in the Pharm. Sci. and Dept. of Med.Chem. and Pharmacogn., Coll. of Pharm., and Dept. of Surgic. Oncology, Coll. of Medicine, Univ. of Illinois at Chicago,Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA): Flavonoid constituents of Chorizanthe diffusa with potential cancerchemopreventive activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47, 36-41 (1999). Preparative TLC of flavones (e.g.5,8,3',4',5'-pentahydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-3,7,8,3',4',5'-hexamethylflavone) on silica gel with chloroform- methanol 93:7, 90:10. Visualization by spraying with 10% sulfuric acid followed by heating at 110°C on a hot plate.

8a, 32e

83 040 A. MURAKAMI, G. GAO, OE KYUNG KIM, M. OMURA, M. YANO, C. ITO, H. FURUKAWA, S. JIWAJINDA, K.KOSHIMIZU, H. OHIGASHI* (Div. of Appl. Life Sci., Graduate School of Agr., Kyoto Univ., Kyoto 606 - 8502, Japan): Identification of coumarins from the fruit of citrus hystrix DC as inhibitors of nitric oxide generation in mousemacrophage RW 264. 7 cells. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47, 333-339 (1999). Preparative TLC of coumarins (i.a.bergamottin, oxypencedanin, 5-[(6',7'-dihydroxy-3',7'-dimethyl-2-octenyl)oxy]psoralen) on silica gel with ethyl acetate -n-hexane 1:10.

8b

83 041 B. SUN, C. LEANDRO, J.M.R. da SILVA, J. SPRANGER*, (Instituto Nacional de Investigacao Agr·ria, Estacao



83 041 B. SUN, C. LEANDRO, J.M.R. da SILVA, J. SPRANGER*, (Instituto Nacional de Investigacao Agr·ria, EstacaoVitivinÌcola Nacional, 2560 Dois Portos, Portugal): Separation of grape and wine proanthocyanidins according totheir degree of polymerisation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46, 1390-1396 (1998). TLC of proanthocyanidins on silica gelwith toluene - acetone - acetic acid 3:3:1. Visualization by spraying with 10% vanillin in conc. hydrochloric acid.

8a

83 042 C.A. WILLIAMS*, J.V. HARBORNE, H. GEIGER, J.R.S. HOULT, (*Dept. of Bot., The University, Reading R66 2AS,U.K.): The flavonoids of Tanacetum parthenium and Tanacetum vulgare and their anti-inflammatory properties. Phytochemistry 51, 417-423 (1999). TLC of numerous lipophilic flavonoids on silica gel with toluene - formic acid 4:1.TLC of water-soluble flavonoids on cellulose with 15% acetic acid. Detection under UV and Naturstoff-Reagent.Numerous Rf values of various flavonoids are given.

8a

9. Oxo compounds, ethers and epoxides

83 043 R. SIEMBIDA, T.K. ROZYLO*, A. JAMROZEK-MANKO, (Medical Univ. of Lublin, Dept. of Dent., Lublin, Poland): Aspects of the exact quantitative determination of formaldehyde in tooth tissue by TLC. J. Planar Chromatogr.11, 417-420 (1998). TLC determination of formaldehyde (as formaldemethone) with chloroform - dichloromethane (1:3).Application of the HCHO extracts under nitrogen. Quantitation by densitometry at 275 nm. The procedure described forpreparation of samples of biological material for TLC analysis enables accurate determination of HCHO levels despitethe small amounts present in these samples. The procedure could also be used for quantitative TLC determination ofHCHO precursors in cell metabolism in biological material.

9

10. Carbohydrates

83 044 I. LOVSIN-KUKMAN, M. ZELENIK-BLATNIK, V. ABRAM, (Dept. of Food Sci. and Techn., Biotechn. Fac., Univ. ofLjubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SL-61000 Ljubljana, Slovenia): Quantitative estimation of the action of a-amylase fromBacillus subtilis on native corn starch by HPLC and HPTLC. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. A 206, 175-178 (1998).HPTLC of oligosaccharides (e.g. glucose, maltose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose, maltohexaose,maltoheptaose) on silica gel with acetonitrile - 0.02 phosphate buffer 7: 3; the best resolution was achieved after thethird development of the plate. Detection by dipping into diphenylalanine-aniline-phosphoric acid reagent, drying andheating to 120°C for 10 min. Densitometry.

10a

83 045 S.M. PETROVICH*, E. LONCAR, M. ACANSKI, L. RADIC, (Dept. of Anal. Chem., Fac. of Techn., Univ. of Novi Sad,Bul. Cara Lazara 1, P.O. Box 340, 21000 Novi Sad, Yugoslavia): Normal- and reversed-phase thin-layerchromatography of tosylated xylitol derivatives. J. Planar Chromatogr. 12, 76-79 (1999). Study of thechromatographic behavior of a series of tosylated xylitol derivatives on silica gel and on C8- and C18-modified silica gellayers with, respectively, binary nonaqueous and aqueous mobile phases. HPTLC on silica gel resp. RP-8- and RP-18with 10 different mobile phases. Detection under UV 254 nm.

10a

83 046 T.-R. YAN*, Y.-H. LIN, C.-L. LIN, (Lab. of Biochem., Dept. of Bioengineering, Tatung Inst. of Technology, 40Chung-Shang North Road 3rd Sec., Taipei, Taiwan 10451, Republic of China): Purification and characterization ofan extracellular b-glucosidase II with high hydrolysis and transglucosylation activities from Aspergillus niger. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46, 431-437 (1998). TLC of transglycosylation products (i.a. glucose, cellobiose, cellotriose,methyl glucoside, ethyl glucoside) on silica gel with 2-propanol - acetic acid - water 7:1:2. Detection of sugars at 120°Cafter spraying with 10% sulfuric acid.

10a

11. Organic acids and lipids

83 047 S. CANTISAN, E. MARTINEZ-FORCE, R. ÁLVAREZ-ORTEGA, R. GARCES*. (Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, AvenidaPadre GARCIS tejero, 41012 Sevilla, Spain): Lipid characterization in vegetative tissues of high saturated fattyacid sunflower mutants. J. Agric. Food Chem. 3, 78-82 (1999). Separation of lipids in triacylglycerols, diacylglycerolsand polar lipid fractions by TLC on silica gel with hexane - diethyl ether - formic acid 75:25:1; further investigation oflipid fractions after elution. Separation of polar lipids on silica gel with chloroform - methanol - acetic acid - water170:30:20:7 or on ammonium sulfate impregnated plates with acetone - benzene - water 9:3:1. Identification bycomparison with standards.

11c



11c

83 048 C.I. DAX, S. MÜLLNER*, (*Aventis Res. & Technol. GmbH & Co. KG, D-65926 Frankfurt, Germany): Convenient andoptimized method for sample pretreatment for the analysis of bile acids in biological matrices. Chromatographia48, 681-689 (1998). TLC on silica gel with 1) water-saturated chloroform - methanol - acetic acid 170:40:17, 2)isooctane - ethyl acetate - butanol - acetic acid 30:10:3:3, 3) diethyl ether - acetic acid - water 100:1, 4) chloroform -isopropanol - isobutanol - acetic acid - water 30:20:10:2:1. Detection by spraying with a solution of 0.4 g MnCl2·4 H2Oand 4 mL H2SO4 conc. and heating at 120°C for 20 min. Also HPLC method.

11

83 049 G. JANICSAK*, I. MATHE, V. MIKLOSSY-VARI, G. BLUNDEN, (*Inst. of Ecology of the MTA, Alkotmany u.2., H-2163Vacratot, Hungary): Comparative studies of the rosmarinic and caffeic acid contents of Lamiaceae species. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 27, 733-738 (1999). TLC of rosmarinic and caffeic acid on silica with toluene -ethyl acetate - formic acid 5:4:1. Densitometry at 325 nm.

11a, 32e

83 050 C. JIANG (Jiang Chumin), J. XU (Xu Jiandong), H. WANG (Wang Hongquan), (*Affil. Hosp. Ganquan, Coll. Med.,Shanghai Univ. Railway, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China): (Determination of oleanolic acid in cultivated and wildAchyranthes bidentata by thin-layer chromatography. ) (Chinese). Chinese J. Modern App. Pharm. (ZhangguoXiandai Yingyong Yaoxue Zazhi) 15 (6), 22-24 (1998). TLC on silica gel with chloroform - methanol 30:1. Detection byspraying with 10% sulfuric acid in ethanol and heating at 90°C for 10 min. Quantitation by densitometry at 530 nm.Comparison of the contents of the interest in the two varieties of plants.

11, 32e

83 051 E.E. MULLER, B. FRIED*, J. SHERMA, (Dept. of Biol., Lafayette Coll., Easton, PA 18042; USA): HPTLCdetermination of neutral lipids and phospholipids in snail conditioned water from Lymnaea elodes. J. PlanarChromatogr. B, 155-158 (1999). HPTLC of neutral lipids (cholesteryl oleate, methyl oleate, triolein, oleic acid, andcholesterol) on silica gel with petroleum ether - diethyl ether - acetic acid - 40:10:1. To test for the presence ofcholesteryl esters, plates were developed with n-hexane - petroleum ether - diethyl ether - acetic acid 50:20:5:1. Alldevelopments were performed at 20°C and 60% relative humidity in a vapor-equilibrated, paper-lined chamber. Neutrallipids were detected as blue zones on a yellow background by spraying with 5% ethanolic phosphomolybdic acid anddrying in an oven at 110°C for 15 min. Densitometry of neutral lipid zones at 700 nm. TLC of phospholipids on silica gelwith chloroform - methanol - water 65:25:4; detection as black zones on a white background by spraying with 10%copper(II) sulfate in 8% phosphoric acid reagent and heating at 140°C for 15 min. Quantitation by densitometry at 370 nm.

11c

83 052 J.I. RUIZ, B. OCHOA* (* Dep. Physiol, Univ. Of the Basque Country, Med. Sch., P.O. Box 699, E-48080-Bilbao, Spain): Quantification in the subnanomolar range of phospholipids and neutral lipids by monodimensional thin-layerchromatography and image analysis. J. Lipid Res. 38, 1482-1488 (1997). TLC of phospholipids and neutral lipids onEDTA-impregnated silica gel and after pre-concentration with chloroform - methanol - water 60:40:10 with fivestep-wise developments: i) chloroform - methanol - water 65:40:5 to 2 cm, ii) ethyl acetate - 2-propanol - ethanol -chloroform - methanol - 0.25% KCl 35:5:20:22:15:9 to 5 cm, iii) toluene -diethyl ether - ethanol 60:40:3 to 7.5 cm, iv)n-heptane - diethyl ether 94:8 to 10.5 cm, v) pure n-heptane to 12.5 cm. Charring by dipping in a solution of 10% cupricsulfate in 8% phosphoric acid for 10 s and heating at 200°C for 2 min. Quantitative determination with an imageanalyzer in transmission mode.

11c, d

83 053 M. WAKSMUNDZKA-HAJNOS, (Dept. Inorg. & Anal. Chem., Med. Acad., Staszica 6, 20-081 Lublin, Poland): Chromatographic separation of aromatic carboxylic acids. J. Chromatogr. B 717, 93-118 (1999). A review with207 references on the title topic, including comparison of the retention behavior of the aromatic acids on differentadsorbents by TLC and HPLC, and the use of TLC for separation of phenolic acids demonstrated with applicationexamples.

11

83 054 K. WATANABE*, M. MIZUTA (* Div. Biochem., Shigei Med. Res. Inst., 2117 Yamada, Okayama, 701-02 Japan): Fluorometric detection of glycosphingolipids on thin-layer chromatographic plates. J. Lipid Res. 36, 1848-1855(1995). HPTLC of glycosphingolipids on silica gel with chloroform - methanol - 0.2% CaCl2 60:35:8 and of gangliosideswith chloroform - methanol - 0.2% CaCl2 55:45:8. Visualization of glycosphingolipids by spraying with 0.1%5-hydroxy-1-tetralone in 80% H2SO4. Heating at 120°C for 10 min. Detection under UV 365 nm. Quantification byfluorodensitometry at 470/>500 nm. Lower limits of detection 2 - 5 pmol. New sensitive fluorescent labeling reagent forglycosphingolipids.

11e, 32



13. Steroids

83 055 M. BATHORI*, H. KALASZ, A. CSIKKEL-SZOLNOKI, I. MATHE, (*Dept. Pharmacogn. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Med. Sch.,6701 Szeged, Eötvös u.6., Hungary): Components of Serratula species: Screening for ecdysteroid and inorganicconstituents of some Serratula plants. (Hungarian). Acta Pharmaceutica Hungarica 69, 72-76 (1999). TLC on silicagel with dichloromethane - ethanol 85:15, chloroform - methanol - benzene 25:5:3. Densitometry at 254 nm.

13e

83 056 K. FERENCZI-FODOR, A. LAUKO, A. WISKIDENSZKY, Z. VEGH, K. /JSZASZY, (Gedeon Richter Ltd, H-1475Budapest 10, P.O. Box 27, Hungary): Chromatographic and spectroscopic investigation of 'irreversibleadsorption' in conventional TLC and HPTLC and in OPLC. J. Planar Chromatogr. 12, 30-37 (1999). One- andtwo-dimensional HPTLC, TLC and Personal OPLC of steroids on silica gel with cyclohexane - butyl acetate - chloroform86:7:7 for OPLC of allylestrenol, desogestrel, ethynodiol diacetate and toluene - ethyl acetate - chloroform 5:1:4 forlevonorgestrel, estrone, estradiol, ethinylestradiol, norethisterone and 3-ketodesogestrel.

13

83 057 Y. KAMANO*, A. KOTAKE, T. NOGAWA, M. TOZAWA, G.R. PETTIT, (Fac. of Sci., Kanagawa Univ., 2946 Tsuchiya,Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan): Application of displacement thin-layer chromatography to toad-poisonbufadienolides. J. Planar Chromatogr. 12, 120-123 (1999). TLC of bufadienolides (resibufogenin, cinobufagin,bufalin, bufotalin, cinobufotalin, telocinobufagin, gamabufotalin) on silica gel with 20 different eluents. The multiple useof the mobile phase mixtures n-hexane - acetone, n-hexane - ethyl acetate, n-hexane - dichloromethane - acetone,n-hexane - dichloromethane - methanol, and n-hexane - ethyl acetate - methanol, each containing 3% organic bases,furnished effective separation of the bufadienolides. Visualization under UV at 254 nm and by spraying with a 5%solution of sulfuric acid in ethanol or a solution of ceric sulfate in sulfuric acid followed by heating.

