business plan for a cafe in bagatelle mall of mauritius by alladin yaseen

8/16/2019 Business Plan for a Cafe in Bagatelle Mall of Mauritius by Alladin Yaseen

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L`sngtt` ncij

Lcfctjkkj Hckk gi Hcur`tùs

^bgppàf Hckk Hgec

Ijl :, <=39

Ngatcnt us v`c?

Tjkjpbgaj? 90242==/90242=>/90242=4

Hc`k? L`sngtt`NcijMàtajt.hu

Nustghjr ûppgrt? bttps?//www.L`sngtt`Ncij.ngh/

? bttps?//www.L`sngtt`Ncij.ngh/ngatcnt.bthk

Icnjlgge? L`sngtt` Ncij

Tb`s lusàjss pkca djtc`ks c tw`nj-lcejd @tck`ca-stykj ngge`js, cad fgurhjt ngiijj tg

ncp`tck`zj ga sjvjrck a`nbj hcrejt. Tbj pkca ngatjat ga `s c twg lcsjd icnjt gi

nk`jatjkj. Nctjfgry C? Tbj fgurhjt ngiijj w`kk lj acturckky cnnghpca`jd ly ngge`js

gi 4 dìijrjat ikcvgr. Nctjfgry L? C shgejr wbg w`kk jaogy c prjhùh n`fcr w`kk cksg

fjt tg luy c iàj ngiijj tbus d`vjrsìyàf tbj prgdunt h`x w`tb c trjady tw`st. L`sngtt`

Ncij cat`n`pctjd sunnjss w`kk lj duj tg `ts supjrl kgnct`ga, bcadhcdj ngge`js cad

ngiijj, cad wgrd tg hgutb quck`ty sjrv`nj. L`sngtt` ncià w kk giijr `ts nustghjrs tbj

ljst tcstàf ngiijj ljvjrcfjs à tbj crjc. Tb`s w`kk lj cnb`jvjd ly usàf b`fb-quck`ty

àfrjd`jats cad str`ntky igkkgwàf prjpcrct`ga fu`djkàjs. Tbj stgrj kcygut, hjau

k`stàfs cad hcrejtàf cnt`v`t`js w`kk lj ignusjd ga hcx`h`zàf tbj sckjs gi b`fbjr

hcrfà jsprjssg dràes. Ckgaf w`tb tbj jsprjssg dràes, lrjwjd ngiijj, cs wjkk cs

sghj rjirjsbhjat ljvjrcfjs, w`kk lj sgkd à tbj ngiijj lcr. L`sngtt` ncià w`kk cksg

giijr `ts nk`jats pcstr`js cad ngge`js. Igr tbj fgurhjt nk`jatjkj tbct prjijrs tg prjpcrj

`ts ngiijj ct bghj, Ocvc Nukturj w`kk cksg lj sjkkàf ngiijj ljcas.



D`snkc`hjr cad Ngpyr`fbt

Ckk r`fbts rjsjrvjd. Ag pcrt gi tb`s pulk`nct`ga hcy lj rjprgdunjd, d`str`lutjd, gr

trcash`ttjd à cay igrh gr ly cay hjcas, ànkudàf pbgtgngpyàf, rjngrdàf, gr gtbjr

jkjntrga`n gr hjnbca`nck hjtbgds, w`tbgut tbj pr`gr wr`ttja pjrh`ss`ga gi tbj cutbgr. Igr

pjrh`ss`ga rjqujsts, wr`tj tg tbj cutbgr, cddrjssjd ‛Cttjat`ga? ]jrh`ss`gas Nggrdàctgr,‘

ct tbj hc`k cddrjss ljkgw?

ckkcdàyccsjjaMfhc`k.ngh



3

Ngatjats

L`sngtt` ncij ...................................................................................................................<

Lcnefrguad gi lusàjss pkca......................................................................................<

H`ss`ga cad v`s`ga cad glojnt`vj...................................................................................>

^gurnj gi nghpjt`t`vj cdvcatcfj ...................................................................................>

Y`suck Ngatcnt irgh tbj bgppj's `fa ......................................................................4

Nghpcay gwajrsb`p /Jatrjprjajur`ck prgi`kj................................................................:

Hcacfjhjat Tjch Fcps.........................................................................................6

]jrsgaajk ]kca................................................................................................................6

Nghpjt`tgr Cackys`s.......................................................................................................2

Nghpjt`tgr cackys`s tclkj.............................................................................................3=

^ckjs ^trctjfy...............................................................................................................33

@atjrack cackys`s gi tbj lusàjss ..................................................................................33TGV^ CACKP^@^ ......................................................................................................3<

]grtjrs : igrnj ..............................................................................................................34

@adustry cackys`s ..........................................................................................................39

Hcrejt Cackys`s ûhhcry .......................................................................................39

Hcrejt jfhjatct`ga ...............................................................................................36

Tcrfjt Hcrejt ^jfhjat trctjfy ..............................................................................32

Hcrejt Ajjds ...........................................................................................................32

Luyàf ]cttjras ........................................................................................................30

Djtjrhàcats gi djhcad ..........................................................................................30

Tbj hcrejtàf h`x.......................................................................................................<=

^trctjfy ........................................................................................................................<3

Gpjrct`ga pkca..............................................................................................................<<

\`se cackys`s ................................................................................................................<>

Iàcan`ck pkca...............................................................................................................<:

^tcrt-up ûhhcry .................................................................................................<:

^CKJ^ IG\JNC^T....................................................................................................<9

Ncsb ikgw (Pjcrky) .......................................................................................................<6

]rgi`t cad Kgss (Pjcrky) ...............................................................................................<2

Lckcanj sbjjt (Pjcrky) .................................................................................................<0Lrjce jvja cackys`s igr 3st yjcr ...................................................................................>=

JRJNZT@YJ ZHHC\P..........................................................................................>3

Cppjad`x 3 ...............................................................................................................><

Cppjad`x < ...............................................................................................................><

Cppjad`x > ...............................................................................................................>>



>

H`ss`ga cad v`s`ga cad glojnt`vj

Nustghjrs w`kk iàd tbj ncij ngavja`jatky kgnctjd à tbj njatjr Hcur`tùs w`tbà tbj

iggd ngurt. @t w`kk lj ca jxnjkkjat pkcnj igr tgur`st, studjats, sbgppjrs cad lusàjss

pjgpkj kgnctjd ajcrly tg nghj igr c djk`n`gus ngiijj cad c fggd quck`ty ngge`j wb`kst

tbj shgejr nca jaogy tb`s cthgspbjrj à tbj n`fcr kguafj.

Glojnt`vj? Tg djk`vjr c quck`ty ngiijj à c ngas`stjat, ngurtjgus cad t`hjky hcaajr à

grdjr tg bcvj tbj nustghjr rjtura cfcà igr cagtbjr sct`siyàf, ikcvgrsghj trjct, wb`kj

ct tbj schj t`hj jcraàf c rjcsgaclkj rjtura ga tbj à`t`ck àvjsthjat.

Tbj lusàjss hgdjk

L`sngtt` Ncij w`kk giijr nk`jats b`fb-jad quck`ty ngge`js cad ngiijj ct c rjcsgaclkj pr`nj.

Vj w`kk bcvj 4= sjcts, pkus twg pct`gs à tbj suhhjrt`hj w`tb up tg := hgrj sjcts.

Vbja nustghjrs jatjr prjh`sjs, à tbj igyjr, tbjrj w`kk lj c nghigrtclkj ngunb cad

ngiijj tclkj wbjrj pjgpkj nca wc`t igr c tclkj gr igr tbj`r ir`jads wb`kj shgeàf c n`fcr.

Ga tbj hcà kjvjk tbjrj `s rggh igr tja sjcts ct tbrjj gr igur tclkjs. Zpstc`rs tbjrj w`kk

lj ca "K" sbcpjd dràeàf crjc, w`tb twg sjnt`gas. Tbj K kguafj- gaj igr jcnb gi tbj

igur stcfjs gi ngiijj hceàf? frgwàf, rgcstàf, lrjwàf, cad crghc- jcnb w`tb `ts gwa

ngkgr nghlàct`gas, k`fbtàf snbjhj, cad nghpgajat hctjr`cks. Gaj sjnt`ga bcs i`vj

tclkjs igr tbj aga-shgejrs, wb`kj tbj n`fcr kguafj w`kk bcvj twg tg tbrjj tclkjs, igr c

tgtck gi 4= sjcts.

Tbj sbgp `s lrgeja up àtg shckkjr crjcs tbct ckkgw tbj nustghjr hgrj àt`hctj dààfcad nbcttàf w`tb ir`jads. @atjract`gack hus n cad nukturj w`kk lj àngrpgrctjd àtg tbj

gutkjt tbrgufb pcàtàfs cad Vjst @ad`ca rjffcj hus n.

^gurnj gi nghpjt`t`vj cdvcatcfj

• Kgnct`ga? L`sngtt` Ncij `s r`fbt ajxt tg tbj bjcrt gi gaj gi tbj kcrfjst wgreàf

pgpukct`gas à Hcur`tùs `.j. Jljaj. @t `s cksg aj`fblgràf tbj wjcktby n`ty gi

\gsj-b`kk cad Ljcu-Lcssà cad Lcfctjkkj `s tbj kjcdàf sbgppàf hckk igr lgtb



4

tgur`st cad tbj kgncks. @t `s cksg c 3= hàutj ogurajy igr Za`vjrs`ty gi Hcur`tùs

^tudjat (3< ===+ studjats).

• @hcfj? Cs stctjd jcrk`jr, L`sngtt` Ncij w`kk lj c ncij tbct nctjrs tg spjnì`n

tcstjs. Bgwjvjr, à grdjr tg cttrcnt sunb tcstjs L`sngtt` Ncij hust giijr ca

jav`rgahjat ngadun`vj tg tbj sjkkàf gi sunb `tjhs. L`sngtt` Ncij w`kk bcvj tbj

cjstbjt`n cthgspbjrj tbct ngas`djr spjnì`n tcstjs gi c hukt`-rcn`ck nk`jatjkj.

