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Carbon Capture and Storage, Carbon Capture and Storage, CCSCCS

• CCS is various methods for capturing and permanently storing anthropogenic CO2 that would otherwise contribute to global climate change. 

Global Carbon Cycle (Billion Metric Tons, Gt, Carbon)

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Geological Sequestration Geological Sequestration ((GS)GS)

• Geological media suitable for storage of CO2 in Michigan

– depleted oil reservoirs (+/- CO2/EOR) and

– deep, saline (brine-filled) reservoir formations

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CO2CRC

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Michigan’s Deep GS Michigan’s Deep GS Injection ZonesInjection Zones

As much as 16,000ft of bedrock sedimentary strata (below glacial drift)

“Deep” Sandstone

Injection and Confinement Zones

“Shallow” Carbonate and Sandstone

Injection and Confinement Zones

“Intermediate“ Carbonate Reef

Injection and Confinement Zones

MI Storage Potential

~40GtMI Emissions

~93Mt/yr

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Michigan Pilot Injection Test Michigan Pilot Injection Test ProjectProject

•MRCSP is one of seven U.S. DOE/NETL RCSP’s.•Eight-state region of IN, KY, MD, MI, NY, OH, PA, and WV.•Phase I Launched, fall 2003; Phase II commenced October 2005.•Michigan Basin site is one of three small scale CO2 injection test sites.

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Results of Pilot COResults of Pilot CO22 Injection Injection TestTest

• Initial ~20 days of CO2 injection: >10,000 mt through 8.5 inch well casing

• Variable injection rates to pipeline capacity: @600mt/day

• Annualized injection rates: ~220,000 mt/yr (US CO2 emission rate is 6 Giga MT/yr ) 220,000/6e9 = 3 parts in 1 million

• Data extrapolation suggest maximum injection rates: 440-660,000 mt/year (so what this doesn’t really scale well)

Analysis and interpretations of injection data by: Joel Sminchak, Battelle Memorial

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““Deep” Deep” Sandstone Sandstone

Injection and Injection and Confinement Confinement

ZonesZonesIn Michigan In Michigan

Application:Application:Large(Large(???)???) Stationary Point Source Stationary Point Source

(~80Mw)(~80Mw)20 yr Active Injection; 280 year Recovery Model 20 yr Active Injection; 280 year Recovery Model

ParametersParameters• Injection Rate = 0.6 MMT/year for 20 yrs

• Recovery Period = 280 years

• Target Formation Interval: 1504-1799 m

• Injection Interval: 1707-1765 m

• Well Diameter: 8 5/8” casing

• Hydrostatic Gradient: 0.49 psi/ft

• Temperature: 50°C

• Brine: 300,000 ppm TDS

• Maximum Entrapped CO2 Saturation = 0.2

Diana H BaconBattelle Pacific

Northwest

Non-technical Challenges to Implementation of

Carbon Capture and Geological Storage for Greenhouse Gas

Emissions Reduction• Public understanding and acceptance

• Clear legal and regulatory framework to stimulate investor confidence

• Sufficient cost for GHG emissions (that exceed cost of CC&GS) through regulation

– Regional, National, and International Cap and Trade Programs/Carbon Tax