13

83 058 Y. LI (Li Yulong)*, L. Zhao (Zhao Lihong), H. LI (Li He), (*Shanghai Univ. Med. Sci., Shanghai 200032, P.R. China): (Analysis of the unsaponifiables in oil of seebuckthorn seed, Hippophae rhamnoides. ) (Chinese). J. ChineseHerb Med. (Zhongcaoyao) 30, 412-413 (1999). TLC on silica gel with petroleum ether (60-90°C) - ethyl ether 7:3.Detection by exposure to iodine vapor. Identification of b-amyrenonol, citrostadienol, b-sitosterol by comparison with thestandards. Also GC and HPLC methods.

13c

83 059 P. PACHALY, (Inst. for Pharm., Friedrich-Wilhelm-Univ., Kreuzbergweg 26, 53115 Bonn, Germany): Betamethason-17a-valerate (Betamethasone 17a-valerate). Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg. 139, 517-518 (1999). Approvedprocedure for identity and quality test TLC and HPTLC of betamethasone 17a-valerate (using prednisolone acetate,hydroxycortisone acetate or dexamethasone acetate as reference substances) on silica gel with ethyl methyl ketone -toluene 2:3; without chamber saturation, bandwise application. The plate is left in the air for 15 min after application.Detection under UV 254 nm, after spraying with ethanolic sulfuric acid solution and heating at 110°C, and under UV360 nm.

13a

83 060 P. PACHALY, (Inst. for Pharm., Friedrich-Wilhelm-Univ., Kreuzbergweg 26, 53115 Bonn, Germany): Ethinylestradiol(Ethinyl estradiol). Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg. 139, 835-836 (1999). TLC of ethinyl estradiol (using methyltestosterone,norethisterone, progesterone, estradiol benzoate, testosterone propionate and mestranol as reference substances) onsilica gel with toluene - ethyl acetate 7:3; without chamber saturation). The plate is left for 15 min in the air afterapplication. Detection under UV 254 nm (ethinyl estradiol can not be recognized!), and after spraying with 20%ethanolic sulfuric acid, heating at 110°C for 5 min under daylight and UV 360 nm. Approved procedure for identity andquality test.

13c

83 061 P. PACHALY, (Inst. for Pharm., Friedrich-Wilhelm-Univ., Kreuzbergweg 26, 53115 Bonn, Germany): Budesonid(Budesonide. ) Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg. 139, 628-629 (1999). HPTLC of budesonide with prednisolone acetate,dexamethasone acetate or betamethasone 17a-valerate as reference substance on silica gel with ethyl methyl ketone -toluene 2:3 without chamber saturation, bandwise application. The plate is left for 15 min in the air after application.Detection under UV 254 nm, after spraying with 20% ethanolic sulfuric acid and heating at 110°C for 5 min.Visualization under day light and under UV 360 nm.

13a

83 062 G.B. SMEIJKAL, G. HOPPE, H.F. HOFF*, (* CCF Res. Inst., Dept. Cell Biol. NC-103, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland,



83 062 G.B. SMEIJKAL, G. HOPPE, H.F. HOFF*, (* CCF Res. Inst., Dept. Cell Biol. NC-103, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland,OH 44195): Filipin as a fluorescent probe of lipoprotein-derived sterols on thin-layer chromatograms. Anal.Biochem. 239, 115-117 (1996). TLC of sterols on silica gel with hexane - ethyl ether - acetic acid 80:15:1. Dried plateswere rehydrated for 30 sec in PBS and then incubated for 30 min in filipin suspension at 37°C in the dark. Afterwardswashed 2 x 2 min in water. Spots visualized at 365 nm. Detection limit 5 ng cholesterol.

13c, 32f

14. Steroid glycosides, saponins and other terpenoid glycosides

83 063 W. CISOWSKI*, W. DEMBINSKA-MIGAS, M. KRAUZE-BARANOWSKA, M. LUCZKIEWICZ, P. MIGAS, G. MATYSIK, E.SOCZEWINSKY, (Dept. of Pharmacogn., Med. Acad., Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland): Application ofplanar chromatography to the analysis of secondary metabolites in callus culture of different plant species. J.Planar Chromatogr. 11, 441-446 (1998). HPTLC and TLC of, (5), (9), and flavonoids on cellulose, silica gel and RP-18with benzene - acetic acid - water 6:7:3, sodium formate - formic acid - water 10:1:200, n-amyl alcohol - acetic acid -water 20:11:10, formic acid - hydrochloric acid - water 10:1:3, chloroform (3 developments), and tetrahydrofuran - water -phosphoric acid 40:60:1. Detection in daylight after spraying with diazotised sulfanilic acid in 10% sodium carbonate orwith vanillin reagent and under UV at 254 nm before and after spraying with 2% methanolic aluminium chloride.Quantitation by densitometry at 510 nm.

14

83 064 N. KITTIPONPATANA, J.R. PORTER, R.S. MOCK*, (*Dept. of Chem. and Biochem., Univ. of the Sci, 600 South 43ndStreet, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4495, USA): An improved high performance liquid chromatographic method for thequantification of solasodine. Phytochemical Analysis 10, 26-31 (1999). TLC of various steroidal alkaloids on silicawith chloroform - methanol 95:10. Detection with Dragendorff's reagent or with anisaldehyde/sulfuric acid. In somecases, the mobile phase was methylene chloride - methanol 9:1. Excellent conditions are given for the separation ofsteroidal alkaloids, such as solasodine.

14, 22

15. Terpenes and other volatile plant ingredients

83 065 C.J. CHEN, F.R. CHANG, H.F. CHIN, M.J. WU, J.C. WU*, (*Grand. Inst. of Nat. Prod., Kaohsiung Med. Col., Kaohsiung807, Taiwan): Aromin-A, an annonaceous acetogenin from Annona cherimola. Phytochemistry 51, 429-433(1999). TLC of new acetogenin derivatives on silica with chloroform - methanol 10:1, and ethyl acetate - acetone 15:1.Detection with Kedde's reagent. Isolation of closely related acetogenins by preparative TLC with the same solventsystems.

15a

83 066 J. HOMANN*, A. VASAS, G. GÜNTHER, G. MATHE, I. EVANICS, F. DAMBI, GY. JERKOVICS, (*SOTE Univ., Fac. ofPharm., H-6701 Szeged, P.O. Box 121, Hungary): Macrocyclic diterpene polyesters of the Jatrophane type fromEuphorbia esula. (Hungarian). Acta Pharmaceutica Hungarica 68, 175-182 (1998). TLC of esulatin A, B, and C, onsilica gel with benzene - chloroform - ether 1:1:3, chloroform - acetone 19:1, cyclohexane - ethyl acetate - ethanol20:10:1. Visualization by spraying with vanillin-sulfuric acid reagent.

15a

83 067 MH. AL YOUSUF*, A.K. BASHIR, R.A. CRABB, G. BLUNDEN, Y. MING-HE, (*Dept. of Chem., United Arab EmiratesUniv., P.O. Box 17551, H. Ain, United Arab Emirates): Shiromool 1,10-epoxides from Tencrium stocksianum. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 27, 107-109 (1999). TLC of shiromool on silica gel with acetonitrile -dichloromethane 1:9. Visualization under UV.

15a

17. Amines, amides and related nitrogen compounds

83 068 G. ALEMANY, M. AKAARIR, A. GAMUNDI, M.C. NICOLAU, (Univ. de les Illes Balears, Dept. de Biologia Fonamental iCiències de la Salut, 07071 Palma de Mallorca, Spain): Thin-layer chromatographic determination ofcatecholamines, 6-hydroxytryptamine, and their metabolites in biological samples: A review. J. AOAC Int. 82,17-24 (1999). Review of methodology for separation, detection, and quantitative determination of catecholamines,5-hydroxytryptamine, and their acidic metabolites in biological fluids by TLC. Selected procedures, includingfluorometric scanning densitometry for catecholamine acetyl derivatives and color scanning densitometry for acids, aredescribed. - Structure and metabolism of catecholamines, general characteristics of analysis, TLC procedures(extraction, analysis of nonmodified CAs, analysis of derivatized CAs, application to body fluids), TLC of metabolites(extraction, separation, application to body fluids), selected method for amine determination (principle, materials,



(extraction, separation, application to body fluids), selected method for amine determination (principle, materials,extraction, derivatization, TLC and quantitation) and selected method for acidic metabolite determination (principle,materials, methods). TLC as a simple, inexpensive method for the clinical laboratory.

17b

83 069 HAESOOK KIM-KANG*, R.A. ROBINSON, J. WU, (XenoBiotic Lab., Inc., 107 Morgan Lane, Plainsboro, New Jersey08536, USA): Fate of [14C]diphenylamine in stored apples. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46, 707-717 (1998). Purificationand sample preparation TLC of diphenylamine, 3-hydroxy- and 4-hydroxy-diphenylamine, 4,4'-dihydroxy-diphenylamineon silica gel with n-hexane - ethyl acetate - NH3 10:10:1; 2 x, n-hexane - acetone -acetic acid 10:10:1, ethyl acetate -acetic acid - water 92:8:4, 1-butanol - acetic acid - water 3:2:2. Visualization by exposure to short wave UV light;radiochromatograms were obtained by scanning of the TLC plates. Application of two-dimensional TLC for thecharacterization of aglycons.

17a, 34

83 070 M.H. VEGA*, R.F. SAELZER, C.E. FIGUEROA, G.G. RIOS, V.H.M. JARAMILLO, (Depto. de Bromatologia, Nutrición yDietética, Fac. de Farm., Univ. de Concepción, P.O. Box 237, Concepción, Chile): Use of AMD HPTLC for analysis ofbiogenic amines in fish meal. J. Planar Chromatogr. 12, 72-75 (1999). HPTLC of amines (i.a. putrescine,cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, ephedrine) on silica gel with dichloromethane - triethylamine 10:1 as the base solventwith increasing concentrations of n-hexane in order to change the polarity of the gradient. Quantitation by densitometryat 366 nm in florescence mode.

17a

18. Amino acids and peptides, chemical structure of proteins

83 071 S.L. ABIDI, (US Dept. Agr., Nat. Cent. Agr. Util. Res., Food Qual. & Safety Res., 1815 North Univ. Street, Peoria, IL61604, USA): Separation procedures for phosphatidylserines. J. Chromatogr. B 717, 279-293 (1998). A reviewwith 70 references on the title topics, including application of 2D-TLC and preparative TLC in the purificationprocedures.

18

83 072 E. MINCSOVICS, G. DIBO*, (Dept. of Org. Chem., Eötvös Univ., Pázmány P. sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117 Hungary): Rapid screening of synthetic peptides by use of the personal OPLC system. J. Planar Chromatogr. 12, 150-151(1999). OPLC of 5 synthetic model peptides (e.g. Ac-Pro-Val-Val-Ser-Gly-NH2, Ac-Pro-Glu-Val-Ala-Gly-NH2) on silicagel with butanol - pyridine - acetic acid - water 12:4:1:4. After thorough drying the plates were treated withchlorine-toluidine reagent.

18b

21. Purines, pyrimidines, nucleic acids and their constituents

83 073 S. ESSIG, K.-A. KOVAR, (Pharm. Inst. der Univ. Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany): Impurity test of theophylline: comparison of classical slit scanner with videodensitometry. J. PlanarChromatogr. 12, 63-65 (1999). Determination and quantification of impurities and synthetic by-products in theophyllineby videodensitometry and classical TLC scanning densitometry, in each case using equipment from two differentmanufacturers. No significant differences of the performance of the two scanners were found in terms of detection limit(approx. 24 ng for Scanner I and 23 ng for Scanner II) and precision (variation coefficients 3.2 and 4.1% resp.)Detection by videodensitometry is possible for concentrations larger than 25 ng/spot; quantification requires approx.100 ng/spot. The limits of impurities in pharmaceutical drugs set by Ph Eur - usually 0.1% - could not be quantified byvideodensitometry at its current stage of development. - Regression curves show average variation coefficients ofapprox. 17.4 for videodensitometer I and 5.9% for videodensitometer II. The use of videodensitometry for impuritytesting is nevertheless useful in special cases where higher deviations are considered acceptable for assays, and whenhigher concentrations are available for quantitation of the main component.

21a

22. Alkaloids

83 074 A. EL-SHAZLY*, M. EL-DOMINATY, L. WITTE, M. WINK, (*Dept. of Pharmacognosy, Fac. of Pharm. Zagazig Univ.Zagazig Egypt): Pyrolizidine alkaloids in members of the Boraginaceae from Sinai (Egyipt). BiochemicalSystematics and Ecology 26, 619-636 (1998). TLC of on silica with chloroform - methanol - NH3 25% 85:15:2.Visualization by UV 366 nm.

22



83 075 M. FRIEDMAN*, N. KOZUKE, L.A. HARDEN, (Western Reg. Res. Center, Agric. Res. Service, U.S. Dept. of Agric., 800Buchanan Str., Albany, California, 94710 USA): Preparation and characterization of acid hydrolysis products ofthe tomato glycoalkaloid. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46, 2096-2101 (1998). TLC of a-tomatine and hydrolysis products(i.a. tomatidine) on silica gel with chloroform - methanol - 1% NH3 2:2:1, bottom layer, chloroform - methanol - 2% NH314:6:1, and chloroform - methanol - 1% NH3 13:7:1; 5:5:1. Visualization by spraying with anisaldehyde solution followedby heating at 120°C for 5 min.

22

83 076 Q. HE (He Qun)*, CH. ZHOU (Zhou Chaohui), X. LIU (Liu Xueqong), X. XHEN (Chen Xiinyu), (*Hunan Coll. Chin. Trad.Med., Chagsha 410007, P.R. China): (Status of the methods for determination of ephedrine in its preparations andbody fluids. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Trad. Patent Med. (Zhongchengyao) 21 (2), 90-92 (1999). A review with 25references on the determination of the title compound, emphasizing on TLC separation, detection and densitometricalquantitation.

