call growing louder for national prescription drug plan

7/27/2019 Call growing louder for national prescription drug plan

1/108

I_aih

kiptai_itbadic

ZfirkiireZacb`

ybd

@idihi

Kir`-Idhr Nindad, ZfHP`faac ag Zuocb` Zacb`y & Ihkbdbstritbad@ircetad Udbversbty


2/108

bb

Zuocbsfeh oy

790-5?7-8779

?:98 Xfe @idihbid Geheritbad ag Durses Udbads

Icc rbnfts reserveh. Da pirt ag tfbs oaam kiy oe reprahuèh ar tridskbtteh bd

idy gark ar oy idy keids, ece`tradb` ar ke`fidbìc, bd`cuhbdn pfataàpybdn,

reàrhbdn, ar oy idy bdgarkitbad starine ar retrbevic systek wbtfaut tfe

perkbssbad ag tfe puocbsfer.

Xfbs oaam wis prepireh oy tfe @GDU ta pravbhe bdgarkitbad ad i pirtbùcir

tapb` ar tapb`s. Xfe vbews idh apbdbads expresseh wbtfbd ire sacecy tfase ag

tfe bdhbvbhuics ta wfak tfey ire ittrbouteh idh ha dat deèssirbcy ree`t tfe

pacb`bes ar vbews ag tfe @GDU, ar bts kekoer arnidbzitbads.

Zrale`t kidiner< Ircede ârtskid

Zrale`t teik< @irac _eb`fert, Axidi Nedbdi

Gbrst Ehbtbad, Lude ?:98

BPOD< 2>6-:-267606?-5-5

Zrbdteh idh oaudh bd @idihi oy Bkprbkerbe Zcidtinedet Zrbdtbdn


3/108


4/108

bv

Xfe @idihbid Geheritbad ag Durses Udbads (@GDU)

Xfe @idihbid Geheritbad ag Durses Udbad represedts `case ta ?::,::: durses

idh stuhedt durses. Aur kekoers warm bd faspbtics, cadn-terk ìre gi`bcbtbes,

àkkudbty feictf ìre, idh aur fakes. Xfe @GDU speims ta icc cevecs ag

naverdkedt, atfer feictf ìre stimefachers idh tfe puocb` ioaut evbhedè-oiseh

pacb`y aptbads ta bkprave pitbedt ìre, warmbdn àdhbtbads idh aur puocb` feictf

ìre systek.


5/108

I_aihk

iptai

_itbadicZfirk

iire

Zacb`ybd@idihi

Kessinegraktfe@GD

U

CbdhiPbcis

Gar aver twa heìhes, tfe @idihbid Geheritbad ag Durses Udbads (@GDU) fisoeed ihvaìtbdn gar i ditbadic pfirkiìre pcid. Daw, is tfe àsts ag pres`rbptbad

hruns àdtbdue ta rbse, puttbdn pressures ad i feictf ìre systek tfit bs icreihy

stret`feh ta tfe cbkbt, tfe @GDU bs nibdbdn sake dew iccbes. Xfere bs i nrawbdn

àdsedsus tfit pres`rbptbad hrun pacb`bes requbre regark. Ihvaìtes gar regark

bd`cuhe tfe @.H. Fawe Bdstbtute (i wecc-mdawd puocb` pacb`y tfbdm tidm), tfe @idihbid

Cbge idh Feictf Bdsuridè Issa`bitbad, pravbd`bic idh terrbtarbic naverdkedts, is wecc

is pitbedt ihvaìtes grak àist-ta-àist. Cbme aur prekbers, tfe @GDU bs àkkbtteh

ta ti`mcbdn tfe bssue ag esìcitbdn hrun àsts, wfbce edsurbdn i`èss idh quicbty

ìre. Xfe gibcure ta àdtibd tfe àsts ag pfirkièutbìcs bs tfreitedbdn @idihisiobcbty ta pravbhe pitbedts wbtf tfe feictf ìre tfey deeh. I ditbadic pfirkiìre

pranrik bs id urnedt prbarbty bg aur feictf ìre systek bs ta pravbhe pitbedts wbtf tfe

kehbìtbads tfey deeh.

I _aihkip ta i _itbadic Zfirkiìre Zacb`y iccs gar naverdkedts, bdsurers,

pacb`y kimers, idh pfirkièutbìc àkpidbes ta reàndbze tfit tfe presedt fyorbh

systek we ire usbdn ta gudh pres`rbptbad hrun pur`fises bsdt warmbdn. Is Hr.

Kir`-Idhr Nindads piper kimes `ceir, aur ùrredt systek bs udgibr, bdequbtioce,


6/108

vb

Kessine grak tfe @GDU. Cbdhi Pbcis

idh wistes kadey bd kidy hbggeredt wiys, grak exèssbve ihkbdbstritbve gees ta

naverdkedt tix suosbhbes, ta uddeèssiry idh expedsbve treitkedts. _egark bd tfe

ùrredt àdtext bsdt rihbìc= ritfer, bts tfe ritbadic, respadsboce `fabè we deeh ta

kime.

It tfe @aud`bc ag tfe Geheritbad keetbdn bd ?::8, prekbers àkkbtteh ta tfe

`reitbad ag i ditbadic pfirkiìre pcid. ê fih tfe prekbers ad-oairh, out tfe

geheric naverdkedt uctbkitecy gibceh ta hecbver ad bts àkkbtkedts. It tfit tbke, tfe

@GDU wis fapeguc tfit bts ihvaì`y eggarts wauch ceih ta i ditbadic pfirkiìre

pcid. Udgartuditecy, is tfbs piper pabdts aut, hespbte tfe canb` oefbdh bt, tfe ci`m ag

pacbtbìc wbcc idh vesteh àrparite bdterests rekibd kilar stukocbdn oca`ms. Pbdè

tfed, tfere five oeed da steps timed ta `reite i pcid. Is Attiwi àdtbdues ta

hawdcaih àsts adta tfe pravbdès, stret`fbdn tfebr cbkbteh ouhnets eved gurtfer,expidhbdn àaperitbad ad àst-egge`tbve keisures cbme tfe oucm pur`fisbdn ag

pres`rbptbad hruns kimes gar naah sìc idh puocb` pacb`y.

Bd reèdt yeirs, tfere five oeed sake edàurinbdn sbnds. Xfe pravbd`bic prekbers

five garkeh tfe @aud`bc ag tfe Geheritbad Feictf @ire Bddavitbad ârmbdn Nraup

idh hevecapeh id iccbidè gar tfe oucm pur`fisbdn ag pfirkièutbìcs. Xfese ire

naah rst steps. Fawever, wbtfaut kare extedsbve regarks, is tfe piper hetibcs, tfbs

iccbidè bs gibcbdn ta reicbze bts patedtbic.

Obccbads bd sivbdns ire aurs gar tfe timbdn ta oe rebdvesteh bd sige, quicbty pitbedt

ìre, idh idy pacbtbìc pirty wfb`f prapaseh ditbadic pfirkiìre wauch adcy oe

aggerbdn oetter feictf ìre ta tfe puocb`, wbtf kare kadey bd tfebr pa`mets it tfe edh

ag tfe hiy. Nbved tfbs gi`t, wfy iredt pacbtb`bids sebzbdn tfe appartudbty1 Ei`f yeir,

aur feictf ìre systek wistes obccbads oy dat kavbdn garwirh wbtf tfbs cadn prakbseh

pranrik. Kare bkpartidtcy, kbccbads ag @idihbids na wbtfaut ihequite i`èss ta

kehbìccy requbreh kehbìtbads.

Bts dat cbme ditbadic pfirkiìre bs id udtrbeh idh udtesteh bhei. I`àrhbdn

ta tfe reparts iutfar, Hr. Kir`-Idhr Nindad, @idihi bs tfe adcy AE@H àudtrywbtf udbversic puocb` feictf ìre tfit haes dat icsa five i pfirkiìre pcid. Every

hevecapeh àudtry wbtf i udbversic feictf ìre systek, exèpt @idihi, pravbhes

udbversic àverine ag pres`rbptbad hruns, idh icc su`f àudtrbes pravbhe udbversic

àverine it cess àst tfid @idihi.

Is tfe tbtce ag tfbs repart bdhbìtes, Hr. Nindad aggers i raihkip ta i ritbadic

hrun pacb`y sa tfit @idihi ìd kave bdta tfe ?9st èdtury, icadnsbhe bts AE@H


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8/108

vbbb

I_ai

hkip

tai

_itba

dicZf

irkiire

Zacb

ybd

@idi

hi

Garewarh

Ptev

edKarn

id,ZfH

Experts grak i`rass tfe spe`truk inree pfirkièutbìc pacb`y bd @idihi bsgibcbdn tfe ditbad. Ci`mbdn i stritenb` pcid gar bdtenritbdn pres`rbptbad hruns bdta

aur udbversic, puocb` feictf ìre systek, pres`rbptbad hruns ire sbkuctideauscy

udheruseh, averuseh, kbsuseh, idh averprbèh bd @idihi.

Is Hr. Kir`-Idhr Nindad expcibds bd tfbs repart, da @idihbid pravbdè

pravbhes hrun àverine ad pir wbtf bdterditbadic darks cet icade bdterditbadic

oest pri`tbès. Icc pravbdès recy ad i pit`fwarm ag prbvite idh puocb` hrun pcids

tfit aperite fbnfcy bdhepedhedtcy ag ei`f atfer idh ag tfe rest ag tfe feictf ìre

systek. Zitbedts i`èss ta puocb` hrun àverine hepedhs sbndbìdtcy ad tfebr ine,

a`ùpitbad idh feictf ìre deehs bd i systek tfit ceives kbccbads ag @idihbids wbtf

cbttce ar da hrun àverine it icc.

Xfe geheric naverdkedt fis timed tfe very dirraw, àdstbtutbadicbst stidè tfit

pfirkièutbìc pacb`y bs, gar tfe kast pirt, sacecy i pravbd`bic respadsbobcbty. Bt aggers

da did`bic issbstidè gar pravbd`bic hrun pcids, dar fis bt pisseh ciws tfit wauch

edsure pacb`y kimers, feictf pragessbadics, idh pitbedts five `rbtbìc bdgarkitbad

ioaut tfe sigety, egì`y, idh eved tfe ivibciobcbty ag hruns ad tfe @idihbid kirmet.


9/108

I_aihk

iptai_itb

ZfirkiireZacb`ybd@idFeictf ìre pragessbadics idh pitbedts ire cegt wbtf cbkbteh s`bedtb` bdgarkitbad

ioaut wfb`f hruns ire oest gar tfebr pitbedts, idh sìrècy idy bdhepedhedt

bdgarkitbad saurès.

Xfe resuct< @idihi fis ade ag tfe warst pergarkbdn pfirkièutbìc se`tars bd

tfe warch. Hespbte tfe gi`t tfit we spedh kare ad kehb`bdes tfid icc àkpirioce

àudtrbes, cbtericcy kbccbads ag @idihbids ire udioce ta iggarh kehbìtbads pres`rboeh

oy tfebr ha`tars. Kbccbads kare oeir tfe àst ag sbndbìdt aut-ag-pa`met expedses gar

pres`rbptbads cceh ta ihhress tfebr gikbcbes feictf ìre deehs. Idh gir taa kidy ire

firkeh oy prevedtioce aver- idh udher-use ag kehb`bdes.

Is Hr. Nindad pabdts aut, eved aur s`bedtb` àkkudbty bs sfart`fidneh. Oy

bdterditbadic stidhirhs, aur geheric naverdkedt bs dat id innressbve renucitar agkehb`bdes ar prbès= idh, is i ditbad, @idihi spedhs kare ad kehb`bdes tfid idy

àkpirioce àudtry. Ret, tfe pfirkièutbìc bdhustry bdvests bd @idihi lust i gri`tbad

ag wfit tfey bdvest bd atfer àudtrbes.

Bt haesdt five ta oe tfbs wiy.

I àkprefedsbve puocb` pfirkiìre pranrik wauch bkprave tfe i`èssbobcbty,

equbty, eg`bed`y, seùrbty, idh quicbty ag pres`rbptbad hrun use bd aur feictf ìre

systek. Hr. Nindad ìreguccy expcibds faw.

Udbversic àverine ag àst-egge`tbve treitkedts bkpartidtcy, wbtfaut à-

bdsuridè ar hehu`tboces wauch bd`reise i`èss ta deèssiry ìre, tfereoy

bkpravbdn pitbedt feictf idh rehu`bdn hekidhs ad tfe puocb` feictf ìre systek.