Ckk ngge`js cad ngiijj w kk lj igkkgw bckck stcadcrds tg sct`siy tbj Husk`h

ljk`jis

• ^jrv`nj? Ganj wj bcvj cttrcntjd nustghjrs tg gur ncij w`tb gur `hcfj, wj

w`kk ejjp tbjh nghàf lcne w`tb gur eagwkjdfjclkj cad cnnghhgdctàf

sjrv`nj. Nustghjr ijjdlcne ga ngiijj cad ngge`j w`kk lj jatjrtcàjd cs wj

w`kk jstclk`sbjd tbj tcfkàj ‒ ^jrv`nj djkcyjd `s sct`sicnt`ga dja`jd‐

• ^jkjnt`ga? Cktbgufb wj w`kk nctjr tg tbgsj wbg jaogy iàjr tbàfs dgjs agt

hjca wj w`kk ànkudj gaky tbj wjcktby. V`tb c sgk`d sjkjnt`ga, L`sngtt` Ncij

w`kk lj clkj tg pkjcsj c w`dj vcr`jty kgw ànghj pjgpkj, b`fb nkcss prgi`kj cad

igrj`fajrs.

Y`suck Ngatcnt irgh tbj bgppj's `fa

^`facfj `s pkcaajd igr tbj bgppj à twg kgnct`gas. Kcrfj, ngkguriuk ajga s`fas w`kk lj

kgnctjd gvjr tbj gutkjt, hceàf tbjh v`s`lkj irgh lgtb tbj iggd ngurt cad irgh tbj

h`ddkj jatrcanj gi tbj hckk. ^ànj tbj ^bgppj w`kk lj à c ngrajr kgnct`ga, tbj ^bgppj

w`kk lj v`s`lkj irgh sjvjrck d`rjnt`gas a tbj "sjh`-n`rnkj" sbcpjd hckk. Tbj kgnct`ga igr

tbj ^bgppj bcs tbj frjctjst chguat gi iggt trcii`n à irgat gi `t tbca cay gtbjr iggd

sjrv`nj à Lcfctjkkj.

^nbjdukj gi ncp`tck `tjhs cad gtbjr ngasuhclkj ajjdjd igr L`sngtt` Ncij tg lj

gpjrct`gack

^tcrtup jxpjasjs igr L`sngtt` Ncij w`kk ànkudj kjcsàf tbj spcnj, cnqu`ràf prj-gwajd

iura`turj, prj-gwajd i`xturjs, cad prj-gwajd e`tnbja jqu`phjat cad hukt`-usj

hcnbàjry tg hcej tbj bcad lcejd ngge`js. Tjacat `hprgvjhjats w`kk lj ajjdjd, cs



:

wjkk cs s`facfj cad pgàt gi sckj nghputjr jqu`phjat tg prgnjss tbj l`kk. @a cdd`t ga

tg tbjsj i xjd ncp tck `tjhs, tbjrj w`kk lj c ajjd igr ngasuhclkjs sunb cs prjhùh

ngiijj ljca, prgnjssjd n`fcr tglcnng kjci cad ngiijj hcejrs hcnbàj. Tbja tbjrj

crj cksg sjrv`njs tg pcy igr ànkudàf k`njasjs, cad pjrh`ts

Iura`turj

Tbjrj `s c ajjd igr àdggr cad gutdggr tclkjs cad nbc`rs, cad sghj

sgrt gi sbcdj à tbj igrh gi uhlrjkkcs gr cwaàfs igr tbj gutdggr

sjctàf crjc.

I`xturjs Lcs`n i`xturjs ajjdjd `s pkuhlàf cad k`fbtàf. L`sngtt` Ncià

rjqu`rjs d`h k`fbt à tbj jvjaàf à tbj ‒K‐ sbcpj crjc igr nrjctàf c

rjkcxjd cthgspbjrj. Vctjr prgv`s`ga <4/6 `s hcadctgry.Tjacat

@hprgvjhjats

C`r ngad`t`gajr systjh cad cksg prgv`s`ga igr hus`n systjh cad

spjcejrs `s tg lj i`ttjd cad c stcfj igr ecrcgej `s tg lj ckkgnctjd à

spjn`ck gnncs`ga sunb cs ‒Yckjatàj dcy‐. Hgst `hpgrtcatky ca

jiijnt`vj vjat`kct`ga systjh `s tg lj i`xjd à tbj shgeàf crjc.

^`fas ^`facfj w`kk lj ajjdjd igr tbj stgrjirgat cad cnrgss tbj lcfctjkkj

sbgppàf hckk igr d`rjnt`gack s`fas.

Nghputjr

Jqu`phjat

]gàt gi sckj ncsb rjf`stjr, sjnur`ty nchjrc à tbj ncià cs wjkk cs tbj

e`tnbja, àtjrajt cnnjss, cutghct`n sbuttjrs cad wjknghj d`spkcy ct

a`fbt `s rjqu`rjd.

Kjcsjd pcnj 3:==- <=== squcrj ijjt s rjqu`rjd w`tb c hgatbky rjat tg lj dukky

pc`d gr c gaj yjcr ngatrcnt igr àstcat pcyhjat wb`nb w`kk lj kjssjr

tbca tbj hgatbky pcyhjat nghlàjd.

Ncià ûppk`js Grcafj Cprgas, pcats, kgfg ocnejts cad prjp tgwjks w`kk lj rjqu`rjd

igr e`tnbja wgrejr. Vb`tj ctt`rj igr sjrvjr cad lkcne ngurtjsy igr tbj

ncsb`jr.

Nghpcay gwajrsb`p /Jatrjprjajur`ck prgi`kj

Hrs Kuny Bjcrti`k`c (cuat)

Suckì`nct`ga? Irjanb Nukàcry @ast`tutj à Ajw Pgre N`ty

]rcnt`nck jxpjrt`sj? 3= yjcrs à tbj hceàf gi vàtcfj cad fgurhjt ngiijj

Cfj? >: yjcrs gkd

Hr Jk-Actsu Bjcrti`k`c (Zankj)

Suckì`nct`ga? Irjanb Nukàcry @ast`tutj à Ajw Pgre N`ty

]rcnt`nck jxpjrt`sj? 3< yjcrs spjn`ck`zjd à ngge`j hceàf cad bcd d`rjnt



9

‒cpprjat`scfj‐ (> yjcrs) uadjr Nbji Fgrdga \chscy

Cfj? >2 yjcrs gkd

Hr. Pcsjja Ckkcdà

Suckì`nct`ga? @atjract`gack Lusàjss hcacfjhjat cad Hcstjrs ct Bcrvcrd Za`vjrs`ty

]rcnt`nck Jxpjrt`sj? > yjcrs‐ jxpjr`janj à atjract`gack ngasuktcany cad rjstcurct`ga

Hcacfjhjat tjch

C iukk-t`hj hcacfjr gi tbrjj yjcrs gi hcacfjr`ck jxpjr`janj à ]cstry cad rjstcurct`ga

w`kk lj b`rjd tg gvjrsjj tbj dc`ky gpjrct`gas ct L`sngtt` Ncij. Tb`s pjrsga's

rjspgas`l`k`t`js w`kk ànkudj hcacfàf tbj stcii, grdjràf àvjatgry, djckàf w`tb

suppk`jrs, djvjkgpàf c hcrejtàf strctjfy cad pjrigrh gtbjr dc`ky hcacfjr`ck dut`js.

C prgi`t-sbcràf crrcafjhjat igr tbj hcacfjr hcy lj ngas`djrjd lcsjd ga tbj i`rst yjcr

gpjrct`gack rjsukts.

Twg iukk-t`hj lcr`stcs w`kk lj à nbcrfj gi ngiijj prjpcrct`ga. Tbrjj hgrj pcrt-t`hj

wc`tjr w`kk lj b`rjd tg iuki`k tbj stciiàf ajjds n`fcr. @a tbj sjngad cad tb`rd yjcr gi

gpjrct`ga gaj hgrj pcrt-t`hj jhpkgyjj w`kk lj b`rjd tg bcadkj tbj ànrjcsjd sckjs

vgkuhj. Jvjry lcr`stc b`rjd igr c rjtc`k ogl L`sngtt` ncià w`kk rjnj`vj ct kjcst <4 bgurs

trcààf à tbj i`rst twg tg igur wjjes. Tbj trcààf w`kk ànkudj nkcssjs ga ngiijj

b`stgry, dràe prjpcrct`ga cad nustghjr sjrv`nj

Tbj pràn`pcks crj djvjkgpàf c prgfrch gi gr`jatct`ga cad trcààf wb`nb ckk L`sngtt`

Ncià‐s lcr`stc hust nghpkjtj pr`gr tg stcrtàf wgre. C wr`ttja pgk`n`js cad prgnjdurjs

hcauck w`kk lj tbj iguadct`ga igr tbct tbct trcààf. Ckk L`sngtt` Ncià‐s jhpkgyjjs w`kk

lj trcàjd tg pjrigrh ckk nustghjr sjrv`nj, quck`ty ngatrgk, cad nkjcakàjss cad

sca`tct`ga prgnjdurjs. Cksg c ncsb`jr w`kk lj jhpkgyjd tg bcadkj l`kks pc`d. @a tbj

iuturj c wc`tjr hcy lj ngas`djrjd tg bjkp sjrvàf tbj ngge`js cad gtbjr sacnes.