22c

83 077 W. LIU (Liu Wenxin)*, S. LUO (Luo Surong), X. FENG (Feng Xiaozhang), (*China Union Univ., Inst. Pharm., Chin.Acad. Med. Sci., Beijing 100050, P.R. China): (Determination of five alkaloids in Evodia rutaecarpa and itspreparations by thin-layer chromatography. ) (Chinese). Acta Pharm. Sinica (Yaoxue Xuebao) 34, 383-386 (1999).TLC on silica gel with 1) chloroform - petroleum ether (30-60°C) - methanol - cyclohexane 25:15:2:2, 2) chloroform -methanol 40:10:3. Detection by spraying with HCl conc. Quantitation of hydroxy evodiamine,N-formyldihydrorutaecarpine, goshuyuamide-1, evodiamine and rutaecarpine by fluorodensitometry at 365 nm.Discussion of the effect of extraction condition on the results.

22

27. Vitamins and various growth regulators

83 078 H. CHOWDURY, V.S. SAXENA, S. WALIA*, (Div. of Agr. Chem. and Entomology, Ind. Agric. Res. Inst., New Delhi 110012, India): Synthesis and insect growth regulatory activity of alkoxy-substituted benzaldoxim ethers. J. Agric.Food Chem. 46, 731-736 (1998). New procedure TLC of alkoxy-substituted benzaldoxims, e.g. 3-methoxy-,3,4-dimethoxy-, 3,4-dimethylenedioxy-4-ethoxybenzaldoxim N-O-alkyl ethers on silica gel with n-hexane - acetone 3:1.Visualization either by exposure to iodine vapors or by spraying with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine solution. Determinationof lipophilicity by finding out the Rf values on RP-TLC using silica gel impregnated with paraffin in n-hexane 1:9 andacetone - water 3:2. Detection by spraying with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine solution.

27

83 079 A.Z. MERCADANTE*, A. STECK, H. PFANDER, (Departamento de Ciencia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenhariade Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6121, CEP 13083 - 970, Campinas, Brazil): Carotenoids fromGuava (Psidium guajava L. ): Isolation and structure elucidation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47, 145-151 (1999). TLC ofphytofluene on MgO/Kieselguhr with hexane - acetone (95:5; 4:1); TLC of (all-E,3R)-b-cryptoxanthin and(all-E,3R)-rubixanthin on silica gel with n-hexane - ethyl acetate 3:2 + 0.2% triethylamine.

27

83 080 M.W. ROOMI*, C.S., (Linus Pauling Inst. of Sci. and Med., 440 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, California 94306, USA): Thin-layer separation of isomers of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid as sodium borate complexes onsilica gel and cellulose plates. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46, 1406-1409 (1998). TLC of L- and D-ascorbic acid,D-isoascorbic, L- and D-dehydroascorbic acid and D-dehydroisoascorbic acid on silica gel and cellulose, impregnatedby spraying with 3% sodium borate solution. For RP-TLC the dried silica gel, cellulose or borate plates wereimpregnated with silicon oil (5% solution in diethyl ether), also use of silica gel or cellulose impregnated withmeta-phosphoric acid (by spraying with a 2% solution). Good separation was achieved with acetonitrile - acetone -water - acetic acid 80:5:15:2 or acetonitrile - butylnitrile - water - acetic acid 66:33:15:2. Separation and identification ofascorbic acid and its oxidation product dehydroascorbic acid in food products, pharmaceutical preparations, andbiological tissues and fluids.

27

28. Antibiotics, Mycotoxins

83 081 S.C. DHANESAR, (SCD Scientific Solutions, 14 Carissa Court, Owings Mills, MD 21117, USA): Quantitation of



83 081 S.C. DHANESAR, (SCD Scientific Solutions, 14 Carissa Court, Owings Mills, MD 21117, USA): Quantitation ofantibiotics by densitometry on a hydrocarbon-impregnated silica gel HPTLC plate. Part III: Quantitation andevaluation of cephalosporins. J. Planar Chromatogr. 12, 114-119 (1999). Scanning densitometry for direct quantitationof cefoxitin, cefpirome, cefotaxime, cefoperazone, cefepime, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime,cefotetan, cephalothin, and cefazolin on reversed-phase hydrocarbon-impregnated HPTLC silica gel plates without priorsolvent elution. The samples remained as a single spot centered about the point of application, thereby facilitating directquantitation by densitometry at different wavelengths.

28a

83 082 J.-L. GAFNER, (Swiss Federal Research Station for Animal Production, Analytical Section, Microbiology Service,CH-1725 Posieux, Switzerland): Identification and semiquantitative estimation of antibiotics added to completefeeds, premixes, and concentrates. J. AOAC Int. 82, 1 - 8 (1999). TLC of antibiotics (avilamycin, avoparcin,Zn-bacitracin, erythromycin, flavomycin, furazolidone, lasalocid, monensin, narasin, penicillin, salinomycin, spiramycin,tetracyclines, tylosin, virginiamycin) after sample extraction on silica gel using butanol - methanol - 0.8% oxalic acid8:2:5 or ethyl acetate - toluene - isopropanol 36:4:1. Detection by bioautography using a variety of test media andbacteria. Carbadox can be detected under UV prior to bioautography. Semiquantitative determination by measuring thesize of the inhibition zones.

28a, 3f

83 083 F.D. GROVES, LIAN ZHANG, YUN-SHENG CHANG, P. FRANK ROSS, H. CASPER, W.P. NORRED, CHENG YOU,J.F. FRAUMENI, Jr., (Nat. Cancer Inst., Div. of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD 20892-7244, USA): Fusarium mycotoxins in corn and corn products in a high-risk area for gastric cancer in Shandong province. China. J. AOAC Int. 82, 657-662 (1999). TLC of aflatoxins on silica gel with toluene - acetone 1: 1; visualization underUV 365 nm. The limit of detection was 20 ng/g.

28b

83 084 S. NESHEIM, M.W. TRUCKSESS, S.W. PAGE, (U.S. Food and Drug Adm., Div. of Nat. Prod., 200 C St, SW,Washington, DC 20204, USA): Molar absorptivities of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in acetonitrile, methanol,and toluene - acetonitrile 9:1 (modification of AOAC Official Method 971. 22): Collaborative study. J. AOAC Int. 82,251-258 (1999). Mini-collaborative study of AOAC Official Method 971.22, Standard for Aflatoxins, TLC Method, toextend the method to 3 replacement solvents for benzene for calibration of standard aflatoxin solutions. As a result thea. m. method has been modified to extend its applicability to methanol, acetonitrile, and toluene - acetonitrile 9:1 as 3replacement solvents for benzene used for the TLC determination of aflatoxins in food.

28b

29. Pesticides and other agrochemicals

83 085 P.J. BERNY*, T. BURONFOSSE, G. LORGUE ( *Ecole Natl. Vet. Lyon, Dept. Sci. Pharmaceut. & Toxicol., BP 83,F-69280 Marcy Letoile, France): Anticoagulant poisoning in animals: A simple new high-performance thin-layerchromatographic (HPTLC) method for the simultaneous determination of eight anticoagulant rodenticides inliver samples. J. Anal. Toxicol. 19, 576-580 (1995). HPTLC of anticoagulant rodenticides ( brodifacoum,bromadiolone, chlorophacinone, coumatetralyl, coumachlor, difethialone, difenacoum, warfarin) on RP-18 with methanol- 4.72 M phosphoric acid 9:1. Quantification by densitometry at 286 nm. Detection limit 0.2 µg/mL.

29f

83 086 N. LEE, D.P. McADAM, J.H. SKERRITT*, (CSIRO Plant Ind., GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia): Development of immunoassays for type II synthetic pyrethroids. 1. Hapten design and application toheterologous and homologous assays. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46, 520-534 (1998). TLC of numerous hydrolysis productsof pyrethroids (i.a. 2-hydroxy- and 4-hydroxy-deltamethrin, chrysanthemic acid) on silica gel with n-hexane - ethylacetate 1:1, ethyl acetate - petroleum ether 4:6; 3:7, ethyl acetate - petroleum ether - acetic acid 20:79.9:0.1; 20:79: 1;30:69:1. Detection under UV and by exposure to iodine vapor; if necessary spraying with either 0.03% potassiumpermanganate in conc. sulfuric acid or 1% silver nitrate solution.

29f

83 087 B.D. MALI*, M.V. GARAD, V.B. PATIL, S.V. PADALIKAR, (* Regional Forensic Sci Lab, State of Maharashtra,Cantonment, Aurangabad-431 002, India): Thin-layer chromatographic detection of dichlorvos and dimethoateusing orcinol. J. Chromatogr. 704, 540-543 (1995). TLC of dichlorvos and dimethoate on silica gel with n-hexane -acetone - methanol 16:6:1 or with benzene - ethyl acetate - methanol 9:1:1. Selective and sensitive detection byspraying with 2% sodium hydroxide solution followed by 0.5% orcinol solution. Heating at 100°C for 10 min. Detectionlimit under UV 365 nm of 1 µg and 15 µg per spot for dichlorvos and dimethoate, respectively.

29b, 32f



83 088 A. NEICHEVA, A. BOGDANOVA, T. KONSTANTIOVA*, (Dept. of Org. Synth., Univ. of Chem. Techn. and Metallurgy,Sofia 1756, Bulgaria): Thin-layer chromatographic study of the synthesis of some unsaturated chlorotriazinederivatives with herbicidal activity. J. Planar Chromatogr. 12, 145-149 (1999). TLC of 24 new chlorotriazines onsilica gel with 14 different solvents. Visualization under UV 254 nm. Quantitation by densitometry. The proposedprocedure can be used not only for monitoring the synthesis and to check the purity of the products but also for thedetermination of their stability and environmental behavior.

29d

83 089 M. OI, (Bayer AG, Crop Protection Business Group, Crop Protection Development, Inst. for Metabolism Res, andResidue Analysis, D-51368 Leverkusen, Germany): Time-dependent sorption of imidacloprid in two differentsoils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47, 327-332 (1999). TLC of imidacloprid, i-nitrosimine, i-olefin, and 6-chloronicotinic acidon silica gel with acetonitrile - dichloromethane 1:1 and acetonitrile - ethyl acetate - water 70:23:7. Also determination ofradiochemical purity by TLC.

29f

83 090 M. PETROVIC*, M. KASTELAN-MACAN, K. LAZARIC, S. BABIC , (*Univ. of Zagreb, Fac. of Chem. Eng. and Techn.,Lab. of Anal. Chem., Marulicev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia): Validation of thin-layer chromatography quantitationdetermination with CCD camera and slit-scanning densitometer. J. AOAC Int. 82, 25-30 (1999). Validation of videodensitometric and classical slit-scanning determinations of pesticides on TLC plates for linearity, precision, anddetection limit. A comparison of results showed that slit-scanning is more sensitive and more precise than videodensitometry. According to validation requirements the relative standard deviation of 3.5 - 5.3% for video densitometryis, however, acceptable . Linearities are considered as very good and almost identical for both techniques. The mainadvantage of video technology is the speed of a few seconds compared with 20 min with scanning densitometry; itprovides excellent archiving facility, and image and chromatographic data can be stored together, edited, and used formany tasks. TLC of propham, chlorpropham, tetramethrin, a-cypermethrin, diflubenzuron, atrazine on silica gel withmethanol - water 4:1.

29c, f

83 091 J.K. ROZYLO*, A. NIEWIADOMY, A. ZABINSKA, J. MATYSIAK, (Fac. of Chem., M. Curie-Sklodowska Univ., M.Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland): RPTLC investigation of the hydrophobicity and biological activityof new fungicidal compounds. J. Planar Chromatogr. 11, 450-456 (1998). Use of RP-TLC for the evaluation of thehydrophobicity and antimycotic activity of dihydroxythiobenzanilides, newly synthesized bioactive compounds withfungicidal properties. The retention behavior of the compounds has been examined with water-acetone orwater-methanol. TLC of 19 dihydroxythiobenzanilides on RP-18 with different water-organic modifier systems as mobilephases. Detection by densitometry at 325 nm.

29e

83 092 J. SHERMA, (Lafayette College, Dept. of Chem., Easton, PA 18042-1782, USA): Recent advances in thin-layerchromatography of pesticides. J. AOAC Int. 82, 48-53 (1999). Review of the advances in the use of TLC andHPTLC for separation, detection, and qualitative and quantitative determination of pesticides, other agrochemicals, andrelated compounds for the period 1996 - 1998. Analyses are covered for a variety of food, biological, and environmentalsamples and for residues of various pesticides, including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, belonging to differentchemical classes. References on formulation analysis, hydrophobicity studies, and use of TLC and thin-layerradiochromatography for studies of pesticide metabolism, degradation, uptake, and related studies are also included. 69references.

29

83 093 J. SHERMA, (Lafayette College, Dept. of Chem., Easton, PA 18042, USA): Pesticide Residue Analysis: 1997 -1998. J. AOAC Int. 82, 561-574 (1999). Advances in the techniques and applications of thin-layer chromatography(TLC) for pesticide analysis published and/or abstracted in the period from mid-1996 through mid-1998 were covered ina separate review (J. Sherma, J. AOAC Int. 82, 48-53 (1999)). The 5 TLC studies reviewed were reported after thatreview was written.

29

83 094 B. SUN (Sun Baoguo)*, D. LIU (Liu Dexin), L. ZHAN (Zhan Liansheng), (*Hubei Import - Export Comm. Insp. Bureau,Wuhan 430022, P.R. China): (Rapid method for determination of chlordimeform residue in honey. ) (Chinese).Chinese J. Chromatogr. (Sepu) 17, 93-94 (1999). TLC on silica gel with benzene - chloroform - ethyl acetate 5:5:1.Detection by spraying with 5% N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride. Evaluation by comparison with thestandard. Detection limit, 10 ng. Comparison of the results with those obtained by GC, showing good agreement.

