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Carbon Capture and Storage

Energy Technologies Institute www.eti.co.uk0302

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology captures carbon dioxide from fossil fuel power stations and industrial sources, which is then transported using pipelines and stored offshore in deep underground structures such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs and saline aquifers.

When addressing long term emissions reductions targets, CCS is one of two critical levers (alongside bioenergy) in delivering an affordable, secure and sustainable UK energy system.

The importance of CCS lies in its capability and flexibility to reduce carbon emissions from a large range of activities. It also has relatively low costs when practised at scale. For example in the power sector, a fossil fuel sector fitted with CCS can not only provide clean electricity at an attractive base load price, but it can also alternatively operate in a role which offers the lowest cost additional power when peaks in demand occur.

We are involved in projects that will accelerate the implementation of CCS technology on fossil-fuel fired power stations and other major stationary CO2 sources in the UK, by demonstrating innovative technology which reduces the capital and operating costs of capture processes.

We are also working to reduce the risks and costs of storage projects by improving the knowledge base of UK storage assets, improving monitoring and efficiency of use and improving the reliability, flexibility and operability of a fully developed chain of CCS assets.

And, by applying CCS to biomass, the country can effectively remove CO2 from the atmosphere, creating ‘negative emissions’. These can offset our continued use of gas and liquid fuels in specific parts of the domestic heating and transport sectors where their replacement is likely to be particularly difficult and hence very expensive.

Why?

When addressing long term emissions reductions targets, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is one of two critical levers (alongside bioenergy) in delivering an affordable, secure and sustainable UK energy system.

CCS also allows for the production of clean hydrogen to be used as a decarbonised storable energy storage.

CCS creates a huge opportunity to save energy system costs if it is adopted early enough, but there are large challenges. Capturing the carbon dioxide on a large scale incurs significant costs and storage of CO2 has long planning times when selecting, appraising, drilling, testing and constructing potential sites which could take up to 10 years.

We have modelled the UK energy system out to 2050. Without a national CCS infrastructure, the cost of reaching UK Climate Change targets will double from a minimum of around £30bn per year in 2050. This is the equivalent of an additional 2p per KWh on all UK energy use in 2050.

Key areas of focus for our CCS programme are:

●● Capture – reduced capital cost and reduced power penalty

●● CCS Systems – cost effective roll out, operability, incentives

●● Storage – risks, how much is there, which sites, monitoring issues

Energy Technologies Institute www.eti.co.uk04 05

UK Storage Appraisal Project (UKSAP) – CO2 Stored

●● Produced the UK’s first CO2 storage appraisal database

●● Allows for more informed decisions on the economics of storage opportunities

●● Licensed to The Crown Estate and the British Geological Survey (BGS) and publically available under the brand of CO2 Stored

We have agreed a licence with The Crown Estate and the BGS to host and further develop the online database of mapped UK offshore carbon dioxide storage capacity produced by UKSAP. This is now publically available under the name of CO2 Stored. It can be accessed via www.co2stored.co.uk.

The web-enabled database – the first of its type anywhere in the world - contains geological data, storage estimates, risk assessments and economics of nearly 600 potential CO2 storage units of depleted oil and gas reservoirs, and saline aquifers around the UK. It enables interested stakeholders to access information about the storage resource and to make more informed decisions related to the roll out of CCS in the UK.

This £4m project was delivered by a consortium of project partners from across academia and industry – Senergy Alternative Energy Ltd, BGS, the Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage (University of Edinburgh, Heriot-Watt University), Durham University, GeoPressure Technology Ltd, Geospatial Research Ltd, Imperial College London, RPS Energy and Element Energy Ltd.

What have we done to date?

CCS Next Generation Coal Capture Technology

●● FEED Study for a CCS plant capable of capturing up to 95% of CO2 emissions from coal fired power stations

●● Project aimed at pre-combustion

●● Involves CO2 removal by physical seperation

We have invested £3.5m to date in a project with Costain to design a carbon capture pilot plant capable of capturing up to 95% of CO2 emissions from coal fired power stations.

The project is aimed at pre-combustion carbon capture applications, involving CO2 removal by physical separation.

Costain has produced a front end engineering design study for a demonstration unit, working with the University of Edinburgh and Imperial College, London.