6

Hcacfjhjat Tjch Fcps

Djsp`tj tbj gwajrs' cad hcacfjr's jxpjr`janj a Irjanb Nukàcry @ast`tutj a Ajw Pgre

N`ty, tbj nghpcay w`kk rjtcà tbj ngasuktàf sjrv`njs irgh Hr Ckkcdà (A`jnj) tbj

ngasuktcat cad pcrtajr wbg bcvj bjkpjd tg djvjkgp tbj lusàjss `djc igr L`sngtt` ncij.

Hr Ckkcdà bcs gvjr > yjcrs gi jxpjr`janj a tbj rjtc`k rjstcurct`ga cad bcs sunnjssiukky

gpjajd hgrj tbca : ngiijj lcrs cnrgss tbj wgrkd.

]jrsgaajk ]kca

Pjcr 3 Pjcr < Pjcr > Pjcr 4 Pjcr :

Hcacfjr#3 <==,=== <3=,=== <<:,=== <:=,=== <::,===

Lcr`stc #3 3>=,=== 34=,=== 34:,=== 3:=,=== 3::,===

Lcr`stc #< 3>=,=== 34=,=== 34:,=== 3:=,=== 3::,===

]crt t`hjr

Lcr`stc #3 3=4,=== 3=0,=== 33>,=== 332,=== 3<<,===

Lcr`stc #< 3=4,=== 3=0,=== 33>,=== 332,=== 3<<,===

Lcr`stc #> 3=4,=== 3=0,=== 33>,=== 332,=== 3<<,===

Ncsb`jr IT 3<=,=== 3<:,=== 3>=,=== 3>:,=== 34=,===

Vc`tjr #3 = = 3=4,=== 3=0,=== 33>,===

Tgtck

]jgpkj6 6 2

2 2

Tgtck ]cy 20<,=== 04<,=== 3,=22,=== 3,342,=== 3,324,===



0

Nghpjt`tgr Cackys`s

Tbjrj `s ag nurrjat jstclk`sbhjat kèj L`sngtt` Ncià ct Lcfctjkkj cs wj w`kk lj giijràf

quck ty ngiijj cad prjhùh ngge`js. Ckk tjhs w`kk lj prgpjrky ncrjd igr cad d`spkcyjd,

à ca jav`rgahjat ngadun`vj igr purnbcsàf sc`d `tjhs.

D`rjnt nghpjt`tgrs crj?

Huff & Ljca

H&L giijrs iggd kèj huiiàs, ngiijj, tcrtkjts cad hcay gtbjr `rrjs`st`lkj tbàfs. Tbj`r

lrcad achj cad quck`ty sjct w`kk cttrcnt hgst tgur`st cad b`fb ànghj kgncks. Tbj`rtcrtkjts `s tbj sulst`tutj tg gur ngiijj lut tbj`r ngiijj `s gvjrpr`njd..

K‐Crcl`nc

Tb`s `s tbj pkcnj igr frjct pcstr`js, scadw`nbjs, h`kesbcejs cad c vcr`jd rcafj gi

ngiijjs. @t giijrs fggd ngiijj ct clgut tbj schj pr`nj tbct wj w`kk bcvj. Tbjy bcvj c

shckk ngiijj k`st lut gi quck`ty tcstj. Cksg tbjrj crj àdggr cad gutdggr pkcnj tg s`t

w`tb tbj wbgkj v`jw gi tbj iggd ngurt.

Hgecz

HGEC‐_ ljst eagwa igr `ts snruhpt`gus Irjanb lcfujttjs cad irjsbky lrjwjd ngiijj.

C vcr`jty gi kgnck d`sbjs, prjpcrjd tg bghj-hcdj stcadcrds. Tbjy wgukd bcvj ljja

gur strgafjst nghpjt`tgrs lut tbjy crj kgnctj guts`dj tbj hckk ajcr tbj bgtjk. Tbj`r

pgs`t`gaàf `s gur strjaftb.

Ajsprjssg

Tb`s ngiijj sbgp prgv`djs c w`dj rcafj gi dìijrjat typjs gi ngiijj. Tbj`r ngiijj ljca

pr`njs crj nghpcrclkj tg us, bgwjvjr tbj`r ngiijjbgusj w`kk cttrcnt c dìijrjat nrgwd

tbca L`sngtt` Ncià cs gur ngiijj `s hgrj bcad-hcdj tbca hcnbàj.

Y`dc j Nciià

Y`dc j Nciià `s ]grtufujsj igr 'kìj cad ngiijj' cad tbct's oust wbct tbjy crj clgut?

hceàf kìj ljttjr, gaj cutbjat`n jsprjssg-lcsjd ncià ct c t`hj. Tbjy bcvj c ncpclkj



3=

icn`k`ty.

@ad`rjnt nghpjt`tgrs

Ljkf`ca Vciikjs-

Tb`s `s tbj stgrj igr tbj ljst à djk`n`gus wciikjs. Bgwjvjr `t dgjs agt prgv`dj

ljvjrcfjs gi cay sgrt cad tb`s kcnuaj w`kk f`vjs us tbj jdfj gvjr tbjh.

Iuturj nghpjt`tgr

Ikyàf Dgdg Lrjwàf Nghpcay sulst`tutj

Iky af Dgdg Lrjwàf Nghpcay `s c nrcit lrjwjry wb`nb prgv`dj c lrjwjry,

rjstcurcat, ljjr spc, ngaijrjanj / hukt`-purpgsj rggh, hjjtàf rgghs cad pr`vctj

dààf icn`k`t`js, ljjr fcrdja cad sguvja`r sbgp. Tbjy bcvj rjcsgaclkj pr`njs cad

sjrvj rjcsgaclkj iggd. @i tbjy àtrgdunj ngiijj cad ngge`j à tbj`r hjau tb`s w`kk bcvj

c ajfct`vj `hpcnt à gur lusàjss.

Nghpjt`tgr cackys`s tclkj

]rgdunt Iàcan`ck

pgs`t`ga

Suck`ty ]r`nj Nustghjr

sjrv`nj

Pjcrs gi

jx`stjanj

Lusàjss

rjputct`ga

L`sngtt` ncij Ngge`j

Ngiijj

^tclkj Yckuj

pgs`t`ga

\jck

Lcrfcà

Jii`n`jat

sjrv`nj

A`k A`k

Huff &

Ljca

Huiiàs

ngiijj

Tcrtkjts

Fggd

K`qu`d`ty

Fggd ]rjh`jrj

giijràf

Nustgh`zjd

sjrv`nj

4 ]rjst`f`gus

K‐Crcl`nc

]cstr`js

^cadw`nbjs

H`kesbcej

^trgaf Ljst Lrcad luy Fggd > Ichgus

Hgecz LcfujttjsNgiijj

Kgnck d`sb

Lrjce Jvja

Hjd`gnrj Cvjrcfj ]ggr > A`nbj lcsjd

AjsprjssgLrjwjd

ngiijj

^trgaf B`fb \gkks

\gynj

]rjhùh 4 Ichgus

Y`dc j Nciià Jsprjssg-

lcsjd ncià

^truffkàf Hjdùh Icd luy Fggd < Ichgus

Ljkf`ca

Vciikjs-

Vciikjs ]ggr ^tcadcrd \`p gii ^tcadcrd 3 ^tcadcrd



33

Fjkct`ss`hg

Kj ]ckc`s djs

Hcncrgas

@nj nrjch

Hcncrggas

]ggr Nbjcp D`snguat

rjkct`ga-

sb`p

Yjry fggd > A`nbj lcsjd

Ikyàf DgdgLrjwàf

Nghpcay

LjjrIggd

^guvja`r

Fggdk`qu`d`ty Gut-stcadàfJqu`tclkj

luy]rgsjrv`nj > Yjry wjkkeagwa

K‐Crcl`nc cad Ajsprjssg w`kk djià`tjky lj gaj gi tbj hcogr nghpjt`tgrs ljncusj gi

tbj`r strgaf iàcan`ck pgs`t`ga cad jstclk`sbjd hcrejtàf cad gpjrct`gack prcnt`njs.

Bgwjvjr, djsp`tj gi tbj`r jatrjanbjd hcrejt pgs`t`ga, hcay nustghjrs icvgr shckkjr,

àdjpjadjat jstclk`sbhjats tbct giijr ngzy cthgspbjrj cad fggd ngiijj ct ciigrdclkj

pr`njs. L`sngtt` ncij w`kk pgs`t`ga `tsjki cs c ua`quj ngiijj lcr tbct agt gaky giijrs tbj

ljst tcstàf ngiijj cad ngge`js lut cksg prgv`djs bghj-kèj, ngzy cad nghigrtclkj

jav`rgahjat.

^ckjs ^trctjfy

L`sngtt` Ncià ncsb`jr w`kk bcadkj tbj sckjs trcascnt`gas. Tg spjjd up tbj nustghjr

sjrv`nj, ct kjcst twg lcr`stc w`kk lj sjrv`nàf nk`jats--wb`kj gaj jhpkgyjj w`kk lj

prjpcràf tbj nustghjr's grdjr, tbj gtbjr gaj w`kk lj tceàf ncrj gi tbj sckjs trcascnt`ga

tg tbj ncsb`jr. Ckk sckjs dctc kgffjd ga tbj nghputjr`zjd pgàt-gi-sckj tjrhàck w`kk lj

kctjr cackysjd igr hcrejtàf purpgsjs.

@a grdjr tg lu`kd up `ts nk`jat lcsj, L`sngtt` Ncià w`kk usj lcaajrs cad ik`jrs, ut`k`zj

nustghjr rjijrrcks cad nrgss-prghgt`gas w`tb gtbjr lusàjssjs a tbj nghhua`ty. Hgrj

gvjr ts Icnjlgge pcfj w`kk lj prghgtjd ly f`vàf 3 hgatb irjj cnnjss tg L`sngtt` Ncià

igr wàajrs. Tja wàajrs w`kk lj sjkjntjd ct rcadgh lut tbjy hust bcvj kèjd cad

sbcrjd L`sngtt` Ncià. Cksg gppgrtua`ty k ej pbgtg sbggt igr f`rks tg lj lrcad

chlcsscdgr igr L`sngtt` Ncià w`kk lj ncrr`jd gut wjjeky tg igstjr tbj gakàj hcrejtàf.