29

83 095 Y. TOMIGAHARA*, M. MATSUI, H. MATSUNAGE, N. ISOBE, H. KANEKA, I. NAKATSUKA, A. YOSHITAKE, S.



83 095 Y. TOMIGAHARA*, M. MATSUI, H. MATSUNAGE, N. ISOBE, H. KANEKA, I. NAKATSUKA, A. YOSHITAKE, S.YAMANE, (Env. Health Sci. Lab., Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku,Osaka 554, Japan): Metabolism of7-fluoro-6-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimido)-34-(2-propynyl)-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (S-53482) in rat. 1.Identification of a sulfonic acid type conjugate. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47, 305-312 (1999). Preparative TLC of S 53482on silica gel with benzene - ethyl acetate 4:1; analytical TLC of S 53482 and metabolites (APF(6-amino-7-fluoro-4-(2-propynyl)-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one), 3-hydroxy-SA, 4-hydroxy-SA, 3-hydroxy-A-SA,3-hydroxy-S 53482, 4-hydroxy-S 53482, Ac-APF) on silica gel and RP-18 with (A) toluene - ethyl formate - formic acid5:7:1, (B) ethyl acetate - acetone - water - acetic acid 4:1:1:1, (C) benzene - ethyl acetate 1:1, (D) benzene - ethylacetate 1:2, (E) ethyl acetate - ethanol (6:1); acetonitrile - water 3:7 for RP-chromatography. Visualization of unlabeledstandards under UV 254 nm. Determination of radiochemical purity by elution and counting using X-ray films.

29d

30. Synthetic and natural dyes

83 096 S.N. SHTYKOV*, E.G. SUMINA, E.V. SMUSHKINA, N.V. TYURINA, (Dept. of Anal. Chem., Saratov State Univ.,Astrakhanskaya St 83, Saratov, Russia): Normal- and reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography of fluoresceindyes with aqueous micellar solutions as mobile phases. J. Planar Chromatogr. 12, 129 - 134 (1999). TLC offluorescein acid, sodium salt, the dichloro-, dibromo-, diiodo-, tetrabromo-, and tetraiodo-derivatives of fluorescein onsilica gel and C3 RP silica gel with micellar solutions of cationic, anionic and nonionic surfactants as mobile phases.The use of cationic and anionic surfactants has been found to result in dynamic modification of the silica gel surfacewhich acquires reversed-phase properties.

30a

32. Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications

83 097 D. AGBABA*, M. DJURKOVIC, J. BRBORIC, D. ZIVANOV-STAKIC, (*Dept. of Pharm. Chem., Fac. of Pharm., VojvodeStepe 450, P.O. Box 146, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, Yugoslavia): Simultaneous HPTLC determination ofmetronidazole and its impurity 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole in pharmaceuticals. J. Planar Chromatogr. 11, 447-449(1998). HPTLC of metronidazole and 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole on silica gel with acetone - chloroform - ethyl acetate4:4:1. Detection under UV 254 nm; quantitation by densitometry at 310 nm. Simple, accurate and rapid method.

32a

83 098 AGULA*, Y. LIN (Lin Yan), ELDENG, CH. XU (Xu Chang), (*Inner Mongolian Inst. Drug Cont., Huhehot 010020, P.R.China): (Study of the pharmacognosy of a medicinal herb, Herba Lenuri. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Herb Med.(Zhongcaoyao) 30, 140-142 (1999). For the identification of the title herb, some of its features were characterized bymicroscopy. Its chemical ingredients were studied by TLC on silica layer with 1) chloroform - acetone - methanol - water4:5:2:1, 2) ethyl acetate - butanone - formic acid - water 10:6:2:2. Detection by spraying with 5% AlCl3 in ethanol andunder UV 365 nm and identification by finger print technique.

32g

83 099 A.P. ARGEKAR*, J.G. SAWANT, (Anal. Lab., Dept. of Chem., The Inst. of Sci., 15 Madam Cama Road, Mumbai 400032, India): Determination of nimesulide in pharmaceutical dosage forms by HPTLC. J. Planar Chromatogr. 12,152-154 (1999). HPTLC of nimesulide (4'-nitro-2'-phenoxymethanesulfonanilide) on silica gel with toluene - methanol4:1. Densitometry at 324 nm. Limit of detection was found to be 0.26 ng/µl. New simple, precise, accurate, rapid andstability-indicating determination.

32a

83 100 B. BENTHIN, H. DANZ, M. HAMBURGER*, (*Inst. Pharm., Friedrich-Schiller-Univ. Jena, Semmelweissstrasse 10,D-07743 Jena, Germany): Pressurized liquid extraction of medicinal plants. J. Chromatogr. A 837, 211-219(1999). Investigation of the suitability of the title technique (PLE) in medicinal plants. Quantitative analysis of theextracts by TLC on silica gel with chloroform - acetone - formic acid 50:33:17, and densitometric measurement at 288nm. Comparison of PLE extracts from a selection of representative herbs with extracts obtained according toPharmacopoeia monographs with respect to yield of relevant plant constituents, extraction time and solventcomposition, showing significant economy in time and solvent at the equivalent or higher extraction yields of PLEtechnique.

32e

83 101 H. BRZEZINKA*, P. DALLAKIAN, H. BUDZIKIEWICZ, (Inst. für Rechtsmedizin der Univ. Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111



83 101 H. BRZEZINKA*, P. DALLAKIAN, H. BUDZIKIEWICZ, (Inst. für Rechtsmedizin der Univ. Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111Bonn, Germany): Thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry for screening of biological samples fordrugs and metabolites. J. Planar Chromatogr. 12, 96-108 (1999). Description of a method for off-line coupling of TLCand electron-impact ionization mass spectrometry (EIMS) which is well suited for routine forensic and toxicologicalinvestigations of a large number of samples incl. discussion of advantages and drawbacks of this approach. SeveralTLC systems for 493 compounds of forensic and toxicological interest are described and eight-peak mass spectra fromfull EI mass spectra are listed. TLC on silica gel with 1) methanol - 25% NH3 200:3, 2) cyclohexane - toluene -diethylamine 15:3:2, 3) chloroform - methanol 9:1, 4) chloroform - acetone 8:2, 5) ethyl acetate - methanol - 25% NH317:2:1, and 6) ethyl acetate. Reagents used for color reactions were: Marquis, modified Dragendorff, Ludy Tenger,potassium iodoplatinate, palladium chloride, ferric chloride-sulfuric acid, mercury nitrate-mercury sulfate,diphenylcarbazone, fast blue B, Bratton-Marshall (Clarke's Isolation and Identification of Drugs, 2nd edn, ThePharmaceutical Press, London, UK, 1986). TLC plates for biological samples were pretreated with a solution ofmethanol and 1.5 aqueous ammonia and reactivated for 2 h at 150°C in a clean oven and subsequently cooled in aclean closed system.

32a

83 102 M. CAO (Cao Meifang)*, J. LIU (Liu Jin), J. Zhang (Zhang Jianhua), (*Shuguang Hosp., shanghai 200021, P.R. China): (Quality control of Jiyan oral liquid. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Trad. Patent Med. (Zhongchengyao) 21 (1) 46-47(1999). TLC on silica gel with 1) benzene - acetone - ethyl acetate - NH3 conc. 10:15:20:1, 2) chloroform - methanol-water 200:40:3, 3) butanol - NH3 3 mol/L - ethanol 5:2:1. Detection 1) by spraying with potassium iodobismuthatereagent, 2) by spraying with 10% sulfuric acid in ethanol and heating at 110°C for 5 min. 3) by spraying with 50%sulfuric acid in ethanol and 1% vanillin in ethanol and heating at 120°C for 5 min. Quantitation of matrine byspectrophotometry at 412 nm. Discussion of the quality standard for the medicine.

32g

83 103 J. CHEN (Chen Jianzhen)*, Y. SONG (Song Yuliang), G. LU (Lu Guiyuan), (*Zhejiang Coll. Chinese. Trad. Med.,Hagzhou 310009, P.R. China): (Identification of compound Yijin oral liquid by thin-layer chromatography. )(Chinese). Chinese J. Modern App. Pharm. (Zhangguo Xiandai Yingyong Yaoxue Zazhi) 16 (3), 51-52 (1999). TLC onsilica gel with 1) butanol - acetic acid - water 3:2:1, 2) toluene - ethyl acetate - methanol - formic acid 20:15:4:1.Detection by 1) spraying with 5% ninhydrin in ethanol and heating at 105°C for 5 min, 2) under UV 365 nm.Identification by finger print technique.

32g

83 104 X. CHEN (Chen Xing)*, W. LI (Li Wanshou), (*Sichuan Provin. Inst. Chinese Trad. Med., Chengdu 610041, P.R. China): (Identification of the component drug Cynthula officinalis kuan in compound Chinese traditional patentmedicines. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Trad. Patent Med. (Zhongchengyao) 21, 287-289 (1999). TLC on silica gel withchloroform - methanol 20:3. Detection by 1) spraying with 10% sulfuric acid in ethanol and heating at 105°C for 5 min,2) under UV 365 nm. Identification by comparison of its active constituent cyasterone with the standard, and by fingerprint technique.

32g

83 105 Z. CHEN (Chen Zufen)*, D. HE (He Daohui), (*Yunan Provin. Inst. Drug Contr., Kunmin 650011, P.R. China): (Simultaneous separation of acetylphenetidin, amidazofen, caffeine and atlachlor in Keganmin tablets bythin-layer chromatography. ) (Chinese). Chinese J. Pharm. Anal. (Yaowu Fenxi Zazhi) 19, 120-121 (1999). TLC onsilica gel with chloroform - diethyl ether - acetone 10:6:3 with traces of NH3 conc. Detection under UV 254 nm.Identification by comparison with the standards. Comparison of the separation with that achieved with some reportedprocedures.

32c

83 106 F. CHI (Chi Fangzhen)*, W. SU (Su Weiguo), H. CHE (Che Hongyong), (*Yantai Minicip. Inst. Drug Cont. Yantai264000, P.R. China): (Identification of Baulangen granules by thin-layer chromatography. ) (Chinese). Chinese J.Pharm. Anal. (Yaowu Fenxi Zazhi) 19, 61-62 (1999). TLC on silica gel with chloroform - acetone 9:1. Detection byspraying with 5% phosphomolybdic acid in ethanol and heating at 105°C for 5 min. Identification by finger printtechnique. Comparison of the quality of the medicines from different sources.

32g

83 107 X. DIAO (Diao Xiuying), (Xishuangbanna Prefec. Inst. Drug Cont., Jinghong, Yunnan 666100, P.R. China): (Study ofthe medicinal utility of the seeds of Magahohan tree, Iahudia xylocarpa kurz. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Herb Med.(Zhongcaoyao) 30, 380-382 (1999). TLC on silica gel with chloroform - methanol - NH3 conc. 15:4:1. Detection byspraying with 5% potassium iodobismuthate. Discussion of the main ingredients compared with those of RhizomaCoptidis and its medicinal utility.

32e



83 108 H. DONG (Dong Hairong)*, Y. YANG (Yang Ying), (*Chengde Chin. Trad. Med. Group Corp., Chengde 067000, P.R.China): (Determination of matrine in compound Shiwei Tablet by thin-layer chromatography. ) (Chinese). J.Chinese Herb Med. (Zhongcaoyao) 30, 22-23 (1999). TLC on silica gel with toluene - acetone - ethanol - NH3 conc.100:100:10:1. Detection by spraying with potassium iodobismuthate reagent. Quantitation by densitometry at 515 nm.

32g

83 109 N.M. EL KOUSY, (Nat. Org. of Drug Control and Res., Cairo, Egypt): Stability-indicating densitometricdetermination of some antidiabetic drugs in dosage forms, using TLC. Mikrochim. Acta 128, 65-68 (1998). TLC ofgliclazide, glipizide, glibenclamide and cyclohexylamine (as degradation product) on silica gel with chloroform -methanol 9:1 for and glipizide and chloroform - cyclohexane - acetic acid - ethanol 9:9:1:1 for glibenclamide.Visualization under UV 254 nm. Quantitation by densitometry at 230, 275 and 300 nm. Recoveries are in the range of100.4 - 101.0% and RSD in the range of 0.6 - 0.7%. - The proposed methods, being stability-indicating, accurate,specific and of high precision can be recommended for the routine analysis, quality control and stability assurance ofthe investigated drugs in pure form and in dosage forms.

32a

83 110 N.M. El-KOUSY, L.I. BEBAWY, (Nat. Org. for Drug Contr. and Res., Pyramids Ave 6 Abou Hazem St, Cairo, Egypt): Stability-indicating methods for determining omeprazole and octylonium bromide in the presence of theirdegradation products. J. AOAC Int. 82, 599-606 (1999). TLC of omeprazole and degradation products (i.a.sulphenamide, benzimidazole sulphide) on silica gel with methanol - 25% NH3 200:3, visualization under UV 254 nm.TLC of octylonium bromide and degradation products (p-[2-(n-octyoxy)benzoyl]-aminobenzoic acid,diethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)-methyl ammonium bromide) on silica gel with methanol - acetone - acetic acid 90:10:4,detection under UV 254 nm and by spraying with Dragendorff's reagent. Quantitation by densitometry. Sensitive,accurate, simple and fast TLC method.

32a

83 111 J. GAO (Gao Jianjie)*, X.WIE (Wie Xuebing), (*Gansu Coll. Chin. Trd. Med., Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China): (Study ofthe adjuvants in processing Radix Polygoni multiflori by thin-layer chromatography. ) (Chinese). J. ChineseTrad. Patent Med. (Zhongchengyao) 21, 295-299 (1999). Investigation of the content changes of the main activeconstituent, emodin and physicion in the roots of the title plant with the adjuvants used. TLC of the processed liquids onsilica gel with hexane - ethyl acetate - formic acid 10:1:1. Detection under UV 365 nm. Quantitation of emodin andphyscion by densitometry at 430 nm.