I ditbadic ipprai`f ta nederb` tedherbdn idh oridh-dike prbè denatbitbads

àkobdeh wbtf i ditbadic garkuciry wauch hrikitbìccy cawer àsts wfbce bd`reisbdn

bdter-pravbd`bic equbty bd i`èss ta kehb`bdes. Pu`f id ipprai`f àuch icsa fecp ta

edsure tfe seùrbty ag tfe suppcy ag kehb`bdes gar @idihbids bd tfe evedt ag ncaoic

sfartines. Gbdiccy, oetter bdtenritbad ag kehb`bdes bdta tfe feictf ìre systek idh

kare i`tbve pirtb`bpitbad ag tfe geheric naverdkedt bd pfirkièutbìc pacb`y wauch

fecp ta bkprave tfe pres`rbobdn ippraprbitedess idh reic-warch feictf autàkes.

Xfere bs vbrtuiccy da hawdsbhe ta i wecc-hesbndeh udbversic, puocb` pfirkiìre

systek udcess, ag àurse, yau ire i stimefacher tfit oedets grak tfe stitus qua.


10/108

x

Garewarh

@fiddeccbdn Zragessar _aoert Evids, Kir`-Idhr Nindad rekbdhs us tfit every haccir

ag bdàke bd tfe feictf ìre systek bs i haccir ag sakeades bdàke.

I`àrhbdn ta Kir`-Idhr Nindads idicysbs, prbvite bdsurers, pfirkièutbìckidugi`turers, idh retibc pfirki`y àrparitbads five sakewfere oetweed $0

obccbad idh $99 obccbad ta case bg @idihi were ta bkpcekedt i udbversic, puocb`

pfirkiìre pranrik. Pa, eved tfaunf tfe autàkes ag tfe stitus qua ire i ditbadic

ekoirrisskedt àstbdn @idihbids bd kadey, quicbty ag cbge, idh eved cbge btsecg

tfere ire i`tars tfit wbcc irhedtcy appase i oetter ipprai`f gar @idihi.

Out wistbdn obccbads ag haccirs every yeir it tfe expedse ag pitbedt feictf idh

wecc-oebdn ìddat oe i`èpteh idy cadner. Xfe vist idh nrawbdn oahy ag evbhedè

sukkirbzeh bd tfbs repart bs udhedbioce. @idihis puocb` feictf ìre systek sfauchdtedh is saad is i ha`tar fidhs i pitbedt i pres`rbptbad ta cc.

Xfe tbhe ag puocb` apbdbad wbcc turd is kare arnidbzitbads oeàke bdvacveh oy

àkkudbìtbdn tfe ìse gar udbversic pfirkiìre. Is tfbs bdgarkitbad bs udherstaah,

sfireh, idh i`teh upad oy kare idh kare @idihbids, naverdkedts wbcc diccy five

tfe pacbtbìc àurine deèssiry ta guccc kehbìres pres`rbptbad. ^fed pres`rbptbad

hruns ire stritenbìccy bdtenriteh bdta aur feictf ìre systek, @idihbids wbcc edlay

oetter feictf ìre idh oetter feictf.

Pteved Karnid, ZfHHbre`tar, @edtre gar Feictf Pervbès & Zacb`y _eseir`f

Zragessar, Udbversbty ag Orbtbsf @acukobi


11/108

I_aihk

iptai

_itbadicZfirk

iire

Zacb`ybd@idihi

ExeutbvePukk

iry

Kir-I

dhrNindad,

ZfH

I heìhe ina, tfe geheric naverdkedt, tfe pravbdès idh tfe terrbtarbes iccinreeh tfere were ocitidt praoceks wbtf respe`t ta @idihbid hrun àverine.

Xfebr respadse wis tfe ihaptbad ag tfe Ditbadic Zfirkièutbìcs Ptriteny (DZP).

Udgartuditecy, bd tfe cist ted yeirs very cbttce pranress fis oeed kihe. Xfe praoceks

rekibd i ci`m ag i`èss ta pres`rboeh hruns, tfe ci`m ag hrun àst àdtibdkedt,

kadey wistbdn idh i grinkedteh hrun systek wfb`f keids tfit àsts sivbdns it

ade pabdt tridscite bdta àst bd`reises ecsewfere.

Udbversic, puocb`cy gudheh pfirkiìre bs tfe hakbdidt stidhirh ikadn

kast AE@H àudtrbes. Xfe ci`m ag hrun àverine bd @idihi bs id idakicy sbdè

kehbìtbads ire dat bdtenriteh bdta aur puocb` feictf ìre systek. @audtrbeswbtf bdtenriteh pfirkièutbìc àverine i`fbeve oetter i`èss ta kehb`bdes idh

nreiter did`bic prate`tbad gar tfe bcc, it sbndbìdtcy cawer àsts tfid idy @idihbid

pravbdès i`fbeve. Fawever, bd @idihi, hrun àverine bs aggereh ad tfe oisbs ag

wfere i persad warms ar cbves, idh dat ad tfe oisbs ag fbs ar fer kehbìc deehs.

@idihi idh tfe Udbteh Ptites, wbtf adcy iraudh ficg ag tfebr papucitbad fivbdn

i`èss ta puocb` bdsuridè, ire autcbers wfed bt àkes ta hrun àverine. Xfese


12/108

xbb

Exeùtbve Pukkiry

twa àudtrbes recy feivbcy ad prbvite hrun bdsuridè, idh tfey five fbnfer avericc

expedhbtures idh spedh ku`f kare gar tfebr kehbìtbads tfid atfer AE@H àudtrbes.

Xfbs repart hekadstrites faw su`f i systek bs bdeg`bedt, bdequbtioce, wistegucidh udsustibdioce bd tfe cadn rud. Bt bs bdeg`bedt oeìuse bt bs udioce ta ihequitecy

àver tfe wface @idihbid papucitbad= bt bs bdequbtioce oeìuse kidy @idihbids

piy ikaudts hbsprapartbadite ta tfebr bdàke bd arher ta i`èss kehbìtbads= bt bs

wisteguc oeìuse @idihbids piy taa ku`f, deehcesscy, gar pitedteh ar nederb` hruns=

idh bt bs udsustibdioce oeìuse naverdkedts ire udioce ta àdtibd àst bd`reises.

Xfere five oeed sake reèdt hevecapkedts wfb`f hekadstrite faw tfe iosedè

ag i udbversic pfirkiìre pranrik i`ts is i oirrber ta pranress idh bddavitbad.

Aver tfe pist gew yeirs, nederb` hrun prbès is i perèdtine ag tfe oridh-dike

hrun prbès five hrappeh sbndbìdtcy bd icc pravbdès, out tfese prbè rehu`tbadsbd puocb` pcids were agted aggset oy i prbè bd`reise bd prbvite pcids. Pbdè ?::>, we

five icsa seed id bd`reise bd àdhedtbic inreekedts (Zrahu`t Cbstbdn Inreekedts

ar ZCIs) oetweed pfirkièutbìc àkpidbes idh pravbd`bic puocb` pcids. ^fbce

tfese inreekedts edioce sake puocb` pcids ta àdtibd hrun àsts, tfase sivbdns

resuct bd irtb`biccy bditeh àsts gar pitbedts, prbvite pcids, idh pravbdès wbtf cess

denatbitbdn pawer. Xfe @aud`bc ag tfe Geheritbads `reitbad ag i Zid-@idihbid Zrb`bdn

Iccbidè bd @idihi (Z@ZI) bd ?:9: (bd`cuhbdn icc pravbdès exèpt Yueoe`) wis

id bkpartidt rst step ta àarhbdite idh streikcbde denatbitbads. Fawever, bt fis

cbkbtitbads sbdè tfe àarhbditbad praèss wbtfbd tfe Iccbidè rekibds `ficcednbdn,

espe`biccy bd tfe iosedè ag i ditbadic garkuciry. @adsequedtcy, tfbs dew Iccbidè fis

dat oeed ioce ta reicbze bts patedtbic wbtf gew pitedteh hruns oebdn pur`fiseh idh

nederb` prbès denatbiteh is i perèdtine ag tfe pitedteh hrun prbè, ritfer tfid tfe

iosacute cawest prbè tfit àuch resuct grak àkpetbtbve obhhbdn. Oucm pur`fisbdn

icsa gibcs ta edsure tfit sivbdns gar puocb` pcids deèssirbcy tridscite bdta sivbdns

gar icc @idihbids sbdè prbvite pcids idh peapce wbtfaut bdsuridè àdtbdue ta piy

tfebr kehb`bdes it id bd`reisbdn ag`bic prbè, wbtfaut oedetbdn grak tfe oirnibdbdn

pawer ag tfe Iccbidè. Hrun sfartines ire icsa bd`reisbdncy previcedt bd @idihi.

Zravbdès idh faspbtics ire oebdn ismeh ta kidine tfe praocek ad tfebr awd wfed

sta`m sfartines ire i àkpcex ncaoic bssue deehbdn i àkprefedsbve pur`fisbdnsystek wbtf pur`fisbdn `ciuses ta ivabh sfartines. Icc tfese gi`tars pabdt ta aur

gibcure ta edsure tfe sustibdiobcbty ag aur hrun bdsuridè systek, is wecc is tfe urnedt

deeh gar i ditbadic pfirkiìre pcid.

Xfe race ag prbvite bdsuridè bd evacvbdn pfirkiìre pacb`y bs grequedtcy heoiteh.

Xfaunf sake hegedh bts race oy irnubdn tfit bt sives puocb` gudhs, tfe evbhedè bs

`ceir< prbvite bdsuridè bs pirt ag tfe praocek idh dat tfe sacutbad. Fivbdn i fyorbh


13/108

x

I_aihk

iptai_itb

ZfirkiireZacb`ybd@idprbvite-puocb` bdsuridè pcid `reites i grinkedteh systek bd wfb`f tfe bdvacvekedt

ag kuctbpce piyers hbkbdbsfes tfebr pur`fisbdn pawer. Xfase gudhbdn sbcas cbkbt tfe

patedtbic gar feictf ìre kidiners idh pravbhers ta àdsbher tfe gucc oedets idh

appartudbty àsts ag pres`rbptbad hruns is id bdput bdta tfe oraiher feictf ìre

systek. Mey bssues issa`biteh wbtf prbvite pcids ire exikbdeh bd tfbs repart. Ikadn

tfe bssues bhedtbeh ire< smbkkbdn, b.e. i`èptbdn tfe naah rbsms (rb`fer, feictfber,

yaudner), idh ceivbdn tfe oih rbsms (udioce ta warm, caw-bdàke, sedbars) ta tfe

stite= wiste (5?% bd ?:9?) ebtfer tfraunf rebkoursbdn kare expedsbve kehb`bdes wbtf

da ihhbtbadic tferipeutb` vicue, ar piybdn uddeèssiry hbspedsbdn gees= geheric tix

suosbhbes (it iraudh 90%)= idh exèssbve ihkbdbstritbve àsts.

Bd ?:9:, Xfe Eàdakb` @ise gar Udbversic Zfirkiìrerepart (Nindad & Foert,

?:9:) sfaweh tfit i puocb` idh udbversic hrun pcid, oiseh ad rst-haccir àverine,

wauch dat adcy bkprave i`èss ta hruns, out @idihi wauch icsa sive grak 9?% ta

8?% bd tatic pres`rbptbad hrun expedhbtures. Xfe ùrredt repart uphites sake ag tfe

dhbdns grak ?:9:, idh aggers id idicysbs ag tfe ùrredt pacb`y `cbkite nbved tfe ripbh

evacutbad ag pfirkièutbìc pacb`bes bd @idihi bd tfe pist tfree yeirs. Bt fbnfcbnfts

tfe bkpi`t ag bdhustrbic pacb`y ad pfirkièutbìc prbès bd @idihi. Xfe repart

icsa exikbdes tfe nrawbdn àdsedsus ioaut tfe deeh gar pfirkiìre regark idh

sustibdiobcbty bd cbnft ag aur bd`reisbdncy udsustibdioce systek. Kare bkpartidtcy, tfbs

warm expcares wfit kust oe hade ta bkpcekedt tfe deèssiry regarks oy aggerbdn i

raihkip gar oubchbdn tfe bdstbtutbadic ìpi`btbes deeheh ta bkprave i`èss, hbkbdbsf

àsts, bkprave pri`tbès idh edsure tfe cadnevbty ag aur feictf ìre systek.

Xfere bs id ekernbdn àdsedsus ioaut tfe deèssbty ag regarkbdn aur hrun pacb`y.

Xfe @.H. Fawe Bdstbtute, i wecc-mdawd puocb` pacb`y tfbdm tidm, fis edharseh tfe bhei

ag i puocb` idh udbversic hrun àverine pcid. Xfe @idihbid Cbge idh Feictf Bdsuridè

Issa`bitbad fis ìcceh gar urnedt hrun àverine regarks ta edsure oetter puocb` idh

prbvite àverine. Zravbd`bic naverdkedts grak àist-ta-àist ire nrippcbdn wbtf

tfe bssue ag àdtibdbdn àsts, wfbce edsurbdn i`èss. Idh feictf ìre arnidbzitbads

ire wbtdessbdn tfe hbre`t bkpi`t tfit hrun àsts ire fivbdn ad tfebr pitbedts feictf.