Tbgsj wbg wr`tj tbj ljst rjv`jw ga L`sngtt` Ncià w`kk lj pc`d cad àtjrjstàf pr`zj kèj

A`xga nchjrc cad ]^4 w`kk lj cwcrdjd.



3>

TGV^ CACKP^@^

^trjaftbs

-]gs`t`vj ngasuhjrjxpjr`janj

-Ngas`stjat, av`tàf,

st`hukctàf jav`rgahjat

-Nghpjasctj d`ssct`si`jd

nustghjrs w`tb c L`sngtt` ncij

ngupga

-@djck kgnct`ga w`tb b`fb

trcii`n gi nustghjrs

Vjceajssjs

-Nghpjt`tgrs bcvj pgrtigk`gà gtbjr prgdunt

-Nustghjrs sbìtàf tg kgwjr

pr`njd ngiijj

-Djnkàjs à fjajrck

ngasuhjr djhcad igr

spjn`ckty ngiijj prgdunts

-@anrjcsjd Ngsts à b`fb

quck`ty h`ke cad ngiijj ljca

G p

p g r t u a ` t ` j s

- C f f r j s s ` v j p r g h g t `

g a s t g c d ` i i j r j a t c u d ` j a n j

- ] j g p k j c r j k g g e ` a f i g r i r j j V ` - I ` n g a a j n t ` g a

- Z s j p c n e c f ` a f l ` g - d j f r c d c l k j c a d s u s t c ` a c l k j

p c n e c f ` a f

- L ` s n g t t ` n c i à n c a f g

i g r h c r e j t j x t j a s ` g a

- @ a n r j c s j p r g d u n t g i i j r ` a f k ` e j N ` f c r s c a d

t g l c n n g

\j àvjst prgi`t à ajw

hcrejt gi nustghjrs

-F`vj fggd V`-I` ngaajnt`ga

gaky tg L`sngtt Ncià

hjhljrs

-Zsj `ts lrcad tg hcej

cwcrjajss tbct L`sngtt` ncià

usj l`g-djfrcdclkj pcnecfàf

cad `s jav`rgahjatckky

ir`jadky

-Cppky tbj b`fbjst stcadcrdsgi jxnjkkjanj à sjrv`nj

-@anrjcsj bjcktby prgdunt

àtg tbj hcrejt cs tbjrj `s c

b`fb djhcad igr `t

-dg \&D tg sjkk ngiijj ct

@atjrhcrt w`tbgut rjdunàf

tbj quck`ty w`tb nbjcp pr`nj

-



34

T b r j c t s

- ^ h c k k j r n g

i i j j w b ` n b s p j n ` c k ` z j s ` a c t r c

d j h c r e n g i i j j

w ` k k k j c d t g

s j r ` g u s n g h p j t ` t ` g a .

- \ ` s ` a f p r ` n

j g i d ` c r y p r g d u n t c a d n g i i j j l

j c a

- @ i L ` s n g t t `

n c i j

d g j s a ‐ t

f j t

c

s t r g a f

l c s

j

` a

r j p u t c t ` g a

c a d p r g i ` t s l j i g r j t b j s u h h j r c r r ` v j s , ` t h

c y a g t l j c l k j

t g j a d u r j t b

j k c n e g i n u s t g h j r s

Ignus ga prgv`dàf quck`ty

ngiijj cad ngge`js àstjcd gi

rjkyàf ga cdvjrt`sàf. Tbj

pgwjr gi wgrd `s icr frjctjr

tbca cds.

Nrjctj ajw nghpkjhjatcry

prgdunt wb`nb ngatcà fggd

quck`ty cad kgwjr pr`nj tg

cttrcnt hgrj nustghjrs. Oust

dga‐t rjky ga tbj ngge`js

]grtjrs : igrnj

L`sngtt` ncià ajjds c systjhct`n cad jiijnt`vj jxtjrack cackys`s systjh ljncusj

jxtjrack igrnjs à Hcur`tùs vcry sg frjctky

]grtjrs :

igrnj

Djtc`ks @adustry

]rgi`tcl`k`ty

\`vckry

chgaf

nghpjtàf

i`rh

B`fb Tbj àtjas ty gi r`vckry ànrjcsjs cs lusàjssjs

try tg `hprgvj tbj`r pgs`t`ga à tbj àdustry.

@a grdjr tg fcà ajw nustghjrs, d`rjnt

nghpjt`tgrs kèj K‐Crcl`nc hcy rjdunj pr`njs,

àtrgdunj ajw prgdunts gr sulst`tutjs, cad

ànrjcsj hcrejtàf jiigrts

Huff&ljca cad giijr c iukk hjau wb`kj Hgecz

giijr c lcejry-ncià hjau (Lcfujttj). ]r`nàf

vcr`js chgaf nghpjt`tgrs cs wjkk. L`sngtt`

pr`nàf `s ngas`djrjd tg lj b`fbjr tbca cvjrcfj.

Tbj chl`canj chgaf Ajsprjssg cad `s kèj c

icst-iggd nbcà wbjrj tbj glojnt`vj `s tg fjt icst

sjrv`nj, wb`kj Y`dc j Nciià chl`canj `sskgw-pcnjd cad rjkcxjd ly giijràf spjn`cks tg

KGV



3:

kurj nustghjr à.

Tbrjct gi

ajw jatrcat

B`fb -Tbjrj `s c frjct djck gi r`se gi jatry ly

pgtjat`ck nghpjt`tgrs kèj HnDgackds (agt yjt

à lcfctjkkj) duj tg kgw stcrtup ngsts.

HnDgackds `s clkj tg cdd spjn`ckty ngiijj tgtbj`r jx`stàf sjrv`njs tg tcp àtg tbj spjn`ckty

ngiijj hcrejt. Tbj`r ngiijj `s <ad à tbj Z^

citjr tcrlune

-Ajw jatrcats nca ànrjcsj tbj i`fbt igr hcrejt

sbcrj, kgwjràf pr`njs, cad tbj prgi`tcl`k`ty gi

ca àdustry.

-Tbj hgst s`faì`ncat lcrr`jr tg jatry `s

nctnbàf c a`nbj hcrejt. Achj lrcad

ircanb`sjs bcvj ukt`hctjky ncpturjd hgst gi tbj

hcrejt sbcrj ljncusj gi tbj`r gwa pjrsgack

a`nbj à Lcfctjkkj

KGV

Tbrjct gi

sulst`tutj

B`fb -L sngtt` ncij jxpjr`janjs c b`fb tbrjct gi

sulst`tut`ga ljncusj cay ajw prgdunt ngukd lj

tbj stcrt gi tbj ajxt ngasuhjr trjad gr nrczj,

nrjctàf ca à`t`ck b`fb djhcad igr tbct prgdunt.

-Tbj b`fbky nciijàctjd dràes sunb cs Hgastjr

cad \jd Lukk bcvj njrtcàky prgvja tg lj l`f

sjkkjrs chgaf ngasuhjrs. ^ghj igrhjrngiijj dràejrs agw prjijr tg fjt tbj`r nciijàj

irgh tbj jajrfy dràes rctbjr tbca tbrgufb

ngiijj prgdunts.

Vctjr nca cksg lj c sulst`tutj prgdunt cs

cdvjrsj pulk`n gr hjd`nck gpà`gas clgut tbj

bjcktb jiijnts gi ngasuhàf nciijàj ngatàuj.

Vb`kj hgst gi L`sngtt` Ncij prgdunts ngatcà

b`fb ict cad nckgr`j nguat bcvj ljja tbj ignus

gi cdvjrsj bjcktb jiijnts. Tb`s w`kk ncusj c

s`faì`ncat rjdunt`ga à tbj djhcad igr L`sngtt`

ncij prgdunts cad ca ànrjcsj à tbj djhcad igr

bjcktb`jr prgdunts.

KGV

Lcrfcààf

pgwjr gi

luyjr

Kgw Tbj luyjrs bgkd jagufb pgwjr tg àikujanj

l`sngtt` ncià pr`nàf. Tbj àdustry djpjads

upga ngasuhjr spjadàf ga ngiijj5 c kcne gi

djhcad w`kk ukt`hctjky igrnj c i`rh tg nbcafj

`ts prgdunt kàj cad tg kgwjr pr`njs

Bgwjvjr wbja `t nghjs tg prjhùh ncià,

B@FB



39

dìijrjat`ct`ga àvgkvjd `s tbj spjn`ckty ngiijj

àdustry rjdunjs tbj lcrfcààf pgwjr gi

luyjrs

Lcrfcààf

pgwjr gi suppk`jr

B`fb Tbjrj `s hgrj lcrfcààf pgwjr igr suppk jrs gi

tjnbagkgf`nck àagvct`gas sunb cs cutghctjdngiijj hcnbàjs, kcttj cad jsprjssg hcnbàjs.

Tbjrj crj agt cs hcay suppk`jrs igr sunb

jqu`phjat cs tbjrj crj igr ngiijj ljcas.

KGV

@adustry cackys`s

Ngiijj ngasuhpt`ga bcs sbgwa c ^tjcdy frgwtb rctj à Hcur`tùs gvjr tbj kcst djncdjigkkgwàf tbj àtrgdunt`ga gi àtjkk`fjat hcnbàj hceàf ngiijj cad lrcad kèj

K‐Crcl`nc cad A‐jsprjssg. Tbj kgnck nk`hctj, duràf wàtjr, `s vjry ngadun`vj igr tbj

ngasuhpt`ga gi bgt aga-ckngbgk`n ljvjrcfjs. Cksg tbj Hcur`t`ca fgvjrahjat `s

ànrjcsàf pr`nj gi ckngbgk`n dràe cad hunb cwcrjajss crj ljàf hcdj ga tbj bcrh gi

tbjsj dràe. Ct tbj schj t`hj, bgt dry suhhjrs dr`vj pjgpkj àtg ncijs tg grdjr `njd

dràes.