32g

83 112 X. GU (Gu Xuemei), (Testing Lab., Shanghai Drug Co. LTD., Shanghai 200127, P.R. China): (Determination oficarriine in Kanguzengsheng pills by thin-layer chromatography. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Trad. Patent Med.(Zhongchengyao) 21 (4), 208-209 (1999). TLC on silica gel with ethyl acetate - acetone - methanol - water 10:2:2:1.Detection under UV 254 nm. Identification by comparison with the standard. Quantitation by UV spectrophotometry afterelution.

32c

83 113 M.H. GUERMOUCHE, D. HABEL, S. GUERMOUCHE, (Univ. des Sci. et de la Techn. Houari Boumedienne, Inst. deChimie, B. P. No. 32, El-Alia, Bab-Ezzouar, Alger 16111, Algeria): Assay of tinidazole in human serum byhigh-performance thin-layer chromatography - comparison with high-performance liquid chromatography. J.AOAC Int. 82, 244-247 (1999). HPTLC of tinidazole and metronidazole (as internal standard) on silica gel withchloroform - acetonitrile - acetic acid 30:20:1. Quantitation by densitometry at 320 nm. The linearity (1-10 ng), precision(6%), reproducibility (5%), recovery (96%), and detection limit (1 mg/L) of tinidazole determination by HPTLC werecomparable with corresponding method parameters by RP HPLC. A satisfactory correlation was found between the 2analytical methods. Simple and specific HPTLC method.

32b

83 114 A. GULA*, Y. LIN (Lin Yan), E. ERDENG, CH. XU (Xu Chang), (*Inner Mongolia Inst. Drug Cont., Huhohot 010020,P.R. China): (Study of the pharmacognosy of a Mongolia traditional medicine, Panzeria alaschanica Kupr. )(Chinese). J. Chinese Herb Med. (Zhongcaoyao) 30, 140-142 (1999). TLC on silica gel with 1) butanol - ethyl acetate -formic acid 8:3:4, 2) chloroform - butanone - methanol - formic acid 8:3:2:2, 3) chloroform - acetone - methanol - water4:5:2:1, 4) ethyl acetate - butanone - formic acid -water 10:6:1:1. Detection by spraying with potassium iodobismuthatereagent, 2) by spraying with 5% AlCl3 in ethanol and under UV 365 nm. Identification by finger print techniques.

32g

83 115 E. HAHN-DEINSTROP*, R. BAUER, (Kleingeschaidter Str. 23, D-90542 Eckental, Germany): Echinacea -



83 115 E. HAHN-DEINSTROP*, R. BAUER, (Kleingeschaidter Str. 23, D-90542 Eckental, Germany): Echinacea -Chromatographischer Nachweis einer Kreuzung von E. purpurea und E. angustifolia. (Echinacea -Chromatographic determination of a cross-breed between E. purpurea and E. angustifolia. Bioforum 3, 109-114 (1999).The herb and the roots of a wild growing hybrid of the two official cone flower species Echinacea purpurea and E.angustifolia were analyzed by TLC and HPLC. Rutoside, chichoric acid and other caffeic acid derivates, echinacosideand alkmides could be identified.

32g

83 116 E. HAHN-DEINSTROP*, A. KOCH, M. MUELLER, (*Kleingeschaidter Str. 23, D-90542 Eckental, Germany): Guidelines for the assessment of the traditional herbal medicine 'Olibanum' by the application of HPTLC andDESAGA ProViDoc video documentation. J. Planar Chromatogr. 11, 404-410 (1998). Quality control of the gumresins of Boswellia catari and Boswellia serrata was performed on HPTLC-lichrospher(r) Si 60 with n-heptane - ether -acetic acid 70:30:3. Derivatization with vanillin-sulfuric-acid reagent. The fingerprints were documented by single-lensreflex camera, video camera and densitometer.

32e

83 117 J. HE (He Jiangpig)*, T. YANG (Yang Tiankun), (*Tianjin Univ. Med., Tianjin 300203, P.R. China): (Determination ofhesperidin in Baohe powder by thin-layer chromatography. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Trad. Patent Med.(Zhongchengyao) 21, 290-291 (1999). TLC on silica gel with ethyl acetate - methanol - water 100:17:13. Detection byspraying with AlCl3 in ethanol. Quantitation by densitometry at 287 nm.

32g

83 118 L. HE (He Lei)*, H. ZHONG (Zhong Hongling), X. ZHANG (Zhang Xin), Y. CHEN (Chen Yuan), L. ZHAO (Zhao Liming)(*PLA Dalian Junior Coll. Med., Dalian 110017, P.R. China): (Study of the quality standards for Jinfang oral liquid. )(Chinese). J. Chinese Trad. Patent Med. (Zhongchengyao) 21 (1), 9-11 (1999). TLC on silica gel with petroleum ether(60-90°C) - ethyl acetate 9:1. Detection by spraying with vanillin - H2SO4 - ethanol 1:1:10, and heating at 105°C for 8min. Identification by finger print technique. Determination of L-pulegone by GC. Discussion of the quality control of themedicine.

32g

83 119 F. HUANG (Huang Fenfen)*, K. CHEN (Chen Kexiang), W. LING (Ling Weijian), (*The 2nd Hosp. Fuzhou, Fuzhou350007, P.R. China): (Identification of Suxiao Ganmao Jiaonang capsules by thin-layer chromatography. )(Chinese). Chinese J. Pharm. Anal. (Yaowu Fenxi Zazhi) 19, 193-194 (1999). TLC on silica gel with chloroform -methanol - acetone 18:3:2 with traces of NH3. Detection under UV 255 nm. Identification by comparison ofacetaminophen, caffeine, alachlor and amantadine spots with the standards

32g

83 120 G. HUANG (Huang Guoming)*, HI ZHANG (Zhang Hanming), Beijing Siyuan Pharm. Fact., Beijing 100850, P.R. China): (Analysis of curculigoside in curculigo orchioides Gaertn. from various region.) (Chinese). Chinese J. ModernApp. Pharm. (Zhangguo Xiandai Yingyong Yaoxue Zazhi) 15 (6), 48-49 (1998). TLC on silica with ethyl acetate -methanol - formic acid 100:10:1. Detection by spraying with 2% potassium ferricyanide - 2% FeCl3 1:1. Identification bycomparison with the standard. Quantification by spectrophotometry at 281 nm.

32e

83 121 H. HUANG (Huang Hongbing)*, Y. JIANG (Jiang Yingqiao), (*Guangzhou Municp. Inst. Drug Cont., Guangzhou 510160,P.R. China): (Study on the quality standard for Chagcao oral liquid, Coryceps, Fructus corui, etc. ) (Chinese). J.Chinese Trad. Patent Med. (Zhongchengyao) 21 (5), 28-301 (1999). TLC on silica gel with benzene - ethyl acetate -methanol - isopropanol - NH3 12:6:3:3:1. Detection under UV 254 nm and by spraying with 10% sulfuric acid in ethanoland heating at 80°C for 10 min. Identification by finger print technique. Quantitation of embran by UV spectrophotometryat 260 nm after elution.

32g

83 122 N. HUANG (Huang Nojia)*, SH. XIAO (Xiao Shuxong), J. PENG (Peng Jifeng), H. LU (Lu Hong), J. ZHENG (ZhengJianHong), (*Shantou Municip. Inst. Drug Cont., Shantou 515031, P.R. China): (Determination of emodin in Chinesetraditional patent medicines by thin-layer chromatography. ) (Chinese). Chinese J. Pharm. Anal. (Yaowu FenxiZazhi) 19, 122-124 (1999). TLC on silica gel with hexane - ethyl acetate - chloroform - formic acid 50:15:15:1.Quantitation of emodin by densitometry at 460 nm. Validation of the method by investigating the linearity range, thestability, the precision and the recovery, etc.

32g

83 123 ZH. HUANG (Huang Zhongyu)*, J. FAN (Fan Jian), ZH. ZHOU (Zhou Zhifang), (*Zheijiang Provin. Inst. Drug Cont.,



83 123 ZH. HUANG (Huang Zhongyu)*, J. FAN (Fan Jian), ZH. ZHOU (Zhou Zhifang), (*Zheijiang Provin. Inst. Drug Cont.,Hangzhou 310004, P.R. China): (The quality control of Shoudang granules. ) (Chinese). Chinese J. Modern App.Pharm. (Zhangguo Xiandai Yingyong Yaoxue Zazhi) 15 (5), 41-43 (1998). TLC on silica with 1) benzene - ethyl acetate- acetic acid 18:1:1, 2) n-hexane - ethyl acetate 8:2, 3) ethyl acetate - methanol - water - 100:17:3, 4) toluene - ethylacetate - formic acid - water 20:10:1:1. Detection 1) by spraying with 50% ethanolic solution of 2% potassiumferricyanide - 2% FeCl3 1:1, 2) under UV, 3) by spraying with 1% AlCl3. Identification of ferulic acid, emodin, hesperidinand psoralen by comparison with standards. Quantitation of emodin by HPLC. Discussion of the quality standard.

32g

83 124 L. JI (Ji Ling), (Harbin Municip. Inst. Drug Cont., Harbin 150076, P.R. China): (Quality control of Xiaoyan Zhihecompound oral liquid. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Trad. Patent Med. (Zhongchengyao) 20 (12), 15-17 (1998). TLC onsilica gel with 1) acetic acid, 2) butanol - acetic acid - water 8:2:1. Detection 1) under UV 365 nm, 2) by spraying with2% ninhydrin and heating at 105°C for 10 min. Identification by comparison with the standards. Quantitation ofhydrochloridum by HPLC. Discussion of the quality standard.

32g

83 125 V. LAMBROUSSI, S. PIPERAKI, A. TSANTILI-KAKOULIDOU*, (*Dept. of Pharm., Div. of Pharma. Chem., Univ. ofAthens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, Athens 157 71, Greece): Formation of inclusion complexes betweencyclodextrins, as mobile phase additives in RPTLC, and fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, and promethazine. J. PlanarChromatogr. 12, 124-128 (1999). TLC of fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, and promethazine on silica gel impregnated with 2.5or 5% paraffin in petroleum ether with methanol - buffer 13:7 and 11:9 at pH 4.5 and containing 0.5% TEA with differentconcentrations of b-CD. Spots were located under UV 254 nm.

32a

83 126 D. LI (Li Dexun)*, D. PENG (Peng Dailin), (*Shaotong Rig. Inst. Drug Cont., Shaotong, Yunan 657000, P.R. China): (Animproved method for identification of tanshinone IIA in compound Danshen pills by thin-layerchromatography. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Trad. Patent Med. (Zhongchengyao) 21 (1), 51 (1999). TLC on silica gelwith benzene - ethyl acetate 9:1. Detection under daylight. Comparison of the results with those obtained by the methodin China Pharmacopoeia, Ed. 95.

32g

83 127 X. LI (Li Xingli)*, P. Zhou (Zhou Ping), (*Hubei Inst. Med. Ind., Wuhan 430061, P.R. China): (Quality control ofKangshuai tablets. ) (Chinese). Chinese J. Pharm. (Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi) 33, 678-680 (1998). TLC on silica gelwith 1) cyclohexane - ethyl acetate 5:1, 2) n-butanol - acetic acid - water 6:1:3, 3) chloroform - ethyl acetate - methanol -water 15:40:22:10. Detection 1) by spraying with 10% sulfuric acid in ethanol and heating, 2) under UV 254 nm.Identification by comparison with the standard. Quantitation of ginsenoside Rg1 by densitometry at 525 nm. Discussionof the quality standard.

32g

83 128 SH. LIANG (Liang Shengwang)*, S. WANG (Wang Sumei), Y. LI (Li Yongjun), J. Luo (Luo Jiepeng), (*Dept. Pharm.Anal., Henan Coll. Chin. Trad. Med., Zhengzhou 450003, P.R. China): (Quality control of Tonglin capsules. )(Chinese). Chinese J. Pharm. (Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi) 33, 675-678 (1998). TLC on silica gel with 1) petroleum ether(60-90°C) - ethyl acetate 50:1, 2) cyclohexane - ethyl acetate 3:1, 3) petroleum ether (30-60°C) - benzene - ethylacetate - acetic acid 25:50:20:3, 4) benzene - ethyl acetate - methanol - isopropanol - NH3 conc. 12:6:3:3:1. Detection 1)by spraying with 5% vanillin in sulfuric acid and heating, 2) by spraying with 5% FeCl3 in ethanol and heating, 3) byspraying with 5% phosphomolybdic acid in ethanol and heating, 4) under UV. Quantitation of berberine chloride bydensitometry at 345 nm. Discussion of the quality standard.

32g

83 129 B. LIU (Liu Beuliang), X. YANG (Yang Xi)*, (Gansu Provin. Inst. Drug Cont., Lanzhou 743000, P.R. China): (Determination of silymarin in Yiganling capsules by thin-layer chromatography. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Trad.Patent Med. (Zhongchengyao) 21 (4), 180-181 (1999). TLC on silica gel with 1) chloroform -methanol -water 150:20:1,2) ethyl acetate - acetone - methanol 20:10:2. Detection under UV 365 nm. Quantitation by densitometry at 288 nm.Comparison of the results with those obtained by UV spectrophotometry, stressing on the advantages of TLC.

32g

83 130 CH. LIU (Liu Chunyu)*, L. TANG (Tang Lihua), X. XU (Xu Xiangyi), ZH. GU (Gu Zhenlun), (*Suzhou Coll. Med., Suzhou215007, P.R. China): (Quality control of Jingzhi Xiefu capsules. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Trad. Patent Med.(Zhongchengyao) 20 (12), 9-11 (1998). TLC on silica gel with 1) chloroform - methanol - ethyl acetate 8:4:1, 2) benzene- acetic acid - methanol 35:1:2, 3) benzene - acetic acid - methanol 35:1:2, 4) petroleum ether (60-908C) - chloroform -methanol 10:3:2. Detection 1) by spraying with 10% sulfuric acid in ethanol and heating at 105°C for 10 min, 2) underUV 254 nm. Identification by finger print technique. Quantitation of paeonin by HPLC. Discussion of the quality standard.