Xfere bs i nrawbdn reàndbtbad ag tfe urnedt deeh gar regark. Xfe gaccawbdn gaur

regarks agger i wiy garwirh gar pacb`y kimers

@fipter ?. Bdeg`bedt idh udsustibdioce hrun àverine

systekitbìccy ad nederb` hruns wfb`f ire prbèh sbndbìdtcy cawer bd tfe Udbteh

Ptites tfid bd @idihi (Gbnure 0).

Xfe gi`t tfit @idihbids piy kare gar tfebr kehbìtbads bs dat deèssirbcy id

bssue. @idihis prbè bditbad pacb`y bs reciteh ta tfe deeh gar bddavitbad pacb`bes ta

ittri`t pfirkièutbìc bdvestkedts, ictfaunf tfese pacb`bes ire i àkpcete gibcure

idh, ad id idduic oisbs, very àstcy gar tixpiyers (Nindad, ?:9?`). Fawever, piybdnfbnf prbès wauch dat oe su`f id bssue bg we, it ceist, su`èeheh bd àdtibdbdn tfe

àst bd`reises. Udgartuditecy, @idihi giccs sfart it prbè adtibdkedt pacb`bes. Grak

?::: ta ?:9:, tfe idduic àst ag pres`rbptbad hruns bd`reiseh kare bd @idihi

tfid bd atfer àudtrbes wbtf i sbkbcir cevec ag eàdakb` hevecapkedt. Issessbdn

tfe àst bd`reise ìd oe i àkpcex praèss is tfe bd`reise ìd viry i`àrhbdn

ta hekanripfb` `fidnes ar hbggeredès bd bditbad rites. Bd arher ta ivabh tfese

Gbnure 0

_ecitbve retibc prbè gar tfe sike vacuke ag pfirkièutbìcs bd AE@H àudtrbes,

?::5 (UP$, kirmet ex`fidne rite)

:

?:

8:

7:

6:

9::

9?:

98:

97:

96:

?::

Paurè< AE@H ?::6 - Eurastit AE@H ZZZ Zranrikke, ?::>.


23/108

I_aihk

iptai_itb

ZfirkiireZacb`ybd@idaosti`ces, we issesseh tfe idduic per ìpbti àst bd`reise, usbdn pur`fisbdn pawer

pirbty (ZZZ) idh timbdn bditbad bdta i`àudt.

Gbnure 8?

Reircy iverine per ìpbti nrawtf bd pres`rbptbad hrun expedhbtures, ?:::-?:9:(%, bdterditbadic àkpirbsad usbdn ZZZ)

-?

-9

:

9

?

0

8

5

@IDIHI

Lipid

Udbte

hPtites

N

erkidy

Ppibd

Iustricbi

Dew

\eicidh

Gbdcidh

Detfercidhs

AE@H

iverine

Zartunic

H

edkirm

Gridè

Iustrbi

Pwehed

Cuxe

koaurn

Pwbtzercidh

UdbtehMbdnhak

Oecnbuk

Darwiy

Bècidh

Bticy

Paurè< @BFB, AE@H Feictf Hiti, ?:90

@idihis idduic iverine per ìpbti nrawtf bd pres`rbptbad hrun expedhbtures wis

tfus àdsbheriocy fbnfer tfid bd àkpirioce àudtrbes. @audtrbes wbtf cess tfid i 0%

idduic bd`reise icc five i udbversic pfirkiìre pranrik.

Zuocb` idh prbvite hrun pcids agted àpe wbtf tfese àst bd`reises oy bd`reisbdn

tfe prekbuks ag bdsureh pitbedts, oy bd`reisbdn à-piykedts ar hehu`tboces pibh oy

pitbedts ar oy rehu`bdn tfe dukoer ag treitkedts àvereh. Bd tfe edh, we aoserve

tfit aut-ag-pa`met expedhbtures bd pres`rbptbad hruns bd`reiseh ad iverine oy 00%

(bd àdstidt haccirs) oetweed 922> idh ?::2 (Pidkirtbd et ic., ?:98). Gurtferkare,

tfe àst bd`reise fis oeed ku`f kare sbndbìdt gar caw bdàke fausefachs. Bd

? Date tfit Gbnure 8 ex cuhes Nreeè idh Brecidh hue ta tfase àudtrbes pur`fisbdn pawer ritbas sbndbìdtcyigge`teh oy tfe ?::6 eàdakb` `rbses.


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2

@fipter ?. Bdeg`bedt idh udsustibdioce hrun àverine

àdstidt haccirs, oetweed 922> idh ?::2, aut ag pa`met expedhbtures gar pres`rbptbad

hruns gar tfe rb`fest ?:% five bd`reiseh oy ?9%, wfbce tfey bd`reiseh oy 78% gar tfe

paarest ?:% (Pidkirtbd et ic., ?:98).

Xa sukkirbze, @idihbids piy kare gar tfebr kehbìtbads wfed àkpireh ta

àudtrbes tfit agger i puocb` idh udbversic pcid. @idihbids i`èss ta kehbìtbads bs

dat is naah is bd atfer àudtrbes, idh tfe idduic àst bd`reise kimes tfe @idihbid

renbke udsustibdioce bd tfe cadn rud.

I Kiy ?:90 survey gaudh tfit >6% ag @idihbids ippraveh ag tfe bhei ag i

udbversic pfirkiìre pranrik (EMAP, ?:90). Pu`f i pcid bs dat i pidièi idh wadt

sacve icc tfe hrun pur`fisbdn praoceks, idh àudtrbes wbtf tfbs pranrik ire icsa

gi`bdn `ficcednes bd terks ag i`èss idh àsts. Fawever, i udbversic pfirkiìre pcidwauch iccaw us ta oubch tfe bdstbtutbadic ìpi`btbes deeheh ta bkprave i`èss, rehuè

àsts, idh edsure tfe eg`bed`y idh cadnevbty ag tfe pcid. Xfe dext se`tbad wbcc

hbsùss reèdt hevecapkedts bd @idihbid pfirkièutbìc pacb`bes idh hekadstrite

faw aur grinkedteh systek bs udioce ta ihipt ta tfe hrun se`tars dew reicbtbes.


25/108

I_aihk

iptai

_itbadicZfirk

iire

Zacb`ybd@idihi

9

@fipter 0

@idihbidpfirkieutb`ic

pacb`bes


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28/108

90

@fipter 0. @idihbid pfirkièutbìc pacb`bes. autàkes bd i grinkedteh systek

I stuhy àdhu`teh bd A`taoer ?:99 oy tfe Gred`f kinizbde Zratnez-vaus

(Kebcceur idh Cikoert-Kbcat, ?:99) sfaweh tfit bd Yueoe` pfirki`bsts prat kirnbds

gar nederb` hruns pur`fiseh oy prbvite hrun bdsuridè pcids rekibd extrekecy

nederaus. Xfe survey tirneteh 0?: pfirki`bes idh idicyseh tfe prbè pibh oy

prbvite bdsuridè hrun pcids gar nederb` versbads ag Zidtica`, Cbpbtar, Ncuàpfine,

Darvis` idh Eggexar. ^fed tfe iverine àst prbè (àst ag tfe hrun + wfacesicers

kirnbd) wis $9>.>> gar tfe pfirki`bes8, tfebr iverine retibc sice prbè wis $80.50

represedtbdn id iverine hbspedsbdn gee ag $?5.>7 idh i prat kirnbd ag 985%. Bt bs

bkpartidt ta date tfit tfe puocb` pcid adcy pibh i hbspedsbdn gee ag $6.88 gar tfe

sike prahu`ts, cess tfid i tfbrh ag wfit tfe prbvite pcids pibh.

Xfe exikpce ioave hekadstrites faw bd i grinkedteh feictf ìre systek

(puocb`/prbvite) àst sivbdns it ade pabdt bd tfe systek ìd agted tridscite bdta àstbd`reises ecsewfere bd tfe sike systek. Bd gi`t, bd su`f i àdtext, sivbdns gar sake

sbkpcy keids tridsgerrbdn àsts ta atfers. armbdn bd sbcas bs dat id eg`bedt wiy ta

stap idduic ast bd`reises.

0.?. Bd`reise bd àdhedtbic inreekedts (Zrahu`t Cbstbdn Inreekedts)

Pbdè ?::7, we five aoserveh sbndbìdt `fidnes bd tfe ousbdess kahec

ihapteh oy pfirkièutbìc àkpidbes ta estiocbsf tfe prbè ag pitedteh hruns.

ê five nade grak i tridspiredt warch wfere tfe cbsteh prbè wis tfe prbè pibh,ta i warch ag àdhedtbicbty idh se`ret inreekedts. Xfe reisad gar tfbs striteny

bs tfit kidy àudtrbes, bd`cuhbdn @idihi, renucite tfe prbè ag pitedteh hruns oy

àkpirbdn tfek ta tfe ag`bic prbès pibh ecsewfere bd tfe warch. Xa oypiss tfese

àdtrac ke`fidbsks, pfirkièutbìc àkpidbes daw bdite tfe sunnesteh ag`bic

bdterditbadic prbè idh denatbite reoites wbtf hbggeredt ouyers tfraunf àdhedtbic

inreekedts. Xfe ag`bic prbès rekibd fbnf oeìuse ag tfe àdhedtbicbty ag tfe

denatbiteh reoites. Xfese types ag inreekedts ire tfe dew dark gar puocb` hrun

bdsuridè pcids warchwbhe idh ìd time kidy garks, cbme prbè-vacuke inreekedts ar

rbsm-sfirbdn inreekedts. Kast ag tfe tbke, fawever, tfese inreekedts sbkpcy time tfegark ag sbkpce reoites aggereh ta ouyers (Oaurissi-Gar ber idh Dac, ?:9?= @fawd,

?:9:).

Dat denatbitbdn reoites ìd oe àstcy. Bd tfe Udbteh Ptites, tfe Kehbìre pcid

(àverbdn sedbars) reguses ta denatbite tfe sike reoites is tfe Kehbìbh pranrik

8 Date tfit ceniccy bd ?:99, up ta ?:% ag tfbs àst auch na oi`m ta pfirki`bes bd tfe gark ag reoites.


29/108

I_aihk

iptai_itb

ZfirkiireZacb`ybd@id(àverbdn caw-bdàke gikbcbes) bd arher ta prate`t tfe bdterests ag pfirkièutbìc

àkpidbes. Pu`f id ipprai`f edàurines àkpidbes ta bdite tfe ag`bic prbè, eved

bg bt keids edterbdn bdta reoite denatbitbads wbtf atfer pur`fisers. I`àrhbdn ta

tfe U.P. @adnressbadic Ouhnet Agè (?:99), Kehbìres regusic ta denatbite wbcc àst

Ikerbìd tixpiyers $99? obccbad kare bd tfe dext ted yeirs.

Kast puocb` hrun bdsuridè pcids five ihapteh àdhedtbic inreekedts ìcceh

Zrahu`t Cbstbdn Inreekedts (ZCIs), wfb`f àdsbst ag rebkoursbdn tfe ag`bic (fbnf)

prbè ag tfe hrun, bd ex`fidne gar àdhedtbic reoites. Xfus kidy issuke tfit tfe

praocek bs sacveh sbdè @idihbid puocb` ouyers ire usbdn tfebr pur`fisbdn pawer

ta seùre àdhedtbic reoites. Out, bd gi`t, nettbdn tfese reoites bs passboce adcy

oeìuse tfe àst bs sfbgteh ar tridsgerreh ta atfers. @ast sfbgtbdn fippeds bd tfree

wiys< bd`reiseh àsts gar pitbedts= bd`reiseh àsts gar prbvite pcids= idh bd`reisehàsts gar atfer pravbdès udioce ta denatbite equiccy suostidtbic reoites.

Zravbdès su`f is Orbtbsf @acukobi, Davi Pàtbi, Icoerti, Yueoe` idh

Pismit`fewid ism pitbedts ta sfire 0:% ta 05% ag tfe àst ag hruns ar oeir tfe tatic

prbè ag tfe hruns udtbc tfebr expedses rei`f i èrtibd perèdtine ag tfebr idduic

bdàke. ^fed tfe pravbdè cbsts i dew kehbìtbad ad bts pravbd bic garkuciry (ar hrun

oedet cbst),5oeìuse bt su`èeheh bd nettbdn i suostidtbic reoite, tfe pitbedt stbcc fis

ta piy fbs à-piykedt ar hehu`tboce i`àrhbdn ta tfe ag`bic prbè, dat i`àrhbdn ta

tfe prbè denatbiteh oefbdh `caseh haars. Bd atfer warhs, bg tfe pravbdè nets i >5%reoite ad i spe`b` kehbìtbad, tfe pitbedts à-piykedt rekibds 0:% ag tfe ag`bic

hrun prbè. Bd tfe edh, tfe à-piykedt ar hehu`tboce pibh oy tfe pitbedt ìd oe, it

tbkes, fbnfer tfid tfe reic prbè ag tfe prahu`t. Fere, tfe puocb` pcid sives kadey

it tfe expedse ag sb`m peapce wfa rekibd udiwire ag tfe exbstedè ag ag`bic ar

denatbiteh prbès.