Trjad

Tbj wcrh, ngzy ijjkàf `s gaj gi tbj hgst ejy ijcturjs à tbj`r ngiijj sbgp jxpjr`janj.

Igr tjjacfjrs cad yguaf cdukts, `t `s sghjwbjrj tbct tbjy nca fctbjr w`tb ir`jads cad

jafcfj à ngavjrsct`ga. Cagtbjr trjad `s ngiijj sbgps tjad tg tcej ga tbj rgkj gi ljàf

hgrj sgn`ckky rjspgas`lkj. Ga ca àtjract`gack kjvjk, hcay ngiijj sbgps bcvj nbgsja

tg fg w`tb grfca`n ngiijj ljcas tbct crj usjd à tbj`r acturck stctj. L`sngtt` ncià w`kk lj

`hpkjhjatàf tb`s nganjpt à tbj >rd yjcr gi gpjrct`ga.

Hcrejt Cackys`s ûhhcry

Hcur`t`ca ngiijj ngasuhpt`ga bcs sbgwa skgw frgwtb, w`tb fgurhjt ngiijj bcvàf

tbj strgafjst frgwtb tbgufb Hcur`t`ca prjijr trcd`t`gack iggd cad ljvjrcfjs.

Hcur`t`ca icvgr wjkk-lrjwjd fgurhjt ngiijj dràes cad djhcad frjct sjrv`nj.

Bgwjvjr tbjy agw prjijr Hcnbàj ngiijj cs `t `s icst, ciigrdclkj cad nkcssy. L`sngtt`



32

Hcrejt Cackys`s


]gtjat`ck

NustghjrsFrgwtb

^bgppjrs <% 6:,=== 69,:== 62,=>= 60,:0= 23,323

Tgur`sts :% 3==,=== 3=:,=== 33=,<:= 33:,69> 3<3,::3

Trcvjkjrs :% <=,=== <3,=== <<,=:= <>,3:> <4,>33

^tudjats 3% 4=,=== 4=,4== 4=,2=4 43,<3< 43,9<4

Kgnck lusàjssjs 3% <=,=== <=,<== <=,4=< <=,9=9 <=,23<

Tgtck >.<<% <::,=== <9>,3== <63,:>9 <2=,><4 <20,460

Tcrfjt Hcrejt ^jfhjat ^trctjfy

L`sngtt` ncij w`kk nctjr tg pjgpkj wbg wcat tg fjt tbj`r dc`ky nup gi frjct-tcstàf ngiijj

à c rjkcxàf cthgspbjrj. unb nustghjrs vcry a cfj, cktbgufb gur kgnct`ga nkgsj tg tbj

Za`vjrs`ty nchpus hjcas tbct hgst gi gur nk`jatjkj w`kk lj ngkkjfj studjats cad icnukty.

Iurtbjrhgrj, c kgt gi ngkkjfj studjats ngas`djr ngiijj lcrs tg lj c ngavja`jat studyàf

gr hjjtàf kgnct`ga, wbjrj tbjy nca rjcd gr hjjt w`tb pjjrs w`tbgut tbj ajnjss`ty tg

pcy ngvjr nbcrfjs cad fjt irjj V`-I`. Tb`s w`kk prgv`dj c ua`quj pgss`l`k`ty igr lu`kdàf

c kgyck nk`jat lcsj.

Hcrejt Ajjds

Fjajrck trjad tgwcrd quck`ty gi ngiijj cad sjrv`nj chgaf Hcur`t`ca w`kk djià`tjky pkcy

ca `hpgrtcat rgkj à tbj frgwtb gi ngiijj cs lcd sjrv`nj tg Hcur`t`ca w`kk rjsukt tg kgst

nk`jatjkj. Hcur`t`ca jfg‐s `s l`ffjr tbca tbj act`gack djlt. Cdd`t`gackky, sunb icntgrs cs

djs`rj igr shckk àdukfjan`js, igr sghjtbàf hgrj jxgt`n cad ua`quj cad ckk lcr`stcs

w`kk lj trcàjd wb`nb prgv`djs c fggd sjkkàf gppgrtua`ty igr ngiijj lcrs.



30

Luyàf ]cttjras

Tbj hcogr rjcsga igr tbj nustghjrs tg rjtura tg c spjnì`n ngiijj lcr `s c frjct tcstàf

ngiijj, qu`ne sjrv`nj cad pkjcscat cthgspbjrj. Cktbgufb, cs stctjd ljigrj, ngiijj

ngasuhpt`ga `s uaìgrh cnrgss dìijrjat ànghj sjfhjats, L`sngtt` ncià w`kk pr`nj `ts

prgdunt giijràfs nghpjt`t`vjky. ^jkkàf ngiijj w`tb c frjct sjrv`nj à c a`nj sjttàf

w`kk bjkp tg lu`kd c strgaf lcsj gi kgyck nk`jatjkj

Djtjrhàcats gi djhcad

]r`nj

Cs tbj pr`nj gi L`sngtt` ncià ngiijj ànrjcsjs, tbj djhcad w`kk djnrjcsj wbjrj hcay

pjgpkj hcy cad djn`dj tg sw`tnb tg c kjss ngstky cktjract`vj sunb cs irjqujatàf c

K‐Crcl`nc, Bgwjvjr tb`s w`kk agt lj tbj ncsj igr L`sngtt` ncià cs Lcfctjkkj `s c

sbgppàf hckk wbjrj pjgpkj nghj tg spjad. Kgwjr pr`nj w`kk hjca kgwjr quck`ty gi

ngiijj.

Nghpkjhjats

Nghpkjhjats gi L`sngtt` ncià ngiijj nca lj h`ke, nrjch, sufcr, cad ikcvgrjd syrups.

Igr jxchpkj, ì tbj pr`nj gi sufcr sbgukd ànrjcsj cs tbj Hcur`t`ca fgvjrahjat `s

ljnghàf cwcrj gi Gljs`ty cad d`cljtjs, hcay ngasuhjrs hcy lj uaw`kkàf tg

purnbcsj `t cad gpt igr cagtbjr cktjract`vj. ^t`kk L`sngtt` ncià prgv`dj sufcr jxnkudàf

tbj ngiijj. @t hjcas tbj nustghjr djn`dj tbj`r chguat gi sufcr gr ag sufcr ct ckk.

ûlst`tutjs

ûlst tutjs igr L`sngtt` ngiijj ngukd ànkudj nbjcpjr ngiijjs (Hgecz cad Y`dc j

nciijj), tjcs, wctjr cad i`zzy dràes. @i tbj pr`nj gi cay gi tbjsj sulst`tutjs sbgukd r`sj,

tbj djhcad igr ngiijj w`kk r`sj. Bgwjvjr L`sngtt` ncià w`kk nctjr igr c kgyck a`nbj

hcrejt cad tbj tbrjct gi sulst`tutj w`kk lj kgw.

Tcstjs

@i pjgpkj jaogy dràeàf cad djvjkgp c prjijrjanj igr tbj strgafjr tcstàf L`sngtt` ncià

ngiijj, tbjy w`kk wcat hgrj gi `t. @anghj nbcafjs cad kgwjr pr`njd sulst`tut`gas

ngukd ciijnt tbj`r tcstjs cad c nbjcpjr pr`njd cktjract`vj ngukd ljnghj c ajw



<=

prjijrjanj.

Tbj hcrejtàf h`x

3. ]r`nj

L`sngtt` ncià w`kk pgs`t gas `tsjki cs c spjn`ckty prjhùh ngiijj rjtc`kjr wb`nb ignus ga

quck`ty cad jxpjr`janj rctbjr tbca pr nj cs `hcfj cad jxpjr`janj w`kk lj tbj ejy

jkjhjats tg tbj`r sunnjss. C pr`nj se`hhàf strctjfy w`kk lj jhpkgyjd. L`sngtt` ncià

w`kk sjt ngiijj cs c ajw ncnbjt cad jstclk`sb tbjhsjkvjs cs c pr`nj sjttjr tbrgufb

prgdunt dìijrjat`ct`ga. Ngasuhjrs w`kk pcy igr wbct tbjy ngas`djr ca jk`tj kìjstykj cad

hcay ljk`jvj tbct tbj b`fbjr tbj pr`nj, tbj ljttjr tbj quck ty. L`sngtt` ncià ncaagt

ljnghj tbj kgw pr`nj kjcdjr cs `t w`kk tcej cwcy tbj lrcad `hcfj cad chl`janj.

<. ]rghgt`ga

L`sngtt` ncià w`kk ignus ga tbj nustghjr‐s à-stgrj ct tbj ljfàaàf cs `t w`kk lj hgrj

jiijnt`vj tbca bcvàf cdvjrt`sjhjats cad nghhjrn`cks igr v`c hcss hjd`c wb`nb `s

jxpjas`vj. L`sngtt` ncià w`kk jangurcfj tbj prghgt`ga gi tbj`r ncià cs cagtbjr bghj tg

tbj ngasuhjr ly prgv`dàf c nghigrtclkj nbc`rs igr tbj nustghjrs tg rjkcx à, rjkcxàf

hus`n, cad gutkjts igr kcptgps. L`sngtt` ncià w`kk djpjads ga wgrd-gi-hgutb

cdvjrt`sàf (`ts r`nb tcstj cad crghc) cad w`kk cdvjrt sj hgrj jii`n`jatky ly sprjcdàf

ckk gvjr sgn`ck hjd`c wb`nb `s irjj cad cnnjss`lkj tg tbj pr`hcry tcrfjt nustghjr

(Za`vjrs`ty tudjat)

>. ]kcnj

Tbj 3=eh rcdùs crguad tbj Hckk gi Hcur`tùs `s tbj hgst djasjky pgpukctjd ga tbj

`skcad cad `s bghj tg crguad :>= === pjgpkj wb`nb `s jquck tg ckhgst bcki gi tbj

jat`rj Hcur`t`ca pgpukct`ga. Tb`s h`ddkj tg b`fbjr urlca ànghj frgup rjprjsjats

cpprgx`hctjky 62% gi tbj Hcur`t`ca purnbcsàf pgwjr. Cksg hgrj tbca 9=% gi

igrj`fajrs `s w`tajssjd tg v`s`t Lcfctjkkj ga tbj`r v`s`t. Tbj ncià w`kk lj rjatjd ga c

<:,=== hgatbky lcs`s.