95%The project was to design a carbon capture pilot plant capable of capturing 95% of CO2 emissions from coal fired power stations

CCS Next Generation Gas Capture Technology

●● Project to accelerate the development of advanced carbon capture technologies for gas-fired power stations

●● Contribution of gas-fired power stations to the UK energy mix appears set to continue to grow rapidly over the next decade

●● Aim is to design, construct and test a UK-based multi megawatt demonstration plant capable of capturing up to 95% of CO2

emissions

Our initial assessment suggests that the technology could reduce the typical cost of electricity by 13 per cent when compared to current CCS technology. The first phase of the project will see the ETI invest £1.6 million in a small scale demonstrator prototype, laboratory work and techno-economic assessment to confirm the projected benefits.

This project seeks to accelerate the development of advanced carbon capture technologies for gas-fired power stations

In 2012 we launched the project with Inventys Thermal Technologies in collaboration with the Howden Group and Doosan Power Systems. The first phase of the project focused on a small scale demonstrator prototype, laboratory work and a techno-economic assessment to confirm the projected benefits of the technologies use on gas-fired power stations.

The overall aim of the project is to design, construct and test a UK-based multi megawatt carbon capture demonstration plant capable of capturing up to 95% of CO2 emissions. To progress this, in September 2013 we sought proposals from companies, in addition to Inventys, who have potentially breakthrough technologies in this area

What have we done to date? Continued


£21.6mWe have announced a potential £21.6m investment in a project which will see a 5MW carbon capture demonstration plant, built and tested by 2016

and whose development plans are sufficiently developed to move directly into the detailed design, construction and testing of a multi megawatt pilot/demonstration plant.

We are reviewing proposals and the results of the Inventys project to confirm the projected benefits and readiness of companies to undertake the second stage of the project. At the end of this selection process we will decide whether or not to invest up to £20m over a period of three years in the detailed design, assembly and testing of a UK demonstrator plant

This will then be followed by a conceptual design for the larger-scale demonstrator plant.

Once this initial stage completes we then expect to invest up to £20 million over three years in the detailed design, assembly and testing of a UK demonstrator plant. The technology is expected to be capable of large-scale deployment by 2020, at a cost and performance level which could make investment more attractive to project developers.



CCS System Modelling Tool-Kit

●● Project to support the future design, operation and roll-out of cost effective CCS systems in the UK

●● A modelling tool-kit capable of simulating the operation of all aspects of the CCS chain

●● Support initial conceptual design and eventual detailed design and operation of CCS systems

A £3m project that will help support the future design, operation and roll-out of cost effective CCS systems in the UK.

The two-and-a-half year project launched in September 2011 is creating a modelling tool-kit capable of simulating the operation of all aspects of the CCS chain, from capture and transport to storage.

It involves modelling technology provider Process Systems Enterprise (PSE), energy consultancy E4tech, and industrial partners EDF Energy, E.ON, Rolls-Royce and CO2DeepStore, who expect to be involved in capturing, compressing, transporting and storing CO2 in the future. The project is intended to result in a commercial modelling solution (gCCS) built on PSE’s gPROMS modelling platform.

The tool-kit will be used to support the initial conceptual design and eventual detailed design and operation of CCS systems by helping to identify and understand system-wide operational issues such as the effects of power station ramp-up or ramp-down on downstream storage operation, or the effect of downstream disturbances on power generation.

Continued

CCS Mineralisation

●● Detailed study of availability and distribution of suitable materials to economically capture and store CO2 emissions

●● Abundance of materials to meet mitigation targets

●● Challenges remain to make the process economically attractive and to reduce its energy use

This £1m project, launched in May 2010 carried out a detailed study of the availability and distribution of suitable minerals across the UK along with studying the technologies that could be used to economically capture and store CO2 emissions.

CCS by mineralisation has been identifi ed by leading researchers as a promising additional method of sequestering CO2 emissions.

Minerals and CO2 can react together to permanently store CO2 as a solid carbonate product, which can then be safely stored, used as an aggregate or turned into useful end products such as bricks or fi ller for concrete.

The project consortium involved Caterpillar, BGS and the University of Nottingham.

The objective was to investigate the potential for CCS Mineralisation to mitigate at least 2% of current UK CO2 emissions and 2% of worldwide emissions over a 100-year period.

The project has found that there is an abundance of suitable minerals available in the UK and worldwide to meet these mitigation targets. However, challenges remain to make the capture process economically attractive and to reduce its energy use. Signifi cant niche opportunities exist where waste materials are used as feedstock and/or the process produces value-added products, but markets would not be at the level required to meet the mitigation targets.