Darkiccy, prbvite hrun bdsuridè pcids ha dat denatbite reoites. Bd gi`t, 25%

ag prbvite pcids bd @idihi five aped hrun rebkoursekedt cbsts (garkucirbes) idh

rebkourse idy dew kehbìtbad ad tfe kirmet, wfitever tfe prbè, wbtfaut id

issesskedt ag bts tferipeutb` vicue (Kirtbdez, ?:99). Kare restrb`tbve prbvite pcids

nedericcy recy ad tfe pravbd`bic puocb` garkuciry ta rebkourse kehbìtbads wfed tfebr

tferipeutb` vicue bs àdsbhereh sug`bedt recitbve ta tfe àst ag tfe prahu`t. ZCIs

`reite àdgusbad oeìuse fbnf-prbèh dew kehbìtbads wbtfaut nreit tferipeutb`

5 Xfe pravbd`bic garkuciry hecbdeites tfe hruns idh kehbìtbads tfe pravbdès puocb` bdsuridè pcid rebkourses.


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32/108

9>

@fipter 0. @idihbid pfirkièutbìc pacb`bes. autàkes bd i grinkedteh systek

0.0. Oucm pur`fisbdn gar pitedteh idh nederb` hruns

Bd Peptekoer ?:9:, tfe @aud`bc ag tfe Geheritbad, kihe up ag @idihis pravbd`bic

idh terrbtarbic prekbers, iddaudèh tfe `reitbad ag i pid-@idihbid pur`fisbdn

iccbidè ta pur`fise expedsbve oridh dike hruns. Bd ?:9?, tfe @aud`bc ag tfe

Geheritbad iddaudèh bt wauch extedh tfe oucm pur`fisbdn iccbidès (redikeh Zid-

@idihbid Zrb`bdn Iccbidè) race ta bd`cuhe tfe pur`fise ag èrtibd nederb` hruns. Pbdè

tfed, tfe @idihi-wbhe iccbidè>fis adcy pur`fiseh sbx nederb` hruns bd ?:90 (@aud`bc

ag tfe Geheritbad, ?:90), gaur nederb` hruns bd ?:98 (@aud`bc ag tfe Geheritbad ?:98),

idh seved oridh-dike hruns. Denatbitbads ire udherwiy gar tfe oucm pur`fise ag 90

atfer oridh-dike hruns (KiÌrtfur, ?:90).

Oucm pur`fisbdn bs praoiocy ade ag tfe oest stritenbes bkpcekedteh bd @idihita àdtibd hrun àsts. Dat adcy ìd tfe striteny suostidtbiccy rehuè nederb` hrun

prbès, bt edioces tfe pur`fise ag oridh dike hruns it i prbè tfit oetter ree`ts

tfe ihheh tferipeutb` vicue ag tfe prahu`t idh iccaws gar denatbiteh ZCIs wbtfaut

pissbdn tfe ou`m ta atfer pravbdès. Fawever, àst sfbgtbdn ta pitbedts idh prbvite

hrun pcids rekibds id bssue.

Bd tfe cist gew yeirs, tfe pfirkièutbìc se`tar siw tfe ekernedè ag i dew

ousbdess kahec oiseh ad very expedsbve db`fe hruns (agted ìcceh db`fe ousters),

idh ripbh prbè bd`reises bd obacanbìc hruns gar wfb`f we ìddat prahuè nederb`s.

I oucm pur`fisbdn iccbidè wbtf i regeredè-prb`bdn systek rekibds tfe kast

àkkedhioce striteny ta edsure i`èss ta dew treitkedts gar icc @idihbids it id

iggarhioce prbè (Nraatedharst idh Faccbs, ?:99).

I`àrhbdn ta Hbide KiÌrtfur (?:90), Issbstidt Heputy Kbdbster respadsboce gar

Adtirbas puocb` hrun pcid, labdt pur`fisbdn àkes wbtf kidy aosti`ces bd`cuhbdn Xfe Zid-@idihbid Zrb`bdn Iccbidè haes dat bd`cuhe Yueoe` is tfbs pravbdè reguses ta labd tfbs bdbtbitbve.


33/108

I_aihk

iptai_itb

ZfirkiireZacb`ybd@iddenatbite kare sbndbìdt reoites ad bts awd oy gaùsbdn ad pravbd`bic ZCIs, tfed

tfe pur`fisbdn iccbidè wauch oe ripbhcy àkprakbseh.

Xfit oebdn sibh, oucm pur`fisbdn bs i step bd tfe rbnft hbre`tbad. Evedpfirkièutbìc àkpidbes ire bd givaur ag i oetter àarhbditbad ag tfe prbè

denatbitbad praèss. @idihi represedts i skicc kirmet idh tfe grinkedteh

denatbitbdn praèss (ei`f pravbdè idh terrbtary denatbites ad bts awd) bs iddaybdn

gar tfase àkpidbes. Gar exikpce, bd i presedtitbad ad tfe grinkedtitbad ag tfe

@idihbid hrun rebkoursekedt systek, kihe bd Georuiry ?:90, @ciuhbi Deuoer,

hbre`tar ag prb`bdn idh àdtri tbdn it Istri\edeì, expcibdeh faw tfe nreit

àkpcexbty ag tfe @idihbid rebkoursekedt systek wis oeàkbdn i reic oirrber

ta puttbdn dew kehb`bdes ad tfe kirmet. Pake àkpidbes sbkpcy hadt heek bt

wartfwfbce idykare ta bdvest bd icc tfe deèssiry resaurès ta denatbite i`èss tasu`f skicc kirmets (Deuoer, ?:90).

Oucm pur`fisbdn bs essedtbic bd arher ta stidhirhbze tfe pur`fisbdn praèss gar

pitedteh hruns bd @idihi idh ta edsure icc pravbdès oedet grak kixbkuk reoites.

Fawever, tfese reoites rekibd àdhedtbic, is bs tfe ìse wbtf ZCIs. Oucm pur`fisbdn

haes dat edsure tfe sivbdns gar puocb` pcids wbcc deèssirbcy tridscite bdta sivbdns gar

icc @idihbids sbdè prbvite pcids idh peapce wbtfaut bdsuridè wbcc àdtbdue ta piy

tfebr kehb`bdes it id bd`reisbdn ag`bic prbè.

Bd tfe ìse ag nederb`s, tfe ci`m ag udbgarkbty ikadn tfe pravbd`bic pcids icsaudherkbdes tfe wface nraup denatbitbad praèss. Gar exikpce, tfe hbggeredès

oetweed rebkoursekedt ketfahs idh oetweed stimefachers bd ei`f pravbdè garè

tfe oucm pur`fisbdn iccbidè ta icwiys denatbite i prbè tfit bs i perèdtine ag tfe

pitedteh hrun prbè (ùrredtcy 96%), ritfer tfid tfe iosacute cawest prbè resuctbdn

grak àkpetbtbve obhhbdn. Pettbdn tfe prbè ag nederb`s is i perèdtine ag tfe prbè

ag pitedteh hruns bs dat tfe oest pacb`y bd i se`tar wfere tfere bs kirmet àkpetbtbad

(Faccbs, ?::2). Kareaver, nederb` hrun prbès bd @idihi rekibd extrekecy fbnf bd

àkpirbsad ta àudtrbes usbdn tfe stredntf ag tfe kirmet ta net tfe oest prbès, is bs

tfe ìse bd tfe Udbteh Ptites ar Dew \eicidh. Bg bdterpravbd`bic àarhbditbad praoceks

prevedt tfe eg`bedt denatbitbad ag nederb` hrun iosacute prbès, idh bg we àdtbdue

ta kibdtibd nederb` hrun prbès is i gud`tbad ag i perèdtine ag tfe pitedteh hrun

prbè, we àuch tfed expcare renressbve prb`bdn (rehu`bdn tfe perèdtine ag tfe

prbè ag tfe pitedteh hrun wbtf tfe bd`reisbdn dukoer ag nederb` àkpetbtars)

(@ikoaurbeu et ic., ?:90).

@akpireh ta atfer àudtrbes, nederb` hruns ire stbcc very àstcy gar @idihbids.

I systekitb` stuhy ag avericc nederb` hrun prbès oy tfe Ditbadic Zres`rbptbad Hrun


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35/108

?

I_aihk

iptai_itb

ZfirkiireZacb`ybd@idkbccbad gar icc ag @idihi grak tfe systekitb` pur`fise ag nederb`s, recybdn kare ad

tfe stredntf ag kirmet àkpetbtbad.

0.8. Bd`reise bd hrun sfartines

Hrun sfartines five steihbcy bd`reiseh bd @idihi sbdè ?::6. Bd ?:9?, sake

sfartines ag bdle`tioce nederb` hruns reveiceh tfe sàpe ag tfe praocek, pirtbùcircy

igter i re bd ade ag Pidhazs pcidts (Nindad, ?:9?h). Bdvedtary sfartines ire dat

lust i @idihbid bssue= tfey ire i ncaoic bssue ictfaunf renucitary idh bdstbtutbadic

`rbterbi five kihe tfe praocek warse bd @idihi.

Pake five trbeh ta ocike prbè àdtrac keisures gar tfe sfartines sbdè

caambdn gar tfe oest prbè wauch, tfey sunnest, ceih ta tfe `reitbad ag kadapacbstkidugi`turers wfa àuch, bd pirt, oe respadsboce gar tfe sfartines (Ciorbe, ?:90).

Xfbs expciditbad rekibds praocekitb` oeìuse eved tfaunf @idihi piys, ad iverine,

ku`f kare tfid kidy hevecapeh àudtrbes, bt stbcc experbedèh kare bdvedtary

sfartines bd ?:9?. Atfers fbnfcbnft tfe bkpartidè ag reèdt pcidt bdspe`tbad

renucitary `fidnes bd Dartf Ikerbì, is wecc is tfe adnabdn ncaoic restru`turbdn ag

tfe nederb` se`tar hue ta i serbes ag kilar kerners idh i`qubsbtbads (Nindad, ?:9?h).

Xfe ìuses ire kuctbpce idh àkpcex out ade tfbdn bs `ceir< tfe praùrekedt praèss

ìd bd`reise ar kbtbnite su`f sfartines (Oirtfcky, ?:90= @ikoaurbeu et ic., ?:90).

Xfe praùrekedt ag hruns bs oiseh ad i preìrbaus hrun suppcy `fibd àdsbstbdn

ag riw kiterbics, i`tbve bdnrehbedts, kidugi`turers, wfacesicers, hbstrboutars,

faspbtic pfirki`bes idh retibc pfirki`bes. Idy hbsruptbad icadn tfe `fibd ìd ìuse

sbndbìdt sta`m sfartines. Xfe @idihbid Zfirki`bsts Issa`bitbad (?:9:) `ceircy

fbnfcbnfteh tfe ùrredt praocek bd @idihi, kidugi`turers

kust repart sta`m sfartines sbx kadtfs bd ihvidè (Attbda et ic., ?:9?). Xfe resucts

ire àdvbd`bdn. Bd Kir`f ?:9?, wfed @idihi fih id iverine ag 08>.0 sta`m sfartines

hurbdn tfe kadtf, Gridè adcy fih 87.6 (Oirtfcky et ic., ?:9?).

Oucm pur`fisbdn ined`bes ire saketbkes ocikeh gar `reitbdn kadapacbes ikadnnederb` hrun kidugi`turers (Ciorbe, ?:90). Bg tfbs bs tfe ìse, wauch i udbque oucm

pur`fisbdn ined`y, su`f is tfe ade bd Dew \eicidh, ceih ta kare sta`m sfartines1

ê five icreihy sfawd tfit oucm pur`fisbdn ined`bes ire dat tfe praocek. Bdsteih,

bt bs tfe cenbscitbve idh renucitary stru`ture oefbdh tfe pur`fisbdn ketfah. Gar

exikpce, bdvbtitbads ta tedher idh suosequedt inreekedts deeh ta bd`cuhe bdhekdbty

idh àdtbdned`y `ciuses. I oucm pur`fisbdn ined`y àuch, bdheeh, oe kare

su`èssguc wbtf sta`m sfartine `ciuses, gar exikpce, oy bhedtbgybdn wfb`f hruns ire

kare cbmecy ta na aut ag sta`m idh bhedtbgybdn atfer kidugi`turers.