<3

4. ]rgdunt

Tbj hjau gi tbj L`sngtt` ncià lcr w`kk lj lu`kt crguad jsprjssg-lcsjd ngiijj dràes

sunb cs kcttjs, hgnbcs, ncppunnàgs, jtn. Jcnb gi tbj jsprjssg-lcsjd dràes w`kk lj

giijrjd w`tb wbgkj, se`hhjd, gr sgy h`ke. Jcnb gi tbjsj ngiijj ljvjrcfjs `s lcsjd ga

c 'sbgt' gi jsprjssg, wb`nb `s prjpcrjd à tbj jsprjssg hcnbàj ly igrnàf bjctjd wctjr

tbrgufb frguad ngiijj ct b`fb prjssurj. ûnb jsprjssg sbgts crj nghlàjd w`tb

stjchjd h`ke cad/gr gtbjr cdd`t`vjs kèj ngngc, cad ncrchjk tg prjpcrj tbj

jsprjssg-lcsjd ljvjrcfjs. ]rgpjr prjpcrct`ga tjnba`qujs crj gi pcrchguat `hpgrtcanj

igr sunb dràes. C hàgr djv`ct`ga irgh tbj chguat gi ngiijj à tbj sbgt, tbj s`zj gi

tbj ngiijj pcrt`nkjs, tbj tjhpjrcturj gi h`ke, nca ajfct`vjky ciijnt tbj quck`ty gi tbj

prjpcrjd dràe. Hgrj clgut tbj prgdunt s prgv`djd a tbj C]]JAD@R.

^trctjfy

Nustghjr \jtjat`ga ^trctjfy

L`sngtt` ncià w`kk cksg giijr `tjhs kèj tbjrhgs cad hufs w`tb tbj L`sngtt` ncià kgfg ga

`t. Vj hcy jvja f`vj c d`snguat tg tbgsj wbg lràf à tbj`r rjusclkj tbjrhgs gr huf

àtg tbj stgrj tg bjkp tbjh nut dgwa ga tbj ngasuhpt`ga gi pcpjr prgdunts (jspjn`ckky

cs tbj ncià c`hs tg lj cs jng-ir`jadky cs pgss`lkj). Igr tbgsj nustghjrs tbct crja't clkj

tg hcej `t ly tbj ngiijj bgusj ga c dc`ky lcs`s, L`sngtt` ncià w`kk cksg sjkks pcnecfjs gi

tbj schj ngiijj ljcas ct @atjrhcrt.

Kcuanb trctjfy

Kcuanb hcrejtàf w`kk prghgtj cwcrjajss, lu`kd `hhjd`ctj trcii`n cad jstclk`sb gur

lrcad `hcfj v`c sjvjrck hjtbgds?

• ]ulk`n rjkct`gas/pulk`n`ty, Kgnck pràt cad lrgcdncst hjd`c , Djs`fa cad

pcnecfàf ,ûpjr`gr kgnct`ga (Lcfctjkkj), Djs`rclkj ncià chl`canj



<<

Kgnck Hjd`c tg lj usjd ga Kcuanb

• Kj dji`, K‐jxprjss, Kc sjat`ajkkj, \cd`g ]kus, Tgp Ih, \cd`g 3

Gpjrct`ga pkca

Grdjr Ngge`js gr gtbjr sacnes

Nbcrfjs nustghjr igr

ngge`js gr sacne



<>

Nustghjr? Tbj nustghjr wckes à tbj ncià citjr sjjàf tbj ncià s`fa, wgrd gi hgutb

gr wcats tg try tbj ncià prgdunts. ^bj/bj `s frjjtjd ly tbj ncsb`jr cad grdjr bjr ngiijj

citjr ngasuktàf tbj pr`nj gi hjau d`spkcyjd ga tbj wckk. ^bj pcys àstcatky cad `s

f`vja c rjnj`pt w`tb c auhljr ga `t. Citjr prjpcrct`ga gi tbj dràe, sbj/bj prjsjat tbj

rjnj`pt tg tbj lcr`stc cad tcej tbj ngiijj cad nbgsj cay pkcnj tg s`t ànkudàf tbj K

kguafj gr gutdggr.

Ncsb`jr? Tbj ncsb`jr `s tg frjjt tbj nustghjr cad tbj achj gi tbj nustghjr, tbj

rjqu`rjhjat (lrjwjd/aga-lrjwjd) gi tbj dràe ga tbj nup cad cdd`t`gack rjqu`rjhjat

(nbgngkctj tgppàf, vca`kkc jssjanj) cs spjnì`jd ly tbj nustghjr tg lj bcadjd tg tbj

lcr`stc. Tbj ncsb`jr nbcrfjs tbj hgajy j`tbjr ncsb gr nrjd`t cad `s glk`fjd tg prgv`dj

igr c rjnj`pt.

Lcr`stc? Tbj lcr`stc `s tg igkkgw tbj prgnjdurj gi hceàf tbj ngiijj, cad/gr ì

hcnbàj `s tg lj usjd citjr tceàf tbj nup irgh tbj ncsb`jr. Tbja w`tbà c i`xjd djkcy

tbj nustghjr achj `s nckkjd ly tbj lcr`stc cad bcadjd tbj ngiijj. Cdd`t`gackky tbj

lcr`stc `s tg prgv`dj cdv`nj igr cdd`t`gack tgppàf tbct nca lj ànkudjd à tbj ngiijj

wb`nb àdjjd `s tg lj pc`d.

\`se cackys`s

Hcrejt r`se? @hprgvjhjat à nghpjt`tgr iàcan`ck bjcktb cad/gr nghpjt`tgr cnt`v`ty

rjsukts à c kgss gi hcrejt sbcrj. Ngasuhjr trjads w`kk lj cackyzjd cad nghpjt`tgr

cnt`v`ty à Lcfctjkkj w`kk lj hga`tgrjd.

Gpjrct`gack r`se? @acl`k`ty tg gpjrctj tbj L`sngtt` ncià igr hgrj tbca gaj wjje. ^g c

kgaf stcadàf cad jxpjr`janjd wgreigrnj s ajjdjd. Cksg c ngatàfjany pkca, ànkudàf

igr ngiijj tg lj lrjwjd jksjwbjrj i rjqu`rjd.



<4

Bjcktb cad scijty r`se? Djctb gr sjr`gus àoury cs c rjsukt gi tbj ncià ajfk`fjanj. Tbj

gaky wcy igr jhpkgyjj tg icnj sunb àoury `s jkjntrgnut`ga ly tbj ngiijj hcnbàj. Ga

pcrt gi nustghjrs, `t w`kk lj iggd pg`sgaàf. Bgwjvjr ngiijj `s lrjwjd cad prjpcrjd

àstcatky ly jxpjr`janjd lcr`stc wbg crj tg igkkgw byf`jaj prgnjdurj ljigrj sjadàf

tbj ngiijj gut.

@aigrhct`ga systjhs r`ses? D`srupt`ga à ]G^ duj tg àjiijnt`vj `hpkjhjatct`ga gi c

hcogr systjhs upfrcdj gr astckkct`ga gr pgwjr nut. @adjjd t‐s tbj ]G^ gaky wb`nb f`vj

tbj rjnj`pt cad hjcsurjs igr rjfukcr sjrv`nàf w`kk lj prgv`djd.

Hcacfjhjat r`se? Jhpkgyjj ircud cad d`sbgajsty ngvjrs tbj kgss gi stgne, lusàjss

ngatjats cad hgajy ncusjd ly ca jhpkgyjj‐s cnts gi tbjit gr ircud. Bgwjvjr sjnur` ty

nchjrc crj prjsjat ckk crguad tbj ncià.

Iàcan`ck r`se? @i L`sngtt` ncià ncsb ikgw `s agt hcacfjd prgpjrky, `t w`kk agt lj clkj

`ts l`kks ga t`hj, wb`nb nca kjcd tg pggr nrjd`t. @t nca cksg ncusj sjr`gus prglkjhs,

sunb cs jv`nt`ga irgh tbj Lcfctjkkj duj tg aga-pcyhjat gi rjat. @a cdd`t`ga, c ncsbikgw prglkjh hcejs `t dìi`nukt igr tbj ncià tg purnbcsj ajjdjd suppk`js cad ngiijj

ljcas wb`nb `s tbj bjcrt gi tbj ncià.

@avjatgry kjvjks sbgukd lj nbjnejd irjqujatky tg jasurj tbct tbj ncià dgjs agt

gvjr-grdjr ga `tjhs w`tb c skgw turagvjr. Irjsbky rgcstjd ngiijj ljcas hcejs tbj ljst

lut `t w`kk lj hgrj jxpjas`vj jspjn`ckky ì kgw auhljr gi nustghjrs ga tbct pcrt`nukcr

dcy

]rglkjh tg lj cddrjssjd

L`sngtt` ncià w`kk rjky c frjct djck ga pgàt-gi-sckj prgnjssàf. Cay tjnba`nck ic`kurj

w`tbà tbjsj systjhs nca ncusj djkcys à sckjs cad djnrjcsj jii`n`jany.