32g



83 131 Y. LIU (Liu Yimin)*, L. GUO (Guo Lina), CH. LIU (Liu Chunfeng), (*Qiqihar Municp. Inst. Drug Cont., Qiqihar 161006,P.R. China): (The identification of Xiaoyan Zhili tablets by thin-layer chromatography. ) (Chinese). J. ChineseTrad. Patent Med. (Zhongchengyao) 21 (5), 231-232 (1999). TLC of matrine, oxymatrine and TMP on silica gel withchloroform - methanol - NH3 conc. 50:6:3. Visualization by spraying with 5% potassium iodobismuthate and 10%sodium nitrite in ethanol. Comparison of the method with that in China Pharmacopoeia 95.

32g

83 132 ZH. LIU (Liu Zhenjiang)*, ZH. ZHAO (Zhao Zhihong), (*Henan Provin. Inst. Med. & Pharm., Zhengzhou 450052, P.R.China): (Advances in the research of Rabdosia rubescens (Hemsl. ) Hara.) (Chinese). Chinese J. Pharm.(Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi) 33, 577-581 (1998). A review with 31 references on the advances in researches of thechemistry of the medicinal herb, pharmacology, clinic aspects, as well as the analysis by TLC.

32g

83 133 H. LU (Lu Haihong)*, H. DENG (Deng Haiyian), (*Henan Coll. Chinese Trad. Med., Zhengzhou 450003, P.R. China): (The quality standard for Zensiming tablets. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Trad. Patent Med. (Zhongchengyao) 21 (5),264-265 (1999). TLC on silica gel with 1) butanol - ethyl acetate - water 4:1:5, 2) cyclohexane - ethyl acetate 9:1, 3)petroleum ether (30-60°C) - ethyl formate - formic acid 15:5:1, spots detected 1) by spraying with 10% sulfuric acid inethanol and heating at 100°C for 10 min, 2) under UV 365 nm or 254 nm. Quantitation of astragaloside by densitometryat 510 nm.

32g

83 134 K. LUDANYI, K. VEKEY, J. SZUNYOG, E. MINCSOVICS, T. KARANCSI, K. UJSZASZY, K.B. NEMES, I. KLEBOVIC,(Inst. of Chem. of the Hungarian Acad. of Sci., H-1025 Budapest, Pusztaszeri út 59-67, Hungary): Application ofoverpressured layer chromatography combined with digital autoradiography and mass spectrometry in thestudy of deramciclane metabolism. J. AOAC Int. 82, 231-238 (1999). HPTLC of deramciclane and metabolites onsilica gel using a stepwise gradient OPLC separation with chloroform - acetonitrile 2:4 (A) and n-butanol - acetic acid -water 4:1:1 (B). Detection of radioactive compounds by rapid digital autoradiography; Visualization under UV.Videodensitometry.

32b

83 135 J. LUO (Luo Junping), ZH. ZHANG (Zhang Zhongsu), Y. LIAN (Lian Yulan), Z. DU (Du Zongmin)*, (*Shanxi Inst. DrugContr., Taiyuan 030001, P.R. China): (Determination of strychnine in Jinlong Qubi pills by thin-layerchromatography. ) (Chinese). Chinese J. Pharm. Anal. (Yaowu Fenxi Zazhi) 19, 179-181 (1999). TLC on silica gelwith toluene - acetone - ethanol - NH3 30:20:3:1. Detection under UV 254 nm. Quantitation by densitometry at 254 nm.

32c

83 136 H. MA (Ma Hongtao), (Fuyang Municip. Inst. Drug Control, Fuyang 236015, P.R. China): (Qualtiy control ofSanhuang tablets. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Trad. Patent Med. (Zhongchengyao) 20 (12), 49 (1998). TLC on silica gelwith ethyl acetate - butanol - formic acid - water 5:3:1:1. Detection 1) by spraying with 2% FeCl3, 2) under UV 365 nm.Identification of berberine chloride, scutellarin, rhapontin and rhubarb by finger print techniques. Discussion of thequality standard.

32g

83 137 L. MA (Ma Ling), (Anhui Provin. Inst. Pharm., Hefei 230022, P.R. China): (Quality control of Zhibai Dihuangcapsules. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Trad. Patent Med. (Zhongchengyao) 20 (12), 7-8 (1998). TLC on silica gel with 1)toluene - ethyl acetate - acetic acid 24:8:1, 2) butanol - acetic acid - water 7:1:2, 3) cyclohexane - ethyl acetate 3:1.Detection 1) by spraying with 10% sulfuric acid in ethanol and heating at 1108C for 5 min, 2) under UV 365 nm, 3) byspraying with 5% FeCl3 in ethanol. Identification by fingerprint technique. Quantitation of ursolic acid by densitometry at520 nm. Discussion of the quality standard.

32g

83 138 D. MEI (Mei Dan)*, C. ZHANG (Zhang Cuilian), D. LI (Li Daqui), W. ZHANG (Zhang Weiqi), (*Dept. Pharm., PekingUnion Coll. Med. Hosp., Chin. Acad. Med. Sci., Beijing 100730, P.R. China): (The quality evaluation of differentbrands of troxerutin preparations. ) (Chinese). Chinese J. Pharm. (Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi) 33, 605-608 (1998).TLC on silica gel with water - formic acid - butanone - ethyl acetate 1:3:3:5. Detection under UV 254 nm. Identificationby finger print techniques. Determination of some components by HPLC and UV spectrophotometry.

32g

83 139 N. MULINACCI*, C. BARDAZZI, A. ROMANI, P. PINELLI, F.F. VINCIERI, A. COTANTINI, (*Dip. Sci. Farm., Univ.



83 139 N. MULINACCI*, C. BARDAZZI, A. ROMANI, P. PINELLI, F.F. VINCIERI, A. COTANTINI, (*Dip. Sci. Farm., Univ.Firenze, via G. Capponi 9, 50121, Florence, Italy): HPLC-DAD and TLC-densitometry for quantification of hypericinin Hyperium perforatum L. extracts. Chromatographia 49, 197-201 (1999). TLC on silica gel by incremental multipledevelopment with toluene - ethyl acetate - formic acid 5:4:1. Quantification by fluoro-densitometry at 313 nm.

32e

83 140 J. NAVAKOVIC*, H. NOVA, K. FILKA, (PRO.MED.CS, Telcsk· 1, 141 00 Prague 4, The Czech Republic): In-processcontrol and process parametric assessment of isosorbide 5-mononitrate pharmaceuticals. J. PlanarChromatogr. 12, 161-164 (1999). HPTLC of isosorbide mononitrate on silica gel with chloroform - methanol - acetic acid270:30: 1. Evaluation by densitometry in absorbance mode at 200 nm. The HPTLC method for determination ofIS-5-MN in pharmaceuticals has been fully validated and applied successfully for process-parameter assessment andin-process monitoring of Monosan tablets. Terfenadine was used as the internal standard. Large sample throughput,small solvent consumption, and robustness in terms of in situ analyte stability and applied volumes are the mainadvantages of the HPTLC method. System suitability results indicate that the method could be used for impurity andstability testing of IS-5-MN when IS-2-MN and ISDN (isosorbide dinitrate) are considered as impurities.

32a

83 141 I. OJANPERä*, R.-L. OJANSIVU, J. NOKUA, E. VUORI (*Dept. of For. Med., P.O. Box 40 (Kytösuontie 11), 00014Univ. of Helsinki, Finland): Comprehensive TLC in forensic toxicology - Comparison of findings in urine andliver. J. Planar Chromatogr. 12, 38-41 (1999). TLC of acidic and neutral drugs on RP-18 with methanol - water 13:35and of basic, amphoteric and quaternary drugs on silica with toluene - acetone - ethanol - conc. ammonia 45:45:7: 3;saturated chamber and RP-18 with methanol - water - conc. HCl 50:50:1. Scanning in absorbance mode at 220 nm,integration of peak areas, and recording of the UV spectra in situ within the spectral range 190 - 400 nm. Confirmatoryvisualization reactions were performed with the reagents Fast Black K salt, iodoplatinate, Dragendorff reagent, Marquisreagent, and Salkowsky reagent.

32d

83 142 P. PACHALY, (Inst. for Pharm., Friedrich-Wilhelm-Univ., Kreuzbergweg 26, 53115 Bonn, Germany): Ehrenpreiskraut(Veronica herbs). Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg. 139, 729-730 (1999). Approved procedure for identity and quality test TLC andHPTLC of veronica herb extract (using rutin and chlorogenic acid as reference substances) on silica gel with ethylacetate - 98% formic acid - water 13:3:4; chamber saturation, bandwise application). The plate is left for 15 min in theair after application. Detection under UV 254 and 360 nm, and after spraying with 1% methanolicdiphenylboryloxyethylamine and under UV 365 nm. The fluorescence can be intensified and stabilized by spraying witha 5% methanolic solution of macrogol (polyethylene glycol). Alternative spraying reagent: Mixture of 15 mL 3% boricacid solution and 5 mL 10% oxalic acid solution and heating after spraying for some min at 120°C and under UV 365 nm.

32e

83 143 P. PACHALY (Inst. for Pharm., Friedrich-Wilhelm-Univ., Kreuzbergweg 26, 53115 Bonn, Germany): Hauhechelwurzel(Restharrow roots). Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg. 139, 955-956 (1999). TLC and HPTLC of restharrow roots extract (usingvanillin as reference substances) on silica gel with toluene - ethyl acetate - ethanol 25:19:6; chamber saturation,bandwise application. The plate is left for 15 min in the air after application. Detection under UV 254 and 365 nm, andafter spraying with anisaldehyde reagent and heating for 5 min at 110°C under daylight and UV 365 nm. Beforespraying of the plate under UV at 365 nm an intensely blue fluorescing zone of ?-onocerine can be observed with an Rfnearly identical with vanillin which appears after spraying with the anisaldehyde reagent under daylight as red-violet,under UV 365 nm as orange-brown. Approved procedure for identity and quality test.

32e

83 144 P. PACHALY, (Inst. for Pharm., Friedrich-Wilhelm-Univ., Kreuzbergweg 26, 53115 Bonn, Germany): Melissenblätter(Balm leaves). Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg. 139, 1056-1057 (1999). TLC of lemon balm leaves extract (using citral as referencesubstance) on silica gel with n-hexane -ethyl acetate 93:7; chamber saturation, bandwise application. The plate is leftfor 15 min in the air after application. Detection under UV 254 nm after evaporation of the eluent in the fume hood(without using the hair-dryer), and after spraying with anisaldehyde reagent and heating for 3 min at 110°C underdaylight and UV 365 nm. Approved procedure for identity and quality test.

32e

83 145 P. PACHALY, (Inst. for Pharm., Friedrich-Wilhelm-Univ., Kreuzbergweg 26, 53115 Bonn, Germany): Pomeranzenschale (Sour orange skin). Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg. 139, 1181-1182 (1999). TLC and HPTLC of sour orangeskin extract (using hyperoside, rutin and caffeic acid as reference substances) on silica gel with ethyl acetate - 98%formic acid - water 21:2:2; chamber saturation, bandwise application. The plate is left for 15 min in the air afterapplication. Detection under UV 254 and 365 nm, and after spraying with 1% methanolic diphenylboryloxyethylaminesolution under UV 365 nm. The fluorescence can be intensified and stabilized by spraying with a 5% methanolicsolution of macrogol 400 (polyethylene glycol). Alternative spray reagent: Mixture of 15 mL 3% boric acid solution and 5mL 10% oxalic acid solution and heating after spraying for some min at 1208C and evaluation under UV 365 nm.



mL 10% oxalic acid solution and heating after spraying for some min at 1208C and evaluation under UV 365 nm. 32e

83 146 P. PACHALY (Inst. for Pharm., Friedrich-Wilhelm-Univ., Kreuzbergweg 26, 53115 Bonn, Germany): Rosenoel (Roseoil). Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg. 139, 1378-1379 (1999). TLC and HPTLC of rose oil resp. artificial rose oil (using geraniol asreference substance) on silica gel with toluene - ethyl acetate 9:1; chamber saturation, bandwise application. The plateis left for 15 min in the air after application. Detection after evaporation of the eluent in the fume hood after sprayingwith anisaldehyde reagent and heating for 5 min at 110°C using daylight and UV 365 nm.

32e

83 147 Y. PENG (Peng Yong), (Shashi Hosp. Chin. Trad. Med., Hubei, Jigzhou 434000, P.R. China): (Quality control ofErfeiqing oral liquid. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Trad. Patent Med. (Zhongchengyao) 20 (12), 43-45 (1998). TLC on silicagel with 1) ethyl acetate - butanol - formic acid - water 5:3:1:1, 2) chloroform - methanol - ethyl acetate 8:4:1, 3) benzene- acetone 10:1. Detection 1) by spraying with 10% sulfuric acid in ethanol and heating at 100°C for 5 min, 2) byexposure to ammonia fume, spraying with vanillin - methanol - sulfuric acid 1:16:3 and heating at 90°C for 5 min.Identification by finger print technique. Quantitation of Re by spectrophotometry. Discussion of the quality standard.

32g

83 148 M. REPCAK, V. SVEHLIKOWA, J. INDRICH, K. PIHLAJA, (*Dept. of Exp. Bot. and Gen., Fac. of Sci., P.J. SafarikUniv., Manesova 23, SK-04154 Kosice, Slovakia): Jaceidin and chrysoplenetin chemotypes of Chamomilla recutila(L. ) Rauschert. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 27, 727-732 (1999). TLC on silica gel with chloroform - ethylacetate 93:7. Detection by spraying with vanillin-sulfuric acid reagent.

32e

83 149 J.K. ROZYLO*, A. ZABINSKA, J. MATYSIAK, A. NIEADOMY, (*M. Curie-Sklodowska Univ., Fac. of Chem., M.C.Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland): Reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography with different stationaryphases in studies of quantitative structure-biological activity relationship of new antimycotic compounds. J.AOAC Int. 82, 31-37 (1999). Examination of the retention behavior of 10 dihydroxythiobenzanilides for acquisition of logk' data. With water-acetone mixtures as the mobile phases, the concentration range for which the correlation betweenlog k' and acetone concentration is linear was established for each stationary phase and used to determinehydrophobicity parameters log k'w by linear extrapolation. TLC on RP-8 and RP-18 in a sandwich chamber withchamber saturation with organic solvent vapor. Water-acetone was applied as mobile phase, with the concentration ofacetone in the range 0.3-1.0v/v at increments of 0.05 v/v. Detection by densitometry at 325 nm.