âuch i udbque oucm pur`fisbdn ined`y ceih ta nreiter bdhustrbic àdèdtritbad

ikadn nederb` kidugi`turers1 Xfit fypatfesbs bs oiseh ad i kbsàdèptbad ag tfe

ncaoic nederb`s kirmet. Bd tfe cist gew yeirs, tfe kilar nederb` hrun àkpidbes

five seed i serbes ag pirtbùcircy sbndbìdt kerners idh i`qubsbtbads. Xfbs bs hue

ta tfe expcasbad ag tfe nederb` kirmet bd i perbah wfere bkpartidt pitedts ire

rei`fbdn tfebr expbry hite hue ta i pitedt `cbgg. Xfe gaur hakbdidt nederb` se`tar

àkpidbes Xevi, Kycid, Pidhaz (awdeh oy Davirtbs) idh îtsad represedt 8:%

ag nederb` pres`rbptbads iraudh tfe warch. Icc recy ad kerners idh i`qubsbtbads is i

prbkiry striteny ta nraw tfebr sfire ag tfe kirmet (Firhbdn, ?:9:). Nbved tfe nrawtf

ag tfe se`tar, idh tfe gi`t tfit pcidts gud`tbad it gucc ìpi`bty, tfese kerners idh

i`qubsbtbads agted requbre sbndbìdt issekocy cbde restru`turbdn, idh ire agted id

bkpartidt gi`tar bd tfe bd`reise bd sfartines (Nindad, ?:9?h).

Xfe bd`reisbdn kadapacy pawer bd tfe nederb` se`tar bs daw warchwbhe, idh bs

dat àdtbdnedt ad tfe pur`fisbdn ketfah bd pciè bd @idihi. Bd gi`t, oucm pur`fisbdn,

àkobdeh wbtf àdservitbve pur`fisbdn `ciuses ta edsure praùrekedt stiobcbty,


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I_aihk

iptai

_itbadicZfirk

iire

Zacb`ybd@idihi

?

@fipter 8

Xfe@acce

tbve@ast

agZrbviteBdsuride

Xfbs se`tbad wbcc rst ihhress tfe ekernbdn àdsedsus ad regarkbdn hrun

bdsuridè. Peàdh, bt wbcc hekadstrite faw exbstbdn prbvite hrun pcids ire pirt ag

tfe praocek idh dat tfe sacutbad tfraunf tfe idicyses ag gaur stru`turic praoceks

issa`biteh wbtf prbvite kehbìc bdsuridè< smbkkbdn, wiste, tix suosbhbes idh

ihkbdbstritbve àsts.

8.9. Ekernbdn àdsedsus

Is udhercbdeh oy Idhr Zbìrh (Ncaoe idh Kibc ?:90), i àdsedsus bs oenbddbdn

ta ekerne renirhbdn deèssiry hrun bdsuridè regarks. Bd Lude ?:90, Xfe @.H. Fawe

Bdstbtute, i wecc-mdawd puocb` pacb`y tfbdm tidm, edharseh tfe bhei ag i puocb` idh

udbversic hrun àverine pcid wfed bt requesteh tfe bdtenritbad ag pres`rbptbad hruns

bdta tfe ùrredt @idihbid puocb` feictf bdsuridè pcid (Karnid, Hiw idh Ciw, ?:90).

ê taticcy inree wbtf tfe àd`cusbads ag tfe @.H. Fawe Bdstbtute bd tfbs respe`t. Xfbs

wis gaccaweh oy i repart grak tfe @idihbid Cbge idh Feictf Bdsuridè Issa`bitbad

(@CFBI, ?:90) reàkkedhbdn urnedt hrun àverine regarks ta edsure oetter puocb`


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?2

@fipter 8. Xfe @acce`tbve @ast ag Zrbvite Bdsuridè

@idihi aggers nederaus did`bic bdèdtbves tfraunf tix suosbhbes. Xfe tix suosbhbes

ire sbkpce< tfe ekpcayers àdtrboutbad ta tfe hrun pcid (àrrespadhbdn ta i pirt

ag tfe siciry) bs tix gree. Xferegare, tfere bs da bdàke tix ad tfit partbad ag tfe

siciry. @adsequedtcy, tfe kare yau eird, idh tfe fbnfer yaur kirnbdic tix rite bs,

tfe kare yau oedet grak tfbs tix suosbhy. Xfe dic resuct bs i tix suosbhy systek

tfit bs àkpcetecy renressbve, wfere tfe rb`fer yau ire, tfe kare yau oedet grak

tix suosbhbes. Bd ?::2, tix suosbhbes aggereh oy tfe geheric naverdkedt represedteh

iraudh 90% ag tfe àsts ag prbvite pcids, ikaudtbdn ta $9.? obccbad bd ?::2 (Nindad,

?:9?o). It tfe pravbd`bic cevec, fawever, tfe cevec ag tix suosbhbes bs udmdawd.

Bt kust oe ekpfisbzeh tfit Yueoe` bs hbggeredt6bd aggerbdn puocb` hrun àverine

ta everyoahy wbtfaut prbvite àverine. Kareaver, Yueoe` haes dat agger idy tix

suosbhy ta àkpidbes wfase oedets pranriks bd`cuhe hrun àverine. Xfed, fawìd prbvite hrun bdsuridè survbve bd Yueoe`1 Bt survbves oeìuse bt bs kidhitary62 kbccbad is àkpireh ta

tfe ?:9: estbkites9:(Nindad & Foert, ?:9:).

Xfe prapartbad ag ihkbdbstritbve àsts gar icc prbvite pcids (gar-prat idh dat-gar-

prat) hauoceh bd ?: yeirs. Fawever, bt seeks tfe @CFBI bs dat trybdn ta rehuè tfase

2 Xfe @idihbid Bdstbtute gar Feictf Bdgarkitbad repart (@BFB ?:90o) bd`cuhes regeredè ta prbvite ihkbdbstritbadàsts oebdn 7.8% ag icc prbvite feictf ìre spedhbdn, bd`cuhbdn prbvite spedhbdn tfit hbh dat aw tfraunfprbvite bdsuridè àkpidbes. Xfe ippraprbite stitbstb` bs tfe sfire ag prbvite feictf bdsuridè spedhbdn bd@idihi, wfb`f bs ittrboutioce ta prbvite bdsuridè ihkbdbstritbad< 97%.

9: Xfe ecbkbditbad ag tfe ihkbdbstritbve àsts it tfit tbke wis oiseh ad i 7% hbggered e gar prbvite feictfpcids idh represedteh sivbdns ag $57: kbccbad. Ihhbtbadic sivbdns ire oiseh ad i dew ìcùcitbad oiseh ad ihbggeredè ag 98.?%.


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@fipter 8. Xfe @acce`tbve @ast ag Zrbvite Bdsuridè

àsts bd idy wiy, pirtbùcircy bg we àdsbher tfit ihkbdbstritbve àsts bd`cuhe tfe

bdsuridè àkpidbes prat kirnbd.

Zrbvite feictf bdsuridè pcids ire dat adcy àstcy idh bdeg`bedt, tfebr kereexbstedè prevedts id egge`tbve aarhbditbad ag pfirkièutbìc pacb`bes tfit wauch

edsure equbtioce idh deèssiry hrun i`èss gar icc @idihbids wfbce prevedtbdn

àst bd`reises. Gar icc tfese reisads, we oecbeve tfit bt bs tbke ta àdsbher tfe

bkpcekedtitbad ag i udbversic pfirkiìre pranrik ta oedet icc @idihbids.


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I_aihk

iptai

_itbadicZfirk

iire

Zacb`ybd@idihi

0

@fipter 5

Guturesedirbas

gar@idihi

Xfbs se`tbad presedts id uphite ag tfe estbkiteh did`bic bkpi`t i udbversicpfirkiìre pranrik wauch five ad @idihi, wfbce icsa bhedtbgybdn bts patedtbic

gudhbdn sèdirbas.

5.9. @asts idh oedets issa`biteh wbtf i udbversic pfirkiìre pranrik

Bd Xfe Eàdakb` @ise gar Udbversic Zfirkiìre(Nindad & Foert, ?:9:), bt wis

sfawd tfit tfe bkpcekedtitbad ag i puocb` idh udbversic hrun pcid bd @idihi, eved

wbtf rst-haccir àverine gar tfe wface papucitbad, idh wbtfaut rehu`bdn tfe prbè

ag pitedteh hruns, àuch ceih ta sivbdns ag up ta $?,28> kbccbad ar 9?% ag tfe àst agpres`rbptbad hruns bd @idihi. Bd tfe ?:9: repart, tfe àsts idh oedets ag i udbversic

pfirkiìre pranrik were oiseh, bd pirt, ad tfe ?::6 ehbtbad ag tfe @idihbid _x

Itcis (Karnid et ic., ?::6). Gbnure > sfaws tfe resucts ag tfe ?:9: idicysbs (Nindad

idh Foert, ?:9:).


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@fipter 5. Guture sèdirbas gar @idihi

Gbnure >

Estbkite (grak ?::6 hiti) ag àsts idh sivbdns nederiteh oy i udbversicpfirkiìre pranrik, meepbdn tfe sike bdhustrbic pacb`bes bd terks ag hrunàsts

9. Zres`rbptbad hrun expedhbtures bd ?::6 $?5,989 kbccbad

Hbstrboutbad ag pres`rbptbad hrun asts/oedets

?. Nrawtf bd expedhbtures grak bd`reise bd use +9:% ag urredt expedhbture

0. _ehu tbad bd expedhbtures grak he reise bd hbspedsbdn gees -?% ag ùrredt expedhbture

8. _ehu`tbad bd expedhbtures grak hrun issesskedt -6% ag urredt expedhbture

5. Ecbkbditbad ag tfe kadtfcy hehu`tboce bd Yueoe` -$988 kbccbad

7. Ecbkbditbad ag reoite systeks gar nederb`s -$9,09: kbccbad

Xatic sivbdns ad pres`rbptbad hruns -$9,858 kbccbad

Xatic pres`rbptbad hrun expedhbtures wbtf i udbversic

pfirkiìre pcid$?0,76> kbccbad

Ihhbtbadic bkpi`ts atfer tfid gar pres`rbptbad hruns

>. Ecbkbditbad ag extri ihkbdbstritbve asts ag prbvite pcids -$57: kbccbad

6. Ecbkbditbad ag tix suosbhbes -$200 kbccbad

Xatic ag ihhbtbadic bkpi`ts -$9,820 kbccbad

Xatic det sivbdns $?,28> kbccbad

Paurè< Nindad & Foert, ?:9:


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Igter uphitbdn hiti, we ìd tferegare estbkite tfit tfe bkpcekedtitbad ag i

udbversic pfirkiìre pranrik, oiseh ad i rst-haccir àverine, set up àdlabdtcy

wbtf i ditbadic garkuciry idh i oucm pur`fisbdn iccbidè gar nederb`s, idh eg`bedt

bdstbtutbads tfit kime aptbkic use ag tfe kehbìtbad, àuch i`fbeve sivbdns ag $?.>

obccbad bd pres`rbptbad hruns (ar 9:% ag expedses) per yeir wfbce iccawbdn equic

hrun i`èss idh bkpraveh feictf gar icc @idihbids. Xfese sivbdns wauch dat bdùr

ihhbtbadic àsts bd atfer feictf systek ireis. Ad tfe àdtriry, udbversic idh bkpraveh

i`èss ta kehbìtbads wauch edsure praper aoservidè ag kehbìc pres`rbptbads

idh i kare ritbadic use ag hruns, twa gi`tars tfit wauch sbndbìdtcy rehuè

faspbticbzitbad àsts idh pfysb`bid vbsbts.

5.?. Id edh ta irtb`biccy bditeh pitedteh hrun prbè

Xfbs estbkitbad haes dat time bdta i`àudt tfe ihhbtbadic sivbdns tfit àuch

oe aotibdeh oy revbsbdn hawdwirh tfe àst ag pitedteh hruns bd @idihi. Xfe

Eàdakb` @ise gar Udbversic Zfirkiìre (Nindad idh Foert, ?:9:) sfaweh faw

@idihi irtb`biccy bditeh pitedteh hrun prbès bd arher ta ittri`t bdvestkedts oy

pfirkièutbìc àkpidbes. Xfese pacb`bes five oeed i àkpcete gibcure. Bd spbte ag

tfe irtb`biccy bditeh àsts pibh gar pitedteh hruns idh, bd spbte ag tfe gi`t tfit aur

pitedteh hrun prbès ire ikadnst tfe fbnfest bd tfe warch, @idihbids five seed

reseir`f idh hevecapkedt expedhbtures rehuèh obt oy obt ta ickast datfbdn bd tfe

cist 9: yeirs. Xfe pitedteh hrun bdhustry fis eved garsimed bts àkkbtkedt ta bdvest

9:% ag bts sices bdta reseir`f idh hevecapkedt (Nindad, ?:9?`). I`àrhbdn ta i stuhy

udherwrbtted oy tfe pitedt pfirkièutbìc bdhustry caooy (Zrbè iterfause@aaper

?::5), _x&H kekoer àkpidbes ekpcayeh ??,00? persads bd ?::0. _x&H weosbte

daw bdhbìtes tfit tfe bdhustry ekpcayeh adcy 98,22: persads bd ?:9?, i hrap ag 9/0

ag ekpcayees aver 9: yeirs.