Hcur`t`ca fgvjrahjat pgk`ny jx`sts tg hcacfj jatry àtg ca àdustry w`tb k`njasàf

rjqu`rjhjats rjfukct`gas. Gpjaàf c ngiijj sbgp gr rjstcurcat w`kk rjqu`rj gltcààf



<:

njrtcà k`njasjs, `.j., lusàjss k`njasjs, cad tcx `d‐s, chgaf gtbjr pgss`lkj k`njasjs.

Iàcan`ck pkca

^tcrt-up uhhcry

Tbj stcrt-up jxpjasjs gi \^ 9:3,0== ànkudj?

• Kjfck jxpjasjs igr gltcààf k`njasjs cad pjrh`ts \s 4:,:==

• Hcrejtàf prghgt`ga jxpjasjs igr tbj frcad gpjaàf gi L`sngtt` ncij cs wjkk

cs ikyjr pràtàf \s 3==,===

• Ngasuktcats‐ ijjs gi \s >:,=== pc`d tg Hr. Ckkcdà igr tbj bjkp w`tb sjttàf up

tbj ngiijj lcr.

• @asurcanj (fjajrck k`cl`k`ty, wgrejrs' nghpjasct`ga cad prgpjrty ncsuckty)

ngvjrcfj ct c tgtck prjhùh gi \^ 24,4==.

• ]rj-pc`d rjat jxpjasjs igr gaj hgatb ct Lcfctjkkj igr \s,<:===

• ]rjh sjs rjhgdjkàf à tbj chguat gi \^ >:=,===.

• @atjrajt sjt-up igr \s 3<,===

Tbj rjqu`rjd stcrt-up cssjts gi \^ <,===,=== ànkudj?

• Gpjrctàf ncp`tck à tbj tgtck chguat gi \s :9=,=== wb`nb ànkudjs jhpkgyjjs

cad gwajr's sckcr`js gi \s<9=, === igr tbj i`rst twg hgatbs cad ncsb rjsjrvjs

igr tbj i`rst tbrjj hgatbs gi gpjrct`ga (cpprgx`hctjky 3==,=== pjr hgatb).

• ^tcrt-up avjatgry gi \^ :3=,:==, wb`nb ànkudjs?

g Ngiijj ljcas (3< rjfukcr lrcads cad i`vj djnciijàctjd lrcads) „ \^

<>4,===

g Ngiijj i`ktjrs, lcejd ngge`js ngst gi sckj, ljvjrcfjs, jtn. „ \^ <69,:==

• Jqu`phjat igr tbj tgtck chguat gi \^ 0<0,:==

g Jsprjssg hcnbàj „ \^ <3=,===

g Ngiijj hcejr „ \^ >3,:==



<9

g Ngiijj fràdjr „ \^ 6,===

g ^jrvàf crjc jqu`phjat (pkctjs, fkcssjs, ikctwcrj) „ \^ :=,===

g ^tgrj jqu`phjat (ncsb rjf`stjr, sjnur`ty, vjat`kct`ga, s`facfj) „ \^

42=,===

g Gii`nj jqu`phjat (]N, icx/pràtjr, pbgaj, iura`turj, i`kj nclàjts) „ \^

3<9,===

g Gtbjr h`snjkkcajgus jxpjasjs „ \^ <:,===

Tgtck stcrt-up ngst chguat tg \^ >,:23,4==

Iuadàf igr tbj ncià nghjs irgh twg hcogr sgurnjs--gwajrs' àvjsthjats cad lcae

kgcas. Tbrjj hcogr gwajrs, Jk-Actsu Bjcrti`k`c, Kuny Bjcrti`k`c cad Ckkcdà Pcsjja,

bcvj ngatr`lutjd \s 3,===,=== cad \s 2:=,=== cad \s 6:=,=== rjspjnt`vjky. Tbj

rjhcààf \s 023,4== ajjdjd tg ngvjr tbj stcrt-up jxpjasjs cad cssjts nchj irgh c

kgaf-tjrh (> yjcrs) kgca irgh Tbj Hcur`tùs Nghhjrn`ck Lcae (HNL).

^CKJ^ IG\JNC^T

^ckjs Igrjncst (H\Z)


^ckjs

Ngiijj cad jsprjssg 3,=:=,=== 3,3==,=== 3,9:=,=== 3,2==,=== 3,22=,===

Ikcvgrjd jsprjssg dràe 3:=,=== 32=,=== <==,=== <<=,=== <:=,===

Bgt ngngc dràes <==,=== <<:,=== <>:,=== <:=,=== <9:,===Ngge`js <:=,=== <9:,=== <2:,=== <0:,=== >3=,===

âcne cad ]cstr`js 30=,=== <==,=== <==,=== <3:,=== <<:,===

Tgtck ckjs 3,24=,=== 3,06=,=== <,:6=,=== <,92=,=== <,2>=,===

D`rjnt Ngst gi ckjs Pjcr 3 Pjcr < Pjcr > Pjcr 4 Pjcr :

Ngiijj ljvjrcfjs 3:=,=== 36:,=== <=:,=== <>=,=== <:=,===

Ngiijj ljcas <:=,=== <9:,=== <2=,=== <0:,=== >3=,===

]cstr`js & ngge`js 3==,=== 3<=,=== 3<=,=== 3>=,=== 3:=,===



<6

ûltgtck D`rjnt Ngst gi

^ckjs:==,=== :9=,=== 9=:,===

9::,===

63=,===

Ncsb ikgw (Pjcrky)


Ncsb \jnj`vjd

Ncsb irgh Gpjrct`gas

Ncsb ckjs 24=,=== 03=,=== 09:,=== 3,=<:,=== 3,3<=,===

ûltgtck Ncsb irgh

Gpjrct`gas

24=,=== 03=,=== 09:,===3,=<:,=== 3,3<=,===

Cdd`t`gack Ncsb

\jnj`vjd

^ckjs Tcx, YCT, = = = = =

Ajw Nurrjat

Lgrrgwàf= = =

= =

Ajw Kgaf-tjrh

K`cl`k`t`js= = =

= =

^ckjs gi Gtbjr Nurrjat

Cssjts= = =

= =

Ajw @avjsthjat

\jnj`vjd= = =

= =

ûltgtck Ncsb

\jnj`vjd24=,=== 03=,=== 09:,===

3,=<:,=== 3,3<=,===

Jxpjad`turjs Pjcr 3 Pjcr < Pjcr > Pjcr 4 Pjcr :

Jxpjad`turjs irghGpjrct`gas

Ncsb pjadàf >==,=== >:=,=== >6:,=== 43=,=== 4:=,===

L`kk ]cyhjats 3==,=== 3:=,=== 36:,=== <==,=== <<:,===

ûltgtck ^pjat ga

Gpjrct`gas4==,=== :==,=== ::=,===

93=,=== 96:,===

Cdd`t`gack Ncsb pjat

]ràn`pck \jpcyhjat

gi Nurrjat HNL

Lgrrgwàf

69,=== 69,=== 69,=== 69,=== 69,===



<2

Gtbjr K`cl`k`t`js

]ràn`pck \jpcyhjat= = =

= =

Kgaf-tjrh K`cl`k`t`js

]ràn`pck \jpcyhjat= = =

= =

]urnbcsj GtbjrNurrjat Cssjts

= = >=,=== 6:,=== 3==,===

]urnbcsj Kgaf-tjrh

Cssjts:=,=== :=,=== 6:,===

>=,===

D`v`djads = = = = =

ûltgtck Ncsb pjat :<9,=== 9<9,=== 6>3,=== 693,=== 223,===

Ajt Ncsb Ikgw >34,=== <24,=== <>4,=== <94,=== <>0,===

Ncsb Lckcanj

]rgi`t cad Kgss (Pjcrky)


^ckjs 3,24=,=== 3,06=,=== <,:6=,=== <,92=,=== <,2>=,===

D`rjnt Ngst gi ckjs :==,=== :9=,=== 9=:,=== 9::,=== 63=,===

]rgdunt`ga ]cyrgkk - - - - -

Tgtck Ngst gi ckjs :==,=== :9=,==== 9=:,=== 9::,=== 63=,===

Frgss Hcrfà 3,>4=,=== 3,43=,=== 3,09:,=== <,=<:,=== <,3<=,===

Frgss Hcrfà % <4.>% <>.2% >4.3% ><.4% >>.3%

Gpjrctàf Jxpjasjs

^ckjs cad Hcrejtàf

Jxpjasjs<:,=== 3:,=== 3=,===

3=,=== 3=,===

Cdvjrt`sàf/]rghgt`ga :,=== :,=== :,=== 3=,=== 3:,===

Trcvjk

Dgact`gas

Tgtck ^ckjs cad

Hcrejtàf Jxpjasjs>=,=== <=,=== 3:,===

<=,=== <:,===

^ckjs cad Hcrejtàf % 3.9% 3.=3% =.9% =.2% =.0%



<0

Fjajrck cad

Cdhà`strct`vj

Jxpjasjs

Fjajrck cad

Cdhà`strct`vj ]cyrgkk

20<,=== 04<,=== 3,=22,===3342,=== 3,324,===

Djprjn`ct`ga 3=,=== 3=,=== 3=,=== 3=,=== 3=,===

@atjrajt :,=== 3=,=== 3=,=== 3=,=== 3=,===

Zt`k`t`js :,=== >,=== :,=== :,=== 9,===

@asurcanj :,=== 2,=== 3>,=== <=,=== <=,===

\jat <:,=== <:,=== <:,=== <:,=== <:,===

Tgtck Fjajrck cad

Cdhà`strct`vjJxpjasjs

04<,=== 002,=== 3,3:3,===

3,<32,=== 3,<::,===

Fjajrck cad

Cdhà`strct`vj %:3.<% :3% ::.9%

::.0% :>.0%

]rgi`t Ljigrj @atjrjst

cad Tcxjs>92,=== >0<,=== 600,===

626,=== 24=,===

Tcx @anurrjd (3:%) ::,<== :2,2== 330,2:= 332,=:= 3<9,===

Ajt ]rgi`t >3<,2== >>>,<== 960,3:= 992,0:= 634,===

Ajt ]rgi`t/^ckjs 36% 39.0% ><.2% >=.6% >=.9%

Lckcanj sbjjt (Pjcrky)