What have we done to date? Continued


High Hydrogen

●● Advancement of the safe design and operation of gas turbines using hydrogen-based fuels

●● Identifying the bounds of safe design and operation

●● Aim to increase the range of fuels that can be safely used in power and heat generating plant

A £2 million project designed to advance the safe design and operation of gas turbines, reciprocating engines and combined heat & power systems using hydrogen-based fuels. This is because hydrogen is likely to be a more important fuel component in the future.

Through new modelling and large-scale experimental work the project will identify the bounds of safe design and operation of high efficiency CCGT (combined cycle gas turbine) and CHP (combined heat and power) systems operating on a range of fuels with high and variable concentrations of hydrogen.

The goals of the project are to increase the range of fuels that can be safely used in power and heat generating plant.

The project involves the Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL), an agency of the Health and Safety Executive, in collaboration with Imperial Consultants, the consulting arm of Imperial College London.

Saline Aquifer Drilling Project with National Grid

●● £2m investment in the UK’s first drilling assessment of a saline formation site

●● Site is 70km off the Yorkshire coast.

●● Involved drilling a well in the seabed to gather data

We have co-invested £2m in a National Grid project which has carried out the UK’s first drilling assessment of a saline formation site for the storage of CO2, at a site 70km off the Yorkshire coast.

The multi million pound project represents a major step forward in the creation of a CCS industry in the UK for multiple power stations and industrial sites, to store their CO2 rather than release into the atmosphere.

National Grid have led the drilling programme at the identified saline formation, a layer of porous sandstone rock over 1km below the seabed. The operation, using standard oil and gas drilling activities, involved drilling a well in the seabed to gather data to confirm that CO2 can be safely and permanently stored at the site, while also confirming the scale and economics of the store.

Existing information has confirmed the store is very large and capable of storing carbon dioxide from several sources over a number of decades. The site is close to the shore and, importantly, near to two major clusters of CO2 emitters in the UK making it an ideal storage location.

£2mWe have co-invested £2m in a National Grid project which has carried out the UK’s first drilling assessment of a saline formation site for the storage of CO2



Continued

Flexible Power Generation Systems

●● Project to increase the understanding of the economics and potential use of energy systems involving low carbon hydrogen production, storage and flexible turbine technology

●● Mapping of suitable hydrogen storage salt cavern sites in the UK

●● Potential to fill the gap between base load nuclear plant and low carbon power generation

This project is seeking to increase the understanding of the economics and potential use of energy systems involving low carbon hydrogen production, storage and flexible turbine technology. Our energy system modelling work suggests that systems such as these could provide a valuable contribution to the future energy mix, filling the gap between base load nuclear plant and low carbon power generation.

The £300,000 project was led by global engineering and construction company Foster Wheeler, in collaboration with the BGS.

The project assessed the economics of a range of flexible power generation systems which involve the production of hydrogen (with CCS) from coal, biomass or natural gas, its intermediate storage (e.g. in salt caverns deep underground) and production of power in flexible turbines. The work included mapping of potentially suitable hydrogen storage salt cavern sites in and around the UK and has provided us with a flexible economic modelling tool to assess the range of possible options.

£300kThe £300,000 project was led by global engineering and construction company Foster Wheeler


●● £1m collaboration project to develop a marine monitoring system for underwater CCS sites

●● Monitoring system will use marine robotics to provide assurance CCS sites are secure

●● Project delivered by a consortium from academia and industry

The project will be led by Fugro GEOS in collaboration with Sonardyne, the National Oceanography Centre (NOC) and the British Geological Survey (both part of NERC), Plymouth Marine Laboratory and the University of Southampton. The ETI is to invest £1m in the first phase of the project.

Although there are existing technology components which can detect CO2 in a marine environment, there are no integrated, cost-effective and

commercially available systems which can currently reliably record and report anomalies in the level of CO2 in the sea above a large store. The need to introduce capability for the robust monitoring of underground CO2 storage sites is in response to legislation such as the European Union’s directive on CO2 storage. This states that any storage operator must monitor for potential leaks and examine whether any leak is damaging to the environment or human health.

Current research and evidence shows that leakage is highly unlikely. However if CO2 did escape, it would be difficult to predict with certainty exactly where it would reach the seabed. This is where mobile autonomous robots are very useful, patrolling over large areas at relatively low cost.