32a

83 150 R.T. SANE*, S.G. JOSHI, M. FRANCIS, A.R. KHATRI, P.S. HOHLI, (S.P. Mandali's Therapeutic Drug MonitoringLaboratory, 194, Scheme no. 6, Road No. 15, Sion (East), Sion Koliwada, Mumbai 400022 India): High-performancethin-layer chromatographic determination of azelastine hydrochloride. J. Planar Chromatogr. 12, 158-160 (1999).HPTLC of azelastine hydrochloride on silica gel (after prewashing of the plate) with dichloromethane - methanol -triethylamine 75:25:1 with chamber saturation for 10 min. Spot detection and densitometry at 210 nm. The proposedHPTLC method was found to be highly accurate, precise, and sensitive. It is suitable for routine quality control analysisand quantitative determination of azelastine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations.

32a

83 151 R.K. SARIN*, G.P. SHARENA, K.M. VARSHNEY, S.N. RASOOL, (*Cent. Foren. Sci. Lab., Bureau of Police Res. &Devel., Ministry of Home Affairs, Hyderrabad 500013, India): Determination of diazepam in cold drinks byhigh-performance thin-layer chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 822, 332-335 (1998). HPTLC on silica gel withchloroform - acetone 17:3. Identification by using Rf values and in situ UV spectra. Quantitation by densitometry at 230nm. Recommendation of the use of the procedure by law enforcement laboratories for routine analysis.

32c

83 152 X. SONG (Song Xinbo)*, L ZHANG (Zhang Lijuan), J. LI (Li Jin), J. GUO (Guo Jinhua), (*Tanjin Coll. Trad. Chin. Med.Jianjin 300193, P.R. China): (Identification of Baotaiwan pills by thin-layer chromatography. ) (Chinese). J. ChineseHerb Med. (Zhongcaoyao) 30, 185-187 (1999). TLC on silica gel with 1) hexane - ethyl acetate 9:1, 2) chloroform - ethylacetate - methanol - formic acid 200:25:50:1. Detection 1) under UV, 2) by spraying with 5% vanillin in sulfuric acid -ethanol 1:200. Identification by finger print technique.

32g

83 153 SH. SUN (Sun Shiming)*, R. TONG (Tong Rongsheng), (*Sichuan Provin. People's Hosp., Chengdu 610072, P.R.



83 153 SH. SUN (Sun Shiming)*, R. TONG (Tong Rongsheng), (*Sichuan Provin. People's Hosp., Chengdu 610072, P.R.China): (Study of the quality standard for Fuzheng Liqi oral liquid. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Trad. Patent Med.(Zhongchengyao) 21 (5), 233-235 (1999). TLC on silica gel with 1) cyclohexane : acetone 10:3, 2) petroleum ether(30-60°C) - ethyl formate - formic acid 15:5:1, 3) chloroform - acetone - methanol - NH3 20:14:6:1, 4) cyclohexane -benzene - ethyl acetate 35:3:3. Detection 1) by spraying with 5% vanillin in sulfuric acid - ethanol 0.1:100 and heating at105°C for 5 min, 2) under UV 365 nm, 3) by spraying with 0.5% ninhydrin in ethanol and heating at 105°C for 10 min.Identification by finger print technique.

32g

83 154 Z. SZIKSZAY, Z. VEGH, K. FERENCZI-FODOR*, (*Gedeon Richter Ltd., H-1475 Budapest 10, P.O. Box 27, Hungary): Quantitative purity test for phthaloyl-amlodipine by personal OPLC. J. Planar Chromatogr. 11, 428-432 (1998).New TLC method HPTLC-OPLC and conventional TLC on silica gel with n-hexane - butyl acetate - ethyl acetate -chloroform 12:3:3:4; OPLC, and 6:3:3:4, TLC. Evaluation at 233 nm by densitometry. Development and validation of aquantitative OPLC purity test for phthaloyl-amlodipine and comparison of the validation characteristics (specificitycharacterized by retention factor, resolution, and asymmetry factors; linearity; detection limit and quantitation limit; andprecision) with those of a similar TLC method.

32a, 3d

83 155 J. TANG (Tang Jinglong)*, J. JIN (Jin Jining), W. FANG (Fang Weili), (*Northern People's Hosp., Yangzhou 225001,P.R. China): (Quality control of Shikang Diyan liquid. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Herb Med. (Zhongcaoyao) 30, 31-32(1999). TLC of the extracts on silica gel with 1) cyclohexane - chloroform - ethyl acetate 20:5:8, 2) cyclohexane - ethylacetate 3:1, 3) petroleum ether (30-60°C) - ethyl formate - formic acid 15:5:1. Detection by 1) spraying with 10% sulfuricacid in ethanol and heating at 105°C for 5 min, 2) by spraying with 5% FeCl3 in ethanol, 3) under UV365 nm.Identification by finger print techniques. Quantitation of chrysophanol by densitometry at 450 nm. Discussion of thequality standard of the medicine.

32g

83 156 M. THEN*, E. LEMBERGKOVICS, G. MARCZAL, K. SZENTMIHALYI, E. SZOK, (*SOTE Fac. of Phar, H-1085Budapest, Üllöi u. 26, Hungary): Plant-anatomical and phytochemical evaluation of Salvia species. (Hungarian).Acta Pharmaceutica Hungarica 68, 163-174 (1998). TLC study of rosmarinic acid on silica gel with benzene -chloroform - ethyl acetate - formic acid 3:9:8:8. Densitometry at 254 nm.

32e

83 157 E. VARGA*, ZS. HAJDU, K. VERES, I. MÈTHE, I. NEMETH, ZS. PLUHAR, Z. BERNATH (*SZOTE Univ., Dept. Pharm.Drug, H-6720 Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary): Investigation of production biological and chemical variation ofHyssopus officinalis L. Acta Pharmaceutica Hungarica 68, 183-188 (1998). TLC of plant extracts on silica withtoluene - ethyl acetate - formic acid 5:4:1. Densitometry.

32e

83 158 X. WANG (Wang Xushen)*, L. ZHOU (Zhou Liling), (*Guangzhou Univ. Chin. Trad. Med., Guangzhou 510405, P.R.China): (Study of dynamic changes of active components of Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook. F during extractionand compound preparation procedures.) (Chinese). J. Chinese Trad. Patent Med. (Zhongchengyao) 21 (1), 1-4 (1999).TLC of triptophenolide on silica gel with chloroform - diethyl ether 2:1. Detection by spraying with Keddel reagent.Quantitation by densitometry at 510 nm. Discussion of the dynamic changes of the active components of the plant andits compound preparation.

32c

83 159 Y. WANG (Wang Yuzhen)*, Z. CHEN (Chen Zaixing), X. MENG) (Meng Xiansheng), (*Liaoning Coll. Chinese Trad.Med., Shenyang 110032, P.R. China): (Study of the quality standard for Banhen film used for treatment ofhyperplastic contractual scar. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Herb Med. (Zhongcaoyao) 30, 431-433 (1999). TLC on silicagel with 1) chloroform - methanol - formic acid 15:5:1, 2) cyclohexane - chloroform - methanol - NH3 6:10:3:1, 3)petroleum ether (30-60°C) - ethyl acetate - chloroform 11:1:3, 4) butanol - NH3 - ethanol 2:6:7. Detection by spraying 1)with 3% FeCl3 in ethanol, 2) potassium iodobismuthate reagent, 3) 1% vanillin in sulfuric acid and heating at 105°C for5 min, and under UV. Identification of the component drugs by finger print technique. Quantitation of tanshinone IIA bydensitometry at 480 nm.

32c

83 160 Y. WANG (Wang Yuemin)*, Y. HAO (Hao Yanjun), Y. ZHAO (Zhao Yuqing), Y. WANG (Wang Yijun), (*Liaoning Provin.Inst. Chin. Trad. Med., Shenyang 110031, P.R. China): (A comparison of two varieties of medicinal herbs,Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. and Z. Schinifolium Sieb. et Zucc. by thin-layer chromatography.) (Chinese). J.Chinese Herb Med. (Zhongcaoyao) 30, 377-379 (1999). TLC on silica gel with benzene - ethyl acetate - ethanol - NH3conc 24:2:2:1. Detection under UV 365 nm. Identification by finger print technique.

32g



83 161 H. WEI (Wei Hong)*, ZH. LI (Li Zhenzhi), N. WANG (Wang Nanfang), (*Shandong Provin. Wealth Sch., Jinan 250002,P.R. China): (Determination of ephedrine in Xiaoqinglong granules by micellar thin-layer chromatography. )(Chinese). J. Pharm. Ind. (Zhongguo Yiyao Gongye Zazhi) 30, 23-25 (1999). TLC on silica gel with 3.5% SDS - 0.1mol/L tartaric acid - methanol 1:3. Detection by spraying with 0.2% ninhydrin in ethanol. Quantitation by densitometry at528 nm.

32g

83 162 Q. WEI (Wei Qunhui)*, H. ZOU (Zou Haijian), Z. QIAN (Qian Zigang), Y. LANG (Lang Ying), (*Yunnan Coll. Trad. Chin.Med., Kunming 650200, P.R. China): (Comparison of medicinal herbs delaway Gueldenstaedtia and white flowerdeleway Gueldenstaedtia by thin-layer chromatography. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Herb Med. (Zhongcaoyao) 30,217-219 (1999). TLC on silica gel with butanol - acetic acid - water 7:1:2. Detection by spraying with 5% potassiumiodobismuthate. Comparison of the ingredients of the two herbs by finger print techniques.

32e

83 163 M. WEN (Wen Min)*, Y. LI (Li Yijie), Y. LI (Li Yinghua), Y. PAN (Pan Ying), (*Qinhuangdao Municip. Inst. Drug Cont.,Qinhuangdao 066004, P.R. China): (Quality control of Nuuhuang Qingxin pillx. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Herb Med.(Zhongcaoyao) 30, 29-30 (1999). TLC on silica gel with 1) cyclohexane - ethyl acetate 17:3, 2) isooctane - ethyl acetate-acetic acid 15:7:5. Detection 1) by spraying with 5% vanillin in sulfuric acid, 2) by spraying with 10% sulfuric acid inethanol and heating at 105°C for 5 min and under UV 365 nm. Identification by fingerprint techniques. Discussion of thequality standard of the medicine.

32g

83 164 I. WIATER, K. MADEJ, A. PARCZEWSKI, M. KALA*, (Inst. of Forensic Res., Krakow, Poland): Optimum TLC systemfor identification of phenothiazines and tri- and tetracycline antidepressants. Mikrochim. Acta 129, 121-126(1998). TLC of twelve drugs (opipramol HCl, amitriptyline HCl, maprotiline HCl, imipramine HCl, doxepin HCl, noxiptilineHCl, thioridazine HCl, chlorpromazine HCl, promazine HCl, perazine dimaleate, promethazine HCl, and levopromazinehydrogen maleate) with 16 TLC systems, of which the following three appeared the most suitable: ethyl acetate -methanol - 3% NH3 84:15:1 on RP-18; methanol - phosphate buffer (0.6 mol of n-nonylamine in 1000 mL of 0.015NaH2PO4, adjusted to pH 2.6 by addition of the appropriate amount of 1 M phosphoric acid) on RP-18; and 1.175 g ofammonium perchlorate in 1000 mL of methanol + 1 mL of 0.1 M NaOH in methanol on silica gel. Visualization byspraying with concentrated sulfuric acid and Dragendorff reagent. In the optimal conditions the differences betweenpositions of the spots enable identification of ten of the examined drugs, but two remained unresolved.

32d

83 165 A. WISZKIDENSZKY, S. MAHO, Z. VEGH, K. FERENCZI-FODOR*, (Gedeon Richter Ltd., H-1475 Budapest 10, P.O.Box 27, Hungary): Validated, stability-indicating semiquantitative purity test for allylestrenol drug substance andtablet by personal OPLC. J. Planar Chromatogr. 11, 463-466 (1998). Separation of closely related substances byoverrunning OPLC of allylestrenol and 8 closely related substances on HPTLC silica gel with cyclohexane - butylacetate - chloroform 90:12:2. The plates were developed by overrunning. Visualization by spraying with 10% ethanolicsulfuric acid and then heating at 120°C for 2 min. Evaluation by visual inspection under UV 366 nm. - Validation of thisOPLC procedure was performed according to the suggestions of the corresponding ICH guideline for limit test, i.e. thespecificity and detection limit were determined, and the stability of the analyte was checked.

32a

83 166 Y. WU (Wu Yan), (Inst. Med. & Pharm., Sanjiu Interp. Group, Guangdong 518029, P.R. China): (Identification ofHerba Lysimachiae in Shuangjin infusion by thin-layer chromatography. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Trad. PatentMed. (Zhongchengyao) 21 (5), 232-233 (1999). TLC on silica gel with benzene - acetone - formic acid 15:3:1.Visualization by spraying with 0.5% sulfuric acid in ethanol and heating at 105°C for 5 min, and under UV 365 nm.Identification by finger print technique.

32g

83 167 R. XU (Xu Runsu)*, M. WEI (Wei Ming), (*Guilin Sanjin Pharm. Group, Guilin 541004, P.R. China): (Quality control ofcompound Tianqi Weiteng capsules. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Trad. Patent Med. (Zhongchengyao) 20 (12), 11-13(1998). TLC on silica gel with chloroform - ethyl acetate - methanol 4:6:1 and traces of formic acid. Detection byspraying with 5% vanillin in sulfuric acid. Identification by comparison with the standards. Quantitation of evodiamine byHPLC. Discussion of the quality standard.

32g

83 168 ZH. XU (Xu Zhiqiang)*, X. WU (Wu Xiangfeng), (*The 325th Hosp. PLA, Xining 810008, P.R. China): (Determination



83 168 ZH. XU (Xu Zhiqiang)*, X. WU (Wu Xiangfeng), (*The 325th Hosp. PLA, Xining 810008, P.R. China): (Determinationof ferulic acid in Fubaodi pills by thin-layer chromatography. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Trad. Patent Med.(Zhongchengyao) 21, 286-287 (1999). TLC on silica gel with benzene - methanol - acetic acid 125:3:1. Detection underUV 365 nm. Quantitation by 1st order derivative spectrophotometry.

