PRESENTED BY-

AKHILESH KUMAR KUSHWAHA

M.TECH,FIRST YEAR

CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE

CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE

ContentsCCS- What is it?Schematic representationHistory of CCSWhy we need CCS Large stationary sources of co2

Carbon captureStorageCO2 reservoirs and storage capacities Cost of CCSSome projectsConclusionReferences

CCS-what is it?

CCS is a process consisting of

the separation of CO2 from industrial and energy-related sources

transport to a storage location long-term isolation from the atmosphere

(IPCC, 2005)Suitable for large point sources: - CO2-emitting industries -natural gas production -large fossil fuel/biomass plants

…CCS

• CCS is essentially a three stage technology where CO2 is captured from large man-made CO2 emission sources, transported via a network of pipelines and stored in deep subsurface geological formations

• The capture process can potentially remove 90% of the CO2 generated from fossil fueled (coal, oil and gas) electricity generation and industrial processes

Schematic representation

A history of CCS: EOR as a starting point

• Large-scale injection of CO2 for purposes of EOR started in 1972 in the US (Permian Basin) – thus initially a commercial justification

• Many new projects started in the 1970s as oil prices increased

• Today, more than 84 ongoing CO2 EOR projects and almost 40 Mtonnes CO2 injected each year (OSPAR, 2005)

• Benefit of EOR: additional income stream (with oil prices USD 15-25 (!), Torvanger et al.)

Rising CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere from pre-industrial levels of 280ppm to a present day value of 365ppm has lead to increasing ocean acidification and may be contributing to climate change and a rising of global temperatures

If fossil fuel combustion is allowed to continue to grow unabated then it is projected that CO2 emissions will reach 35.4 Gt a year by 2035

Why we need CCS?

About half of the extra CO2 from the atmosphere will dissolve in the oceans, making the water more acidic

The effects of this change on marine life is unknown, but could be disastrous

The ocean already holds 400 Billion tons of fossil fuel CO2. Consequently, the ocean is already 0.1 pH units more acid than before industrial CO2 emissions

By 2050 the ocean will be five times more acidic

CO2 affects oceans

The IPCC 2007 Climate Change report which couples CO2 rises to a world average temperature increase from 2.4-6.4°C by 2100

If the world is to maintain its current dependence on fossil fuels then CCS is a necessary technology for tackling rising atmospheric CO2

The average Earth surface temperature correlates well with the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere

As the CO2 levels in the atmosphere have increased, the surface temperature has gone up at the same time

…why we need CCS

Worldwide large stationary sources of co2

…why we need…why we need CCS CCS…why we need CCS

You may not believe in climate change, but most scientists believe that the evidence of high CO2 levels and hot climates in the past is compelling.

Like all preventive medicine, it's easier to put off the fateful day. But when that day arrives, it causes you more pain, and costs more, compared to early actions. Its important to realise that, even if we act now, in 2012, the climate will carry on warming for another 3 or 5 degrees Centigrade.

That means some parts of the world may have a dry and heat up to become uninhabitable desert.

By acting now, we have a chance to limit that rise to less than 5 Centigrade, by keeping atmospheric CO2 less than 550 parts per million.

…why we need CCS

Carbon capture

Flue gas separation

- By chemical absorption (eg.MEA) C2H4OHNH2 +H2O + CO2 C2H4OHNH3

+ + HCO3

Oxy-fuel combustion

Pre-combustion capture

Carbon capture….

…carbon Capture

New polyamines adsorbents binds co2 from atmosphere

….carbon capture

Micro-organisms that can eat up CO2 and create bio-materials. The Concept is to grow algae in artificial ponds, adding nutrients and fertilize the pond with co2 from flue gas

The "clean coal" programme

By fertilizing the ocean with limiting nutrients such as iron, the growth of marine phytoplankton will be stimulated, thus increasing the uptake of atmospheric CO2 by the ocean.

…carbon captureSeveral minerals found on the surface of the

earth uptake CO2 from the atmosphere with

the formation of carbonates, and thus permanently storing the CO2

Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 + 3CO2(g) = 3MgCO3

+2SiO2 +

2H2O(l)

CO2 from fossil fuel could be utilized as a raw

material in the chemical industry for producing commercial products that are inert and long-lived, such as vulcanized rubber, polyurethane foam and polycarbonates

Storage

Criteria for storage-Storage period should be prolonged(100-1000 years)

-The cost of storage should be minimized

-Risk of accidents should be eliminated

-The environmental impact should be minimum

-The storage method should not violate law and regulations

….storage

Geological storage -Depleted oil and gas reservoirs -Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)- attractive because

the storage costs are offset by the sale of additional oil that is recovered

-Coal seams- used to store CO2 because CO2 adsorbs to the surface of coal

-Deep saline formations-Deep saline formations, both sub-terranean and sub-seabed, may have the greatest CO2 storage potential. Advantage of saline aquifers is their large potential storage volume and their common occurrence

….storage

Ocean storage Two main concepts exist -The dissolution type injects CO2 by ship

or pipeline into the water column at depths of 1000 m or more, and the CO2 subsequently dissolves.

-The lake type deposits CO2 directly onto

the sea floor at depths greater than 3000 m, where CO2 is denser than water and is expected to form a lake that would delay dissolution of CO2 into the environment.

….storage

The world wide capacity of co2 reservoir

Storage option Word wide capacity(GtC)

Ocean 1000-10000+

Deep saline formations 100-10000

Depleted oil and gas reservoirs 100-1000

Coal seams 10-1000

Terrestrial 10-100

Utilization Currently<0.1

Overview of storage options

Cost of CCSCapturing and compressing CO2 requires much

energy, significantly raising the running costs of CCS-equipped power plants

The process would increase the energy needs of a plant with CCS by about 10-40%

The transport of co2 largely done by pipeline.This cost is about 0.5USD/metric tonne/100km

The injection and storage cost is about 3-15USD/tonne of CO2

The overall cost of CCS is about 100USD/tonne of co2

cost

Some projects

SLEIPNER is the oldest project (1996) and is located in the North Sea where Norway's STATOIL strips carbon dioxide from natural gas with amine solvents and disposes of this carbon dioxide in a saline formation

The Weyburn project Weyburn started in 2000 and is located in an oil reservoir discovered in 1954 in Weyburn Southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

In Salah, which like Sleipner is a natural gas reservoir located in In Salah, Algeria.

Location of major current and planned CCS projects worldwide

conclusion

We should start CO2 capture and injection immediately, and expect to have to continue until at least 2050. Hopefully by this time we will have developed lower-carbon technology and have reduced CO2 emissions to levels that are not causing environmental damage.

references U.S. Department of Energy. (1993). The capture, utilization and

disposal of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel-fired power plants, DOE/ER-30194, Washington, DC 20585.

Herzog, H., Drake, E. and Adams. E. (1997). CO2 capture, reuse

and storage technologies for mitigating global climate change: a white paper. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Energy Laboratory Report under DOE Order DE-AF22-96PC01257, Cambridge, MA .

U.S. Department of Energy. (1999). Carbon sequestration research and development, DOE/SC/FE-1, available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161.

Herzog, H.J. (2001). What future for carbon capture and sequestration, Environmental Science and Technology, 35, 148A-153A.

Williams, D.J., Durie, R.A., McMullan, P., Paulson, C.A.J. and Smith, A.Y. (eds.) (2001). Greenhouse gas control technologies, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood VIC 3066, Australia.