CCS Measurement Monitoring and Verification


CCS Reports and ETI insights

Carbon Capture and Storage - Mobilising private sector finance for CCS in the UK

A joint report by the ETI and the Ecofin Research Foundation. ETI and ERF worked together on this project to examine the conditions for mobilising private sector financing of carbon capture and storage. First published November 2012.

Carbon Capture and Storage - Developing a commercial and financial framework

A report by Ecofin Research Foundation with ETI support. A 2013 progress review. First published March 2014.

Carbon Capture and Storage - Potential for CCS in the UK

A summary insights report by the ETI. When addressing long-term emissions reductions targets, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is one of two critical levers (alongside bioenergy) in delivering an affordable, secure and sustainable UK energy system. First published November 2012.

A Picture of CO2 Storage in the UK - Learnings from the ETI’s UKSAP and derived projects

A Picture of CO2 Storage in the UK by the ETI’s Strategy Manager Dennis Gammer. This paper sets out to provide indicative estimates of the size and cost of equipping the UK with a CCS infrastructure which allows it to meet its 2050 climate change target. First published October 2013.

Optimising the location of CCS in the UK

Optimising the location of CCS in the UK by the ETI’s Head of Economic Strategy George Day. This paper summarises insights from ETI’s work on energy system modelling, the UK Storage Appraisal Project (UKSAP) and modelling of CO2 transport and storage systems. It follows up ETI’s contribution to the CCS Cost Reduction Task Force. First published October 2013.

“Finding ways to reduce our CO2 emissions requires the latest research, especially around new technologies like Carbon Capture & Storage. The UK’s world-class scientists are extremely well placed to tackle this challenge thanks to continued investment in skills, knowledge and cutting edge projects like these.”

David Willetts, Minister for Universities and Science

“The ETI estimates that the sub-seabed of the North Sea can safely store up to 70bn tonnes of carbon dioxide. However, actions must be taken now to better understand offshore storage assets and re-use the existing oil and gas infrastructure before it is decommissioned.”

Judith Shapiro, Policy and Communications Manager, Carbon Capture and Storage Association, Energy World

“We need low carbon energy at the least cost. The Energy Technologies Institute estimates that, with targeted R&D and the right technology choices, the UK can achieve its low carbon goals at a cost below 1% of GDP. However the Institute also estimates that the wrong choices could cost tens of billions a year more.”

James Smith, Chair, Carbon Trust, Energy World Viewpoint

“A recent report from the UK’s Energy Technologies Institute suggests that using CCS would save the UK about £40billion a year by mid-century compared with other technologies for meeting our low carbon energy goals. Of course these are estimates but they show that CCS has considerable potential value.”

James Smith, Chair Carbon Trust, Viewpoint

“”


£10-45bn

Innovation across the CCS technology chain could reduce UK energy system costs by £10-45bn to 2050

£25-130bnGlobal market turnover by 2050 could grow to £25-£130bn

near zeroCCS allows the flexibility and energy security benefits of fossil fuel combustion with near-zero greenhouse gas emission

£41bn

LCICG calculate a total potential saving in energy system costs through innovation of £41bn

Key facts and figuresThese figures are taken from the Low Carbon Innovation Coordination Group Carbon Capture & Storage in the Power Sector Technology Innovation Needs Assessment

£3-16bnInnovation can also help create a UK industry with the potential to contribute further economic value of £3-16bn to 2050

InnovationInnovation areas with the biggest benefit to the UK are – deep sea storage, measuring monitoring & verification and mitigation & remediation – alongside advanced capture development and demonstration of integrated conversion capture

4-6%

UK suppliers could play a significant role in the global CCS market with a 4-6% share of a market with potential cumulative gross value-added of between £150-750bn up to 2050

Low CostCCS is expected to be a relatively low cost method of reducing greenhouse gas emissions (comparable to wind and nuclear), especially when considering full energy system requirements

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The Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) is a public-private partnership between global energy and engineering companies – BP, Caterpillar, EDF, E.ON, Shell & Rolls-Royce – and the UK Government.

Established in 2007, the ETI’s role is to act as an important link between, academia, industry and government to accelerate the development of low carbon technologies. It brings together engineering projects that develop affordable, secure and sustainable technologies to help the UK address its long term emissions reductions targets as well as delivering nearer term benefits.

The ETI makes targeted commercial investments in nine technology programmes across heat, power, transport and the infrastructure that links them. The ETI also undertakes strategic modelling of the UK energy system to determine its investment spend and maps pathways to an affordable low carbon energy system that meets the UK’s legally binding emissions reductions targets at least cost through technology innovation.

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