32g

83 169 F. YAO (Yao Fuwen)*, J. HUANG (Huang Jiankai), ZH. WEN (Wen Zhifang), F. HUANG (Huang Fengqun), (*HezhouInst. Drug Cont., Hezhou, Guangxi 543001, P.R. China): (Identification of the varieties of Flemingia by thin-layerchromatography. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Herb Med. (Zhongcaoyao) 30, 220-222 (1999). TLC on silica gel with 1)benzene - chloroform 65:35, 2) 35% acetic acid. Detection by spraying with 10% phosphomolybdic acid and heating at105°C for 5 min, 2) by spraying with 1% AlCl3 and under UV 365 nm. Identification by finger print technique, combinedwith UV spectroscopy, etc.

32e

83 170 Q. YAO (Yao (Qingmei)*, R. LU (Lu Rigang), Y. LI (Li Yuanfeng), (*Gungxi Inst. Pharm., Nanning 530022, P.R. China): (Quality control of Fukangle liniment. ) (Chinese). Chinese J. Modern App. Pharm. (Zhangguo Xiandai YingyongYaoxue Zazhi) 16 (1), 24-26 (1999). TLC of borneol on silica gel with 1) benzene - acetone - methanol 16:6:1, 2)petroleum ether (60-90°C) - ethyl acetate 5:1. Detection by spraying with 1) 2% vanillin in sulfuric acid conc. andheating at 105°C for 5 min, 2 potassium iodobismuthate reagent. Identification by finger print technique. Quantitation ofborneol by GC. Discussion of the quality standard of the medicine.

32g

83 171 Y. YE (Ye Yushan)*, K. LI (Li Kaiji), SH. SU (Su Shulian), (*Remin Hosp., Qianzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China): (Thequality control of compound Hushang spray. ) (Chinese). Chinese J. Modern App. Pharm. (Zhangguo XiandaiYingyong Yaoxue Zazhi) 15 (6), 57-59 (1998). TLC on silica gel with 1) benzene - ethyl acetate - methanol - isopropanol- NH3 conc. 12:6:3:3:1, 2) petroleum ether (30-60°C) - methyl acetate - formic acid 15:5:1. Detection under UV 365 nm.Identification and evaluation of the active components by finger print techniques.

32g

83 172 A. YIN (Yin Aiqun)*, H. JIANG (Jiang Huizheng), (*Yantai Municip. Inst. Drug cont., Yantai 264000, P.R. China): (Identification of dendrobium stem, a medicinal herb. ) (Chinese). Chinese J. Pharm. Anal. (Yaowu Fenxi Zazhi)19, 194-195 (1999). TLC on silica gel with chloroform - methanol 25:2. Detection by spraying with potassiumiodobismuthate reagent. Identification by finger print technique.

32e

83 173 A. YU (Yu Aihe)*, W. FAN (Fan Wufeng), F. FENG (Feng Fangbo), ZH. LIU (Liu Zhenying), L. ZHANG (Zhang Lahua),(No. 261 Hosop., PLA, Beijing 100094, P.R. China): (Study of the toxicity of the ethanol extracts of Huangwanhua,Wiksttoemia Chamadaphne Meissu. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Trad. Patent Med. (Zhongchengyao) 21 (3), 119-121(1999). TLC of simplexin on silica gel with benzene - ethyl acetate 2:1. Simplexin was identified by comparison with thestandard under UV 254 nm, and quantitated by HPLC.

32g

83 174 K. YUAN (Yuan Ke)*, R. HU (Hu Runhuai), Y. YANG (Yang Yi), W. SUN (Sun Wei), (*Dept. Chin. Trad. Med., HenanColl. Chin. Trad. Med., Zhengzhou 450003, P.R. China): (Determination of oridonin and ponicidin in the leaves ofRabdosia rubescens by thin-layer chromatography. ) (Chinese). Chinese J. Pharm. (Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi) 33,611-613 (1998). TLC on silica gel with 1) chloroform - methanol 9:1, 2) chloroform - acetone 8:2. Detection by sprayingwith 15% sulfuric acid in ethanol and heating at 105°C for 5 min, and under UV 365 nm. Quantitation by densitometry at246 nm.

32e

83 175 Q. ZENG (Zeng Quan)*, D. YI (Yi Denglu), H. WU (Wu Hongyuan), B. HUANG (Huang Bingsheng), (*China Pharm.Univ., Nanjing 210009, P.R. China): (Optimization of the extraction and purification processes of quercitrin fromleaves of Chinese Arborvitae, Patyeladus orientalis. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Herb Med. (Zhongcaoyao) 29, 805-807(1998). TLC on silica gel with ethyl acetate - acetone - formic acid - water 16:3:3:1. Detection under UV 254 nm.Quantitation by densitometry at 335 nm. Discussion of the extraction and purification processes by homogeneousdesign.

32e

83 176 L. ZHANG (Zhang Ling)*, W. SHAN (Shan Weihua), Y. SHI (Shi Yanzheng), X. XU (Xu Yigang), (*Shandong Provin.



83 176 L. ZHANG (Zhang Ling)*, W. SHAN (Shan Weihua), Y. SHI (Shi Yanzheng), X. XU (Xu Yigang), (*Shandong Provin.Coll. Chin. Trad. Med. & Pharm., Jinan 250014, P.R. China): (Determintation of forsythin in Qingqiao and Laoqiaoby thin-layer chromatography. ) (Chinese). Chinese J. Modern App. Pharm. (Zhangguo Xiandai Yingyong YaoxueZazhi) 16 (1) 45-47 (1999). TLC on silica gel with chloroform - methanol - acetic acid 170:24:1. Detection by sprayingwith 5% vanillin in sulfuric acid conc. Quantitation by densitometry at 540 nm.

32g

83 177 L. ZHANG (Zhang Lanhen)*, X. WANG (Wang Xiaoqiang), D. CHEN (Chen Dan), ZH. LI (Li Zhanfeng), (*Beijing Univ.Chin. Trad. Med. & Pharm., Beijing 100029, P.R. China): (Study of the quality control for Radix ginseng Rhizomacopidis and Radix Paeoniae Alba in Chinese traditional patent medicines. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Trad. PatentMed. (Zhongchengyao) 21 (3), 121-124 (1999). TLC of 45 Chinese traditional medicine formulations on silica gel.Determination of ginsenosides with 1) chloroform - methanol - water 65:35:10, 2) chloroform - ethyl acetate - methanol -water 15:40:21:10; visualization by spraying with 10% sulfuric acid in ethanol and heating at 105°C for 10 min andunder UV 365 nm. TLC of berberine chloride with benzene - ethyl acetate - methanol - isopropanol - NH3 12:6:3:3:1;visualization under UV 365 nm. TLC of paeonin with 1) chloroform - methanol 4:1, 2) chloroform - acetic acid - methanol- formic acid 200:25:50:1; visualization by spraying with 3% vanillin in sulfuric acid - ethanol 1:200.

32c

83 178 L. ZHANG (Zhang Linsong)*, D. XIE (Xie Dongao), (*Zhejang Inst. Drug Cont., Hangzhou 212003, P.R. China): (Studyof the quality standard for Zishen capsules. ) (Chinese). Chinese J. Modern App. Pharm. (Zhangguo XiandaiYingyong Yaoxue Zazhi) 16 (3), 45-47 (1999). TLC on silica gel with 1) chloroform - ethyl acetate 3:1, 2) chloroform -methanol - NH3 80:50:5:1. Detection 1) by spraying with 5% FeCl3 in ethanol, 2) under UV 365 nm. Identification byfingerprint technique. Quantitation of paeonol by 1st order derivative spectrophotometry at 262 nm and 282 nm.

32g, 4e

83 179 Y. ZHANG (Zhang Yue)*, X. LI (Li Xianzhou), (*Wuyi Hosp. Chin. Trad. Med., Wuyi, Guangdong 529051, P.R. China): (Determination of indigo, oleanolic acid and indirubin in Yinyan compound oral liquid by thin-layerchromatography. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Trad. Patent Med. (Zhongchengyao) 21 (4) 205-207 (1999). TLC on silicagel with 1) chloroform - methanol 40:1 for oleanolic acid, 2) benzene - chloroform - acetone 5:4:1 for indigo andindirubin. Detection by 1) exposure to iodine vapors or under UV. Identification by comparison with the standard.Quantitation by UV spectrophotometry.

32c

83 180 W. ZHANG (Zhang Wenhue)*, G. WANG (Wang Guohua), J. Zhang (Zhang Jiajia), (*Jiangxi Provin. Coll. Chin. trad.Med., nanchang 330006, pW. ZHANG (Zhang Wenhue)*, G. WANG (Wang Guohua), J. Zhang (Zhang Jiajia), (*JiangxiProvin. Coll. Chin. Trad. Med., nanchang 330006, P.R. China): (Study of the quality control for Chinese traditionalpatent medicine Niubo Zhibaozheng pills. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Trad. Patent Med. (Zhongchengyao) 21 (3),112-114 (1999). TLC on silica with 1) cyclohexane - chloroform - acetone 4:3:3, 2) cyclohexane - ethyl acetate 85:15.Detection 1) by spraying with 10% sulfuric acid in ethanol, 2) by spraying with 5% vanillin in sulfuric acid - ethanol0.1:100 and heating at 105°C for 10 min. Identification of main component drug by finger print technique, for example,Venenum Bufonis by comparison with respigon standard, Moschus by comparison with muscone standard. Quantitationof emodin by HPLC.

32g

83 181 W. ZHU (Zhu Xeiwei), (Anhui Provin. Inst. Drug Cont., Hefei 230061, P.R. China): (Quality standard for Chanshuinjection. ) (Chinese). J. Chinese Trad. Patent Med. (Zhongchengyao) 21 (2), 63-65 (1999). TLC on silica gel with 1)isopropanol - NH3 conc. - water 18:1:1, 2) butanol - acetic acid - water 4:1:5. Detection 1) by spraying with 20%p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in ethanol and heating at 105°C. Identification by finger print technique. Quantitation oftotal alkaloids by spectrophotometry. Discussion of the quality control of the medicine.

32c

83 182 X. ZHU (Zhu Xinqui)*, Y. SHEN (Shen Yuhua), W. YU (Yu Wenjing). S. Zhao (zhao Suxian), (*Jilin Provin. Inst. DrugCont., Chagchun 130062, P.R. China): (Identification of moschus, large blister beetle and venenum fufonis inTianxian oral liquid by thin-layer chromatography. ) (Chinese). Chinese J. Modern App. Pharm. (Zhangguo XiandaiYingyong Yaoxue Zazhi) 16 (1) 53-54 (1999). TLC on silica gel with 1) toluene, 2) chloroform, 3) toluene - cyclohexane1:1 or 2:3 for moschus and large blister beetle, and with 1 acetone - cyclohexane 3:7, 2) chloroform - acetone -cyclohexane 3:3:4 for venenum bufonis. Detection 1) by viewing at daylight, 2) by spraying with 0.065% phenylhydrazine hydrochloride in 85% sulfuric acid. Identification by comparison with individual component drugs.

32g

33. Inorganic substances



83 183 A. MOHAMMAD, J.P.S. CHARAR, (Aligarh Muslim Univ., Zakir Hussein Col. of Eng. and Techn., Dept. of Appl. Chem.,Aligarh-202002, India): Colorimetric determination of silver in synthetically prepared ores with preliminaryseparation from associated metal ions by thin-layer chromatography. J. AOAC Int. 82, 172-176 (1999). TLCseparation of silver (from Pb, Hg, Tl, Cd, Fe, Bi, Ni, Co, Zn, Cu) on microcrystalline cellulose/alumina G layers with 1.0M NH3. Detection by spraying with 0.008% dithizone in acetone. Simple and reliable method for identifying, separating,and determining silver by TLC.

33a

83 184 G. SCHUBERT*, V. ALAR, J. ZIVKO-BABIC, S. TURINA, (Agr. Fac., Univ. of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia): Determinationof chromium and nickel in high-alloy steel by thin-layer chromatography with anodic sampling. J. PlanarChromatogr. 11, 460-462 (1998). TLC of iron, chromium, and nickel on cellulose with acetone - conc. hydrochloric acid -water 86:8:6. Visualization of iron and nickel by spraying with an ethanolic solution of dimethyl glyoxime, and ofchromium by spraying with peroxide solution. Quantitation by video-scanning.

33a

35. Other technical products and complex mixtures

83 185 K. LAZARIK*, B. CUCEK, G. FAUST, (PLIVA, Pharm., Chem., Food and Cosm. Ind. Res. Inst., Drug Dev., Stability andAnal. Lab., Prilaz baruna Filipovica 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia): RPTLC method for determination of parabens in oralantacid suspension during stability testing. J. Planar Chromatogr. 12, 86-88 (1999). TLC of methyl-, propyl- andbutylparaben on RP-18 with dioxane - water 1:1. Detection and evaluation by densitometry under UV 254 nm(absorbance). Validation data presented show that the TLC method is suitable for routine use in the analyticallaboratory. New quantitative simple fast and economical TLC method.

35b

38. Chiral separations

83 186 G. LI (Li Gavlan)*, M. HUANG (Huang Mubin), G. YANG, (Yang Guosheng), G. WU (Wu Guowei), A. DU (Du Aiqin),(*Dept. Chem., Shandong Univ., Jinan 250100, P.R. China): (The enantiomeric separation of aromatic alcoholamino drugs by thin-layer chromatography. ) (Chinese). Chinese J. Chromatogr. (Sepu) 17, 215-216 (1999). TLCon silica gel with dichloromethane - methanol 67:33 or 3:2, both containing 6.8 mmol/Lammonium-D-10-camphorsulfonate as chiral ion-pair agent, at 2-4°C. Detection under UV. Discussion of theoptimization of the developing conditions and the merits of the procedure for the purpose.

38, 32c



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