Xfe Zitedteh Kehb`bde Zrbès _evbew Oairh (ZKZ_O), wfb`f renucites pitedteh

hrun prbès bd i wiy àdsbhereh givaurioce ta tfe bdhustry, bs daw siybdn tfit tfe

àdèpt ag pitedteh hrun prbè bd`reises ceihbdn ta bdvestkedts bd reseir`f idhhevecapkedt bs i giucty `cibk (ZKO_O, ?:90) ta ?::>, reic per ìpbti hrun prbè nrawtf wis ad iverine

5.?% per yeir bd @idihi, wfbce adcy :.6% yeircy bd Dew \eicidh (@BFB, ?:9?). Pbdè

?::>, tfe tredh fis oeed ictereh gar tfe sike reisads oefbdh tfe he`reise ag tfe

tferipeutb` `fabè egge`t bd O@ (see Pe`tbad 5.9.8). AE@H Feictf hiti oetweed ?::>

idh ?:99 bdhbìtes tfit tfe reic per ìpbti àst ag kehbìtbad bd @idihi bd`reiseh

ad iverine oy 9.?% (wfb`f oedetteh grak pitedteh oca`mouster hrun expbry, bd

ihhbtbad ta sbndbìdtcy rehu`bdn tfe àst ag nederb`s), wfbce tfe reic per ìpbti àst

ag kehbìtbad bd`reiseh oy ?.9% aver 8 yeirs bd Dew \eicidh. Bd gi`t, Dew \eicidh

icreihy edlayeh cawer prbès gar nederb` hruns idh cess use ag pitedteh hruns. ^fbcetimbdn bdta i`àudt tfe patedtbic sivbdns gar @idihi, bg we ihapteh tfe Dew \eicidh

kahec, we àuch edlay sivbdns ag $2.2? obccbad ad tfe tatic àsts ag kehbìtbad

ad id adnabdn oisbs. Gbnure 2 uphites tfe patedtbic did`bic bkpi`t grak tfe

bkpcekedtitbad ag i udbversic pfirkiìre pranrik tfit times ihvidtine ag sivbdns


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kixbkbsitbad stritenbes gar hrun àsts tfraunf utbcbzbdn bdstbtutbadic ìpi`btbes is bd

tfe ìse ag Dew \eicidh.

Gbnure 2@ast idh sivbdns estbkitbads grak bkpcekedtitbad ag i @idihbid udbversicpfirkiìre pranrik wbtf repeic ag bdhustrbic pacb`bes issa`biteh ta hrun àstsoiseh ad ?:9?-?:90 nures

9. @urredt expedses bd pres`rbptbad kehbìtbad $?>,>08 kbccbad

Iccaìtbad ag àsts/prats bd pres`rboeh kehbìtbads

Pivbdns per akpetbtbve prb`bdn -$2,2?: kbccbad

?. Expedses bd`reise oy adsukptbad bd`reise +9:% ag expedhbtures

0. Expedses he`reise i`àrhbdn ta he`reise bd hbspedsbdn gees -?% ag expedhbtures

5. Ecbkbditbad ag kadtfcy hehu`tboce Yueoe` -$078 kbccbad

Xatic sivbdns gar pres`rbptbad hruns -$6,625 kbccbad

Xatic expedses gar pres`rbptbad hruns wbtfbd i udbversic

pfirkiìre pranrik$96,602 kbccbad

Ihhbtbadic bkpi`ts (atfer tfid pres`rbptbad hruns)

>. Ecbkbditbdn prbvite pcid ihkbdbstritbve asts -$9,082 kbccbad

6. Ecbkbditbdn tix suosbhbes -$9,?:8 kbccbad

Xatic ihhbtbadic bkpi`ts -$?,550 kbccbad

Xatic oicidè ag sivbdns$99,886 kbccbad

(89% ag expedhbtures)

Paurè< Iutfars nures= Nindad idh Foert, ?:9:

Xfe bkpcekedtitbad ag i udbversic pfirkiìre pranrik oiseh ad rst-haccir

àverine, icadn wbtf tfe repeic ag irtb`bic idh usecess prbè bditbad is bdhustrbic

pacb`y, tfe ippcbìtbad ag saudh bdstbtutbadic ìpi`btbes gar kixbkbsbdn hrun pur`fise

sivbdns (is bd tfe ìse ag Dew \eicidh) wauch iccaw gar $99.8 obccbad bd sivbdns, ar 89%

ag presedt hiy pres`rbptbad hrun spedhbdn.

Date tfit fbnfcbnftbdn tfe Dew \eicidh kahec haes dat bdhbìte i ìcc gar bts

àkpcete bkpcekedtitbad bd @idihi. Xfe kahec bs useguc fere ta hekadstrite tfe

wbhe ridne ag aptbads passboce udher i udbversic pfirkiìre pranrik tfit kixbkbses

i papucitbads kehbìc spedhbdn oedets. @adservitbve sìc pacb`y bd tfe feictf ech

haes dat deèssirbcy keid tfit we five ta rehuè naverdkedt spedhbdn= bt kerecy


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cissuridè-kicihbe hu Yuoe` (_IKY), bs oiseh ad i fyorbh did`bdn ketfah

àkobdbdn sa`bic bdsuridè idh gudhbdn tfaunf bdàke tixes. Xfe pcid tirnets

twa ìtenarbes ag persads< tfase udioce ta warm wfa ha dat hepedh did`biccy ad

sakeade ioce ta warm (sedbars idh wecgire re`bpbedts), idh tfase ioce ta warm, idh

tfebr hepedhedts (wfb`f bd`cuhes everyoahy ecse dat àvereh oy i prbvite hrun pcid)

(_IKY weosbte, ?:90). Hrun àverine gar peapce udioce ta warm rests ad i ritbadice

ag sa`bic issbstidè. Is bd tfe atfer pravbdès, Yueoe`s hrun àverine gudhbdn gar tfbs

ìtenary àkes rst grak tixes.99

Idy persad ioce ta warm idh àvereh oy tfe puocb` hrun pcid (tfe pirtb`bpidts)

kust five i prekbuk oiseh ad fbs ar fer bdàke, up ta i kixbkuk ag $5>2 per yeir

(is ag Heèkoer ?:9?). Xfe ikaudt ag tfe prekbuk gar tfe pirtb`bpidts bs heterkbdeh

bd su`f i wiy ta àver icc expedses gar pirtb`bpidts. Xfe iverine prekbuk ag prbvitehrun pcids bs udmdawd, out tfe keid àst ag pirtb`bpidts `cibks bs $600 per yeir

(Express P`rbpts @idihi, ?:9?). Ad iverine, tfe prekbuks kust àver tfit ikaudt

gar ei`f persad is wecc is tfe ihhbtbadic ihkbdbstritbve àsts. ê ìd tfed àd`cuhe

tfit prekbuks ire fbnfer gar prbvite pcids tfid gar puocb` pcids, tfit bs ta siy, it ceist

$0:: kare, ad iverine, oy persad.

^fit wauch fipped bg takarraw Yueoe` extedheh bts àverine ta icc warmers1

âuch tfe did`bic ourhed oe tridsgerreh ta tixpiyers idh, tfus, tfe sìc caih ar tfe

he`bt ag tfe pravbdè bd`reise i`àrhbdncy1 âuch su`f i he`bsbad oe brrespadsboce

bd terks ag puocb` didè1 Dat bd tfe ceist. Every warmer piybdn prekbuks wbtfbd

tfebr prbvite pcid (tfraunf i kidhitary hehu`tbad it tfe saurè) wauch daw stbcc

piy i prekbuk tfraunf i kidhitary hehu`tbad it tfe saurè. Gar tfe warmer, tfe

obn hbggeredè wauch oe i prekbuk sbndbìdtcy cawer, idh fe ar sfe wauch see i

sbndbìdt bd`reise bd fbs ar fer hbspasioce bdàke. Ag àurse, we wauch deeh ta

àkpedsite gar tfe cast tix revedues grak tixbdn prekbuks bd prbvite pcids (2% gar

ekpcayees idh ?.05% gar ekpcayers). Yueoe` àuch tfed heterkbde i kixbkuk

ikaudt ag $775, ritfer tfid $5>2 gar tfe prekbuk, ìcùciteh is i gud`tbad ag bdàke.

Xfe resuct wauch oe tfe sike gar tfe warmers< tfey stbcc wauch five hrun àverine out

tfebr hbspasioce bdàke wauch bd`reise.

âuch tfe ekpcayee case ad tfe ex`fidne sbdè fe ar sfe daw piys tfe prekbuks

wbtfaut tfe ekpcayers àdtrboutbad1 Xfe irnukedt haes dat fach oeìuse tfe

ekpcayers sivbdns àuch oe reàupeh ritfer eisbcy oy ekpcayees tfraunf atfer

99 Bd Yueoe`, fawever, sedbars wfa ha dat oedet grak id bdàke suppcekedt kust piy i prekbuk gar tfebr hrunàverine, i`àrhbdn ta tfebr bdàke. Pedbars wfa oedet grak 28% ar kare bd bdàke suppcekedt, is wecc ispeapce ad sa`bic issbstidè, ha dat piy idy prekbuk.


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I_aihk

iptai_itb

ZfirkiireZacb`ybd@idecekedts bd tfe àcce`tbve inreekedt. Idatfer passbobcbty bs, bdsteih ag aggerbdn hrun

àverine is pirt ag tfe oedets pranrik, tfe ekpcayer àuch àver tfe ikaudt ag tfe

prekbuks wbtfbd tfe puocb` pcid. Xfere bs da kilar bdstbtutbadic oirrber ta prevedt su`f

id ihlustkedt.

Bd tfe edh, tfe ekpcayee wauch stbcc five hrun àverine, piy cess gar prekbuks,

idh edlay kare hbspasioce bdàke. Yueoe` wauch dat five ta bd`reise tixes idh

wauch oe oetter pasbtbadeh ta oubch tfe bdstbtutbadic ìpi`btbes bt deehs ta kare

egge`tbvecy àdtrac àsts, gar exikpce oy estiocbsfbdn i oucm pur`fisbdn ined`y idh

edsurbdn bt pur`fises kehb`bdes ag praved vicue gar kadey.

Usbdn Yueoe` is id exikpce ag i fyorbh did`bdn stru`ture, gudheh tfraunf

bdàke tix gar peapce udioce ta warm idh tfraunf sa`bic bdsuridè prbd`bpces

(prekbuks) gar peapce ioce ta warm, àuch edioce us ta skaatfcy kime tfe tridsbtbad

ta i puocb` idh udbversic pcid wbtfaut bd`reisbdn idyades tix ourhed wfbce bd`reisbdn

warmers hbspasioce bdàke.

Idy pacbtbìc pirty prapasbdn tfe bkpcekedtitbad ag i udbversic pfirkiìre

pranrik àuch bd`cuhe bd bts ece`taric ìkpibnd tfe prapasic ta edsure oetter i`èss

ta hruns gar icc @idihbids idh ta orbhne tfe nips bd aur feictf ìre systek wfbce

bd`reisbdn warmers hbspasioce bdàke. Bd sukkiry, wbtf i cbttce pacbtbìc wbcc, @idihi

àuch diccy edter tfe VVB èdtury.

Ret sfauch i udbversic pcid oe udbque idh pid-@idihbid1 Dat deèssirbcy.

Aovbauscy, tfe sbkpcest wiy wauch oe ta bd`cuhe pres`rbptbad hruns bd tfe ùrredt

puocb` feictf ìre systek. Fawever, su`f i pcid àuch icsa oe bkpcekedteh bd ade

pravbdè adcy ar bd i renbad, gar exikpce, tfe Zribrbes ar tfe Kirbtbkes. Xfit oebdn sibh,

àaperitbad idh àccioaritbad oetweed pravbdès rekibds gudhikedtic ta edsurbdn

eg`bedt idh equbtioce àverine gar icc.

^fit race sfauch Attiwi pciy1 Bs feictf ìre sbkpcy i pravbd`bic lurbshb`tbad1

Ade sfauch date tfit tfbs bs dat exi`tcy wfit tfe @idihbid @adstbtutbad siys. _itfer,

tfe @idihbid @adstbtutbad siys tfit feictf ìre estiocbsfkedts àke udher tfepravbd`bic lurbshb`tbad (s.2?(>)) wfbce tfe `rbkbdic ciw renucitbdn hruns idh diràtb`s

(bd`cuhbdn kehb`bdes) àkes udher tfe Geheric lurbshb`tbad. Zitedt ciw bs icsa i

Geheric lurbshb`tbad (s.29(??)). Xfese àdstbtutbadic ecekedts expcibd wfy hrun

ippravic idh tfe renucitbad ag pitedteh hrun prbès ire hade oy geheric arnidbzitbads6% ag @idihbids ire bd givaur ag estiocbsfbdn i

udbversic pfirkiìre pranrik bd @idihi (EMAP ?:90). Xfe geheric naverdkedt fis icc

tfe taacs deèssiry ta issuke ceihersfbp gar hrun bdsuridè, bkpcekedt tfe deèssiry

regarks ta edsure oetter i`èss ta hruns, agger i kare eg`bedt pcid, idh àdtrac àsts.

Fawever, grak i prinkitb` perspe`tbve, sbdè tfe @adservitbve geheric naverdkedtbs trybdn ta ioidhad icc respadsbobcbty gar feictf ìre, we fape bt wadt put aosti`ces

bd tfe wiy ag @idihbids wbsfbdn ta diccy oe àvereh oy i udbversic pfirkiìre

pranrik wartfy ag tfe VVB èdtury.



61/108

I_aihk

iptai

_itbadicZfirk

iire

Zacb`ybd@idihi

8

@fipter 7

_aihkipt

ai

ritbadichrunpacb`y

Xfe @idihbid hrun bdsuridè systek bs id idakicy ikadn AE@H àudtrbesoeìuse kehbìtbads ire dat bd`cuheh bd tfe puocb` feictf ìre systek. Kareaver,

tfe @idihbid systek bs udbque oeìuse ag tfe grinkedteh bdstbtutbadic stru`tures

ag ei`f pravbdè, idh tfe gi`t tfit bt recbes ad prbvite bdsurers ta àver kast ag tfe

papucitbad. Pu`f i systek bs bdeg`bedt, bdequbtioce, wisteguc idh udsustibdioce bd

tfe cadn rud. @ad`cusbad

ta revbse idh icter àstcy idh bdeg`bedt bdhustrbic pacb`bes tfit irtb`biccy bdite

pres`rbptbad hrun àsts oiseh ad tfe bccusbad tfit bt kbnft ittri`t kare bdvestkedts.

^fbce @idihi bs rbsmbdn bts feictf systeks survbvic, bd tfe fapes ag aggerbdn evednreiter bdhustrbic àst perms ta ittri`t ecusbve pfirkièutbìc rk bdvestkedts, tfe

citter five `ceircy cegt @idihi oy tfe wiysbhe sbdè tfe dukoer ag ekpcayees bd tfe

pitedteh hrun bdhustry fis hrappeh grak ??,00? bd ?::0 (Zrbèîterfause@aaper,

?::5) ta 98,22: bd ?:9?. Xfe agger ag fbnfer prbès fis dat oraunft bd kare

bdvestkedts, is kedtbadeh oy tfe ZKZ_O. ê ìd adcy fape tfit, bd cbnft ag tfese

gi`ts, @idihi respadhs ta tfe bdhustrbic `ficcednes bd tfbs se`tar oy hevecapbdn i

ritbadic bdhustrbic pacb`y idh staps hribdbdn feictf ìre ouhnets. Xaa agted, we ire

udher tfe bkpressbad tfit tfe kibd appasbtbad ta udbversic pfirkiìre àkes grak

peapce wfa kibdtibd i hbsnubseh renbke ag suosbhbes ta tfe bdhustry. Bd tfe keidtbke,icc @idihbids àdtbdue ta piy gar aur pacb`y kimers aostbdi`y bd kibdtibdbdn

brritbadic idh bdeg`bedt pfirkièutbìc pacb`bes.

Bd Kiy ?:90, eàdakbst _aoert Evids (?:90) rekbdheh us tfit tfe expedses

ag sake bdhbvbhuics ire tfe revedues ag atfers idh tfit tfe kibd praocek wbtf i

udbversic hrun pcid bs dat tfit bt wauch oe taa expedsbve out ritfer tfit bt wauch

nederite exèssbve sivbdns. I`àrhbdncy, every sivbdn bs icsa i cass ag revedue gar

atfers< àrparite prats tfit fach i hedbte pacbtbìc bduedè. ê ìd tferegare

expe`t tfit èrtibd i`tars bd tfbs sèdirba wbcc exert tfebr pawer ta pre-iddbfbcite, idhprevedt, tfe `reitbad ag idy type ag puocb`, udbversic, ritbadic idh eg`bedt hrun pcid.

Xfe deeh gar i udbversic pfirkiìre pranrik bs ade ag tfe rire bssues `reitbdn

àdsedsus ikadn idicysts grak i`rass tfe pacbtbìc spe`truk. Gbdiccy, cet us

rebterite tfit >6% ag @idihbids suppart i udbversic pfirkiìre pranrik, idh

6?% suppart oucm pur`fisbdn ta rehuè tfe àsts ag hruns (EMAP, ?:90). Igter

presedtbdn i prinkitb` raihkip gar i ditbadic hrun pcid pacb`y, icadn wbtf tfe

bdstbtutbadic ìpi`btbes deèssiry ta aotibd idh bkpcekedt ritbadic idh ippraprbite

pfirkièutbìc pacb`bes, we ìd adcy fape tfit tfe pacbtbìc wbcc ag aur ceihers wbcc

diccy icbnd wbtf tfe puocb` wbcc.


69/108

5

Igterwarh

KbmeK

Òide

I_aihk

iptai

_itbadicZfirk

iire

Zacb`ybd@idihi

B five pitbedts siybdn, B lust ìdt iggarh tfbs, B ik nabdn ta five ta cbve wbtfky bccdess. Hruns gar fepitbtbs @ àst bd tfe $6:,::: ridne, oeyadh tfe

rei`f ag kast wfa kust piy gar tfebr awd kehb`bde. ê hesperitecy deeh i

ditbadic pfirkièutbìc striteny.

Hr. Legg Xurdoucc, @fbeg ag Ptigg, Attiwi Faspbtic

Kir`-Idhr Nindads _aihkip ta i _itbadic Zfirkiìre Zacb`y bd @idihiwbcc

put id edh ta tfe suggerbdn tfit feictf pravbhers cbme Hr. Xurdoucc see every hiy bd

tfebr pri`tbès oy edsurbdn equbtioce i`èss ta hruns gar icc @idihbids. @audterbdntfe àdvedtbadic wbshak, tfe _aihkip sfaws faw edsurbdn tfbs i`èss bs edtbrecy

wbtfbd rei`f, idh wauch bd gi`t àdtrac tfe àst ag hruns tfraunf oucm pur`fisbdn

idh kare ippraprbite use ag kehbìtbads.

Bt bs firh ta averestbkite tfe bkpartidè ag Zragessar Nindads warm. Fe bs

pravbhbdn sacutbads ta ade ag feictf ìres nreitest `ficcednes< faw ta edsure i`èss

gar icc @idihbids ta essedtbic kehb`bdes idh it tfe sike tbke prate`t @idihbids,


70/108


71/108

5

I_aihk

iptai_itb

ZfirkiireZacb`ybd@idgeheric pfirkièutbìc pacb`y xes tfe bdtrahu`tary prbè ag pres`rbptbad hruns

it ippraxbkitecy 0:% ioave tfe AE@H iverine. Bt bs perverse gar tfe geheric

naverdkedt ta edàurine tfe exèssbve nrawtf bd pres`rbptbad hrun àsts is wecc is

iousbve kirmetbdn oefivbar idh bccenic hrun ihvertbsbdn, idh ta tfed piss adta atfers

tfe àst idh tfe hikine.

Is Zragessar Nindad àdvbd`bdncy sfaws, puocb` hrun bdsuridè bs tfe sacutbad

ta tfe ùrredt grinkedteh systek tfit recbes taa ku`f ad expedsbve idh bdeg`bedt

prbvite hrun bdsuridè. Zrbvite kirmets idh àkker`bic àkpetbtbad five kihe

tfbdns warse, dat oetter, gar aur feictf ìre systek. Kirmets, is Zragessar Irdach

_eckid ag Firvirh Udbversbty rekbdhs us, ire dat hesbndeh ta egge`tbvecy hecbver

kehbìc ìre, wfb`f bs i sa`bic gud`tbad ta oe ihhresseh bd tfe puocb` se`tar.

Xfe _aihkipsfaws us faw we ìd stredntfed aur feictf ìre systek ta àver

everyade, sive kadey idh sive cbves. Bt ceihs ta wfit Xakky Hauncis ìcceh tfe

seàdh stine ag kehbìre, idh wfit Icex Fbkecgiro ìccs kehbìre ?.:. Xfey ire

regerrbdn ta i feictf ìre systek tfit gaùses ad prevedtbad, feictf prakatbad idh

àkprefedsbve, bdtenriteh servbès. I udbversic puocb` hrun pcid, tanetfer wbtf fake

idh àdtbdubdn ìre, ire tfe stritenb` bddavitbads we deeh ta edsure kehbìre bs

iggarhioce, equbtioce idh eg`bedt.

Kbme KÒide

Ditbadic @aarhbditar, @idihbid Feictf @aicbtbad


72/108


73/108

5

I_aihk

iptai_itb

ZfirkiireZacb`ybd@id@aud`bc ag tfe Geheritbad. (?:90). Zravbdès idh Xerrbtarbes Peem Pbndbìdt @ast Pivbdns gar @idihbids

ad Nederb` Hruns. Zress receise, Liduiry 96, ?:90. fttp:-gi`t-sfeet-ad-pid-ìdihbid-pfirkièutbìc-bdbtbitbves

@auture, Z. (?:90). Khbìkedts ndrbques< Ces oibsses he prbx dadt likibs eu cbeu. Ce Pacebc, Lude 92, ?:90.

Hiw, L., Karnid, P. (?:9?). Ptbt`fbdn tfe nips bd tfe @idihbid puocb` hrun àverine pit`fwarm1 I revbew

ag pravbd`bic pfirkiìre pacb`y `fidnes grak ?::: ta ?:9:. Feictf Zacb`y, 9:8(9)< 92-?7.

Hekers, W. et ic. (?::6). @akpirbsad ag pravbd`bic pres`rbptbad hrun pcids idh tfe bkpi`t ad pitbedtsidduic hrun expedhbtures. @KIL, 9>6(8).

Harkutf, @. et ic. (?:9?). Egge`t ag i @edtricbzeh Zres`rbptbad Detwarm ad Bdippraprbite Zres`rbptbads gar

Apbabh Idicnesb`s idh Oedzahbizepbdes. @KIL, 968(7).

EMAP. (?:90). @idihbid Wbews ad Zres`rbptbad Hrun @averine. Zress receise, Kiy ??, ?:90.

Evids, _. (?::6). _egark, _e-Gark, idh _ei`tbad bd tfe @idihbid Feictf @ire Pystek. Feictf Ciw

Laurdic, Ppe`bic Ehbtbad.

Evids, _. (?:90). @ad`cuhbdn _ekirms. Zresedtitbad it tfe sekbdir _etfbdmbdn Hrun @averine fech bdAttiwi, Kiy ?5, ?:90. fttp


74/108

52

Obocbanripfy

Attiwi Ppedhs ?:9?-?:90, 00 (Peptekoer ?:9?), 979-9>?.

Nindad, K.-I. (?:9?`). Cibhe puocbque cbdhustrbe pfirkièutbque quoàbse < ce leu ed viut-bc ci

`fidhecce1 Bdtervedtbads àdakbques/Zipers bd Zacbtbìc Eàdaky, 88 (Kiy ?:9?).

Nindad, K.-I. (?:9?h). Hrun Pfartines< Peir`fbdn gar i @ure. Feictfìre Zacb`y, >(8), 9:-9>.

Nindad, K.-I. (?:9?e). Zitedt prate`tbad sfauch àke it i prbè. ^bddbpen Gree Zress, Iunust ?6, ?:9?.

Nindad, K.-I. (?:90). @arruptbad ag Zfirkièutbìc Kirmets< Ihhressbdn tfe Kbsicbndkedt ag Gbdid`bic

Bdèdtbves idh Zuocb` Feictf. ârmbdn Ziper gar tfe Ehkadh L. Pigri @edter gar Etfb`s, Firvirh

Udbversbty. fttp, ?:90.

Ntzs`fe, Z. (?:90). Heihcy Kehb`bdes idh Arnidbzeh @rbke. Cadhad< _ih`cbgge Zuocbsfbdn.

Nraatedharst, Z., Faccbs, I. (?:99). Kidinbdn Zfirkièutbìc Expedhbtures< Id Avervbew idh Aptbads

gar @idihi. Attiwi< @FP_G. fttp6-960.

Firhbdn, H. (?:9:). Nibdbdn Kirmet Pfire bd tfe Nederb` Hrun Bdhustry tfraunf I`qubsbtbads idh

Zirtdersfbps. Xfaksad _euters. fttp, ?:9?. fttp/hrunQsfartinesQ

sbdnceQsuppcberQgarQnederb`Qbdle`tiocesQitQraatQagQ`rbsbsQbdQìdihi.ftkc

Merkahe-Pàtt, O. (?:90). @idihbid hrun sigety bdbtbitbve wbds ncaoic suppart bd ìkpibnd ta five

gudhbdn restareh. Orbtbsf Kehbìc Laurdic, 08>.

Madhra, ^. (?:9?). Gar tfe _eàrh< Bts dat aur praocek, gehs siy ag hrun sfartine. @KIL, 968(6), 892-8?:.


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78/108

70

Iddexes

Iddex 9

Zer ìpbti pravbd`bic virbitbads saurès gar pres`rbptbad hruns àkpireh ta iverine

expedses per ìpbti bd tfe rest ag @idihi (_A@), Iprbc ?:9?-Kir`f ?:90

O@ IO PM KO AD Y@ DO DP ZEB DC

Zfirki`y hbspedseh

pres`rboeh hruns

expedses (kbccbad $)

$?,078 $?,?00 $797 $>:> $6,50? $7,79: $79: $>98 $25 $89:

Zravbd`bic per ipbti

expedses ($)$599.8 $5>7.8 $5>:.6 $556.9 $709.6 $6?:.7 $6:>.0 $>5?.8 $759.8 $6::.:

Zer ìpbti bd tfe _A@

($)$7>6.8 $777.0 $752.: $77:.: $7>9.6 $7:>.: $75?.2 $750.7 $757.0 $758.9

_A@ expedses

virbitbads per pravbd`bicìpbti

-?8.7% -90.5% -90.8% -95.8% -7.:% 05.?% ?0.7% 95.9% -:.>% ??.0%

Wirbitbads oiseh ad

papucitbad ine0.7% -9:.>% -8.9% -8.0% -:.2% 8.0% 7.5% 7.6% 8.8% >.:%

Wirbitbads expedses

tatic per ìpbti

i`àrhbdn ta

stidhirhbzeh ine

-?>.?% -0.9% -2.>% -99.>% -5.9% ?2.7% 97.9% >.6% -8.2% 98.?%

Wacuke egge`t -?0.?% -5.2% -9?.:% -6.>% -:.9% ?0.5% 95.8% 99.5% -9.9% 90.:%

Zres`rbptbad vacuke -8:.8% -0:.7% -9?.:% -92.2% -?0.5% 6:.0% -99.5% -??.>% -92.0% -6.?%

Pbze ag pres`rbptbads 9>.?% ?8.>% :.:% 99.?% ?0.0% -57.6% ?>.:% 08.?% 96.?% ?9.?%

Xferipeutb` fabè

egge`t-8.>% :.>% -0.:% ->.0% 9.>% -9.7% -9.8% -?.8% -8.6% -5.2%

Xferipeutb` aptbad -0.7% 9.0% 9.5% -?.6% ?.:% -5.8% :.>% -:.5% -:.>% -?.5%

Kehb`bde aptbad -9.9% -:.7% -8.8% -8.5% -:.0% 0.2% -?.9% -9.2% -8.9% -0.8%

Zrbè egge`t :.>% ?.9% 5.0% 8.8% -7.>% >.7% ?.:% -9.0% 9.:% >.9%

Zrbès pibh :.6% 0.:% 5.5% 5.8% -5.2% 5.5% 0.0% -:.8% ?.9% 6.9%

Use ag nederb`s -:.9% -:.2% -:.?% -9.9% -:.>% ?.9% -9.0% -9.:% -9.9% -9.9%

Paurè< Karnid et ic., ?:90


79/108


80/108

75

Iddexes

O_BXBPF @ACUKOBI (sèdirba 9)

Estbkitbad ag tfe àsts idh oedets nederiteh oy i udbversic pfirkiìre pranrik,

meepbdn tfe sike bdhustrbic pacb`bes issa`biteh ta hrun àsts, oiseh ad ?:9?-?:90nures

9. ?:9? pres`rbptbad hruns expedhbtures $?,609 kbccbad

Iccaìtbad ag àsts/revedues bd pres`rboeh kehbìtbad

?. Bd`reise bd expedhbtures grak bd`reise bd use +9:% ag urredt expedhbture

0. _ehu`tbad bd expedhbtures grak he`reise bd hbspedsbdn gees -?% ag ùrredt expedhbture

8. _ehu`tbad bd expedhbtures grak hrun issesskedt -:% ag urredt expedhbture

5. Ecbkbditbad ag tfe kadtfcy hehu`tboce bd Yueoe` $: kbccbad

7. Xedherbdn praèss gar nederb` hruns -$75 kbccbad

Xatic sivbdns ad pres`rbptbad hruns ($957 kbccbad)

Xatic pres`rbptbad hrun expedhbtures wbtf i udbversic pfirkiìre pcid $?,26> kbccbad


>. Ecbkbditbad ag prbvite pcid extri ihkbdbstritbve asts -$906 kbccbad

6. Ecbkbditbad ag tix suosbhbes -$9?0 kbccbad

Xatic ihhbtbadic bkpi`ts -$?79 kbccbad

Xatic det sivbdns $9:5 kbccbad (8%)

Paurè< Iutfars nures= Nindad & Foert, ?:9:


81/108

7

I_aihk

iptai_itb

ZfirkiireZacb`ybd@idO_BXBPF @ACUKOBI (sèdirba ?)

@ast idh sivbdns estbkitbads grak bkpcekedtitbad ag i udbversic pfirkiìre

pranrik wbtf repeic ag bdhustrbic pacb`bes issa`biteh ta hrun àsts, oiseh ad ?:9?-?:90 nures

9. ?:9? pres`rbptbad hruns expedhbtures $?,609 kbccbad


Pivbdns wbtf akpetbtbve obhhbdn -$9,:92 kbccbad

?. Bd`reise bd expedhbtures grak bd`reise bd use +9:% ag expedses

0. _ehu`tbad bd expedhbtures grak he`reise bd hbspedsbdn gees -?% ag expedses


Xatic sivbdns ad pres`rbptbad hruns -$6>6 kbccbad

Xatic pres`rbptbad hruns expedses wbtf i udbversic pfirkiìre pcid $9,250 kbccbad


5. Ecbkbditbad ag extri ihkbdbstritbve asts oy prbvite pcids -$906 kbccbad


Xatic ag ihhbtbadic bkpi`ts -$?79 kbccbad

Xatic det sivbdns $9,902 kbccbad (8:%)



82/108

7>

Iddexes

ICOE_XI (sèdirba 9)

Estbkitbad ag tfe àsts idh oedets nederiteh oy i udbversic pfirkiìre

pranrik, meepbdn tfe sike bdhustrbic pacb`bes issa`biteh ta hrun àsts, oiseh ad?:9?-?:90 nures

9. ?:9? pres`rbptbad hruns expedhbtures $?,>55 kbccbad



0. _ehu`tbad bd expedhbtures grak he reise bd hbspedsbdn gees -?% ag ùrredt expedhbture

8. _ehu`tbad bd expedhbtures grak hrun issesskedt -8.6% ag urredt expedhbture


7.Xedherbdn praèss gar nederb` hruns -$78 kbccbad


Xatic pres`rbptbad hruns expedses wbtf i udbversic pfirkiìre pcid $?,>7: kbccbad


>. Ecbkbditbad ag extri ihkbdbstritbve asts oy prbvite pcids -$908 kbccbad


Xatic ag ihhbtbadic bkpi`ts -$?50 kbccbad

Xatic det sivbdns $?86 kbccbad (2%)



83/108


84/108

72

Iddexes

PIPMIX@FEÎD (sèdirba 9)



9. ?:9? pres`rbptbad hruns expedhbtures $69: kbccbad






7. Xedherbdn praèss gar nederb` hruns -$92 kbccbad

Xatic sivbdns ad pres`rbptbad hruns ($0? kbccbad)

Xatic pres`rbptbad hruns expedses wbtf i udbversic pfirkiìre pcid $68? kbccbad




Xatic ag ihhbtbadic bkpi`ts -$>8 kbccbad

Xatic det sivbdns $8? kbccbad (5%)



85/108

>

I_aihk

iptai_itb

ZfirkiireZacb`ybd@idPIPMIX@FEÎD (sèdirba ?)



9. ?:9? pres`rbptbad hruns expedhbtures $69: kbccbad


Pivbdns wbtf akpetbtbve obhhbdn -$?66 kbccbad




Xatic sivbdns ad pres`rbptbad hruns -$?8> kbccbad

Xatic pres`rbptbad hruns expedses wbtf i udbversic pfirkiìre pcid $570 kbccbad




Xatic ag ihhbtbadic bkpi`ts -$>8 kbccbad

Xatic det sivbdns $0?9 kbccbad (8:%)



86/108

>9

Iddexes

KIDBXAOI (sèdirba 9)



9. ?:9? pres`rbptbad hruns expedhbtures $296 kbccbad




8. _ehu`tbad bd expedhbtures grak hrun issesskedt (?.6 % ag urredt expedhbture)


7. Xedherbdn praèss gar nederb` hruns -$?9 kbccbad

Xatic sivbdns ad pres`rbptbad hruns ($>2 kbccbad)

Xatic pres`rbptbad hruns expedses wbtf i udbversic pfirkiìre pcid $22> kbccbad



6. Ecbkbditbad ag tix suosbhbes -$8: kbccbad

Xatic ag ihhbtbadic bkpi`ts -$65 kbccbad

Xatic det sivbdns $7 kbccbad (9%)



87/108


88/108


89/108

>

I_aihk

iptai_itb

ZfirkiireZacb`ybd@idADXI_BA (s`edirba ?)



9. ?:9? pres`rbptbad hruns expedhbtures $9:,78: kbccbad


Pivbdns wbtf akpetbtbve obhhbdn -$0,6:2 kbccbad




Xatic sivbdns ad pres`rbptbad hruns -$0,?>7 kbccbad

Xatic pres`rbptbad hruns expedses wbtf i udbversic pfirki`ire pcid $>,078 kbccbad



7. Ecbkbditbad ag tix suosbhbes -$87? kbccbad

Xatic ag ihhbtbadic bkpi`ts -$26: kbccbad

Xatic det sivbdns $8,?57 kbccbad (8:%)



90/108

>5

Iddexes

YUOE@ (sèdirba 9)



9. ?:9? pres`rbptbad hruns expedhbtures $>,852 kbccbad



0. _ehu`tbad bd expedhbtures grak he reise bd hbspedsbdn gees -?% ag urredt expedhbture


5. Ecbkbditbad ag tfe kadtfcy hehu`tboce bd Yueoe` -$078 kbccbad

7. Xedherbdn praèss gar nederb` hruns -$9>0 kbccbad

Xatic sivbdns ad pres`rbptbad hruns -$989 kbccbad

Xatic pres`rbptbad hruns expedses wbtf i udbversic pfirkiìre pcid $>,096 kbccbad




Xatic ag ihhbtbadic bkpi`ts -$76> kbccbad

Xatic det sivbdns $6?6 kbccbad (99%)



91/108


92/108


93/108


94/108

>2

Iddexes

DAWI P@AXBI(s`edirba 9)






0. _ehu`tbad bd expedhbtures grak he reise bd hbspedsbdn gees -?% ag urredt expedhbture

8. _ehu`tbad bd expedhbtures grak hrun issesskedt -?% ag urredt expedhbture


7. Xedherbdn pra`ess gar nederb` hruns -$?? kbccbad

Xatic sivbdns ad pres`rbptbad hruns ($0? kbccbad)



>. Ecbkbditbad ag extri ihkbdbstritbve asts oy prbvite pcids -$8> kbccbad



Xatic det sivbdns $5> kbccbad (7%)



95/108

6

I_aihk

iptai_itb

ZfirkiireZacb`ybd@idDAWI P@AXBI(s`edirba ?)





Pivbdns wbtf akpetbtbve obhhbdn -$08> kbccbad




Xatic sivbdns ad pres`rbptbad hruns -$?22 kbccbad



5. Ecbkbditbad ag extri ihkbdbstritbve asts oy prbvite pcids -$8> kbccbad



Xatic det sivbdns $066 kbccbad (8:%)



96/108


97/108


98/108

60

Iddexes

DE^GAUDHCIDH IDH CIO_IHA_(sèdirba 9)







8. _ehu`tbad bd expedhbtures grak hrun issesskedt (9.5% ag urredt expedhbture)


7. Xedherbdn praèss gar nederb` hruns -$9? kbccbad


Xatic pres`rbptbad hruns expedses wbtf i udbversic pfirkiìre pcid $50: kbccbad


>. Ecbkbditbad ag extri ihkbdbstritbve asts oy prbvite pcids -$?8 kbccbad

6. Ecbkbditbad ag tix suosbhbes -$?? kbccbad


Xatic det sivbdns $99 kbccbad (?%)



99/108

6

I_aihk

iptai_itb

ZfirkiireZacb`ybd@idDE^GAUDHCIDH IDH CIO_IHA_(s`edirba ?)





Pivbdns wbtf akpetbtbve obhhbdn -$9>2 kbccbad


0. He`reise ag expedses grak hbspedsbdn gees rehu`tbads -?% ag expedses


Xatic sivbdns ad pres`rbptbad hruns -$958 kbccbad



5. Ecbkbditbad ag extri ihkbdbstritbve asts oy prbvite pcids -$?8 kbccbad

7. Ecbkbditbad ag tix suosbhbes -$?? kbccbad


Xatic det sivbdns $?:: kbccbad (8:%)


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