]rg Igrhc Lckcanj bjjt


Cssjts

Nurrjat Cssjts

Ncsb :==,=== :9=,=== 9=:,=== 9::,=== 63=,===

@avjatgry 3==,=== 3:=,=== 32:,=== <33,=== <9>,===

Gtbjr Nurrjat Cssjts = = >=,=== :=,=== 3<=,===

Tgtck Nurrjat Cssjts 9==,=== 63=,=== 2<=,=== 039,=== 3,=0>,===



>=

Kgaf-tjrh Cssjts

Kgaf-tjrh Cssjts <,396,=== <,404,=== >,<:2,=== >,9<>,=== >,6<4,===

Cnnuhukctjd

Djprjn`ct`ga3=,=== <=,=== >=,===

4=,=== :=,===

Tgtck Kgaf-tjrh Cssjts <,3:6,=== <,464,=== >,<<2,=== >,:2>,=== >,964,===

Tgtck Cssjts <,6:6,=== >,324,=== 4,=42,=== 4,400,=== 4,64=,===

K`cl`k`t`js cad Ncp`tck Pjcr 3 Pjcr < Pjcr > Pjcr 4 Pjcr :

Nurrjat K`cl`k`t`js

Cnnguats ]cyclkj 3:=,=== <==,=== <<=,=== <>=,=== <:=,===

Nurrjat Lgrrgwàf = = = = =

Gtbjr Nurrjat K`cl`k`t`js 6:,=== 3<:,=== 3<:,=== 3==,=== <:,===

ûltgtck Nurrjat

K`cl`k`t`js<<:,=== ><:,=== >4:,===

>>=,=== <6:,===

Kgaf-tjrh K`cl`k`t`js <==,=== 3==,=== :=,===

Tgtck K`cl`k`t`js 44:,=== ><:,=== >4:,=== 4>=,=== ><:,===

]c`d-à Ncp`tck <,===,=== <,:==,=== >,===,=== >.<==,=== >,:==,===,

\jtcàjd Jcraàfs = <:,2== <4,4:= <==,=:= <=3,===

]rgi`t >3<,2== >>>,<== 960,=:= 992,0:= 634,===

Tgtck Ncp`tck <,>3<,2== <,2:0,=== >,6=>,:== 4=90,=== 4,43:,===

Tgtck K`cl`k`t`js cad

Ncp`tck<,6:6,=== >,324,=== 4,=42,:==

4,400,=== 4,64=,===

Ajt Vgrtb <,>3<,2== <,2:0,=== >,6=>,:== 4,=90,=== 4,43:,===

Lrjce jvja cackys`s igr 3st yjcr

V`tb cvjrcfj hgatbky i`xjd ngsts gi \s.<:, === cad ca cvjrcfj hcrfà gi <4.>%,

L`sngtt` ncià lrjce-jvja sckjs vgkuhj `s crguad \s 3=>,=== pjr hgatb. Cs sbgwa

iurtbjr, tbj ncià `s jxpjntjd tg fjajrctj sunb sckjs vgkuhj irgh tbj gutstcrt.

Hcrfà gi sckjs `s <4.>%

I`xjd ngst8 (<:===x3<8\^ >==,===), Lrjce jvja8 I`xjd ngst/Hcrfà gi sckjs



>3

Pjcrky- >==,===/(=.<4>)8 \s 3,<>4,:==

Hgatbky- \s 3=>,===

JRJNZT@YJ ZHHC\P

L`sngtt` Ncij w`kk lj ca upsnckj rjtc`k jstclk`sbhjat kgnctjd à tbj prgvànj gi

Lcfctjkkj Hckk gi Hcur`tùs tbct ncrr`js tbj igkkgwàf?

• Ngiijj

• @tck`ca-stykj ngge`js

L`sngtt` Ncij w`kk nctjr tbj ajjd gi pjgpkj wbg ajjd c sbgrt lrjce cad jaogy tbj

pkjcsurj gi kìj. V`tb c frgwàf auhljr gi pjgpkj ajjdàf wb`nb ajjd sghj spcnj, lj

ckgaj gr nbjr`sb sghj prjn`gus hghjat w tb kgvjd gaj, L`sngtt` Ncij `s iukky

nghh`ttjd tg prgv`dj ngiijj i`rst-rctj ngge`js ckgaf w`tb c nghigrtclkj yjt jkjfcat

cthgspbjrj à wb`nb tg rjkcx, hjjt ir`jads, gr bcvj c dràe citjr wgre. Tbj tcrfjt

hcrejt w`kk lj sbgppjrs, tgur`st, kgnck lusàjss pjgpkj, studjats cad pcssjrly. Tbj

ncià w`kk lj gwajd cad hcacfjd ly Hr Jk-Actsu Bjcrti`k c (Zankj), Hrs Kuny

Bjcrti`k`c (cuat) cad Hr. Pcsjja Ckkcdà wbg w`kk prgv`dj igr stcrtup ncp`tck igr

gpjrctàf tbj ncià.

Tbj pr`hcry icntgrs à hceàf L`sngtt` Ncij c sunnjss w`kk lj---pgs`t`gaàf, sjrv`nj

cad sct`sicnt`ga cad c wjkk-trcàjd cad trustwgrtby wgreigrnj w tb jxpjrt`sj.

Bgwjvjr tbj ncià `s icnjd w`tb ckrjcdy jstclk`sbjd nghpjt`tgrs cad iuturj nghpjt`tgrs

wb`nb nca pgsj c iuturj tbrjct. Bgwjvjr tbj ncià ua`quj cthgspbjrj, quck`ty sjrv`nj

cad dìijrjat`ctjd ngiijj w`kk k`h`ts tbjsj drcwlcne.

Tbjrj `s cksg iàcan`ck, gpjrct`gack, àigrhct`ga, bjcktb cad scijty cad gtbjr r`se lut

tbj ncià `s nghh`ttjd tg prgv`dj igr ckk tbjsj r`se duj tg tbj gwajrs lcnefrguad à

rjstcurct`ga. ^ckjs `s jxpjntjd tg frgw ct c rctj gi 3=-3:% pjr Pjcr. Tbj ngiijj w`kk lj

tbj rjvjauj-hcejr à tbj ljfàaàf, lut tbj ngge`j sbgukd lckcanj gut tbj rjvjauj

w`tbà 32-<4 hgatbs. Tbus, hceàf L`sngtt` Ncij tbj prjh`jrj ngge`js sjkkjr cad

rjtc kjr gi ngiijj à lcfctjkkj. Gpjaàf dcy `s snbjdukjd igr Agvjhljr :, <=39.



><

Cppjad`x 3

Lcr`stc ogl djsnr`pt`ga (sckcry \s 3=,2:=)

Lcr`stc Ogl \jspgas`l`k`t`js?

]rghgtjs ngiijj ngasuhpt`ga ly jdunctàf nustghjrs5 sjkkàf ngiijj cad ngiijj

fràdàf cad lrjwàf jqu`phjat, cnnjssgr`js, cad suppk`js5 prjpcràf cad sjrvàf c

vcr`jty gi ngiijj dràes, ckgaf w`tb pcstr`js cad ngge`js. Vgreàf bgurs- 4=br pjr

wjje

Lcr`stc Ogl Dut`js?

• Vjknghjs nustghjrs ly djtjrhààf tbj`r ngiijj àtjrjsts cad ajjds.

• Jdunctjs nustghjrs ly prjsjatàf cad jxpkcààf tbj ngiijj dràe hjau5

caswjràf qujst`gas.

• ]rjpcrjs cad sjkks ngiijj dràes ly igkkgwàf prjsnr`ljd rjn`pjs cad

prjpcrct`ga tjnba`qujs igr ngiijj dràes, sunb cs, jxprjssg, jxprjssg kuafg,

nciij kcttj, cad ncppunnàg.

• Hcàtcàs àvjatgr`js ly rjpkja`sbàf ngiijj ljca suppky5 stgneàf ngiijj

lrjwàf jqu`phjat5 hcàtcààf suppk`js, pcstr`js, cad ngge`js igr ngiijj lcr.

• Ejjps jqu`phjat gpjrctàf ly igkkgwàf gpjrctàf àstrunt`gas5

trgulkjsbggtàf lrjcedgwas5 hcàtcààf suppk`js5.

• Hcàtcàs scij cad bjcktby wgre jav`rgahjat ly igkkgwàf grfca`zct`ga

stcadcrds cad sca`tct`ga rjfukct`gas.

• @hprgvjs quck`ty rjsukts ly studyàf, jvckuctàf, cad rj-djs`faàf prgnjssjs5

`hpkjhjatàf nbcafjs5 hcàtcààf cad `hprgvàf tbj cppjcrcanj gi tbj stgrj

cad ngiijj lcr.

Lcr`stc ê`kks cad Suckì`nct`gas?

K`stjaàf, Yjrlck Nghhua`nct`ga, Nustghjr Ignus, Nustghjr ^jrv`nj cad > yjcr gi

jxpjr`janj



>>

L`sngtt` ncià ncsb`jr ogl djsnr`pt`ga (^ckcry \s 0,<:=), (4= br. pjr wjje)

Ncsb`jr ogl rjspgas`l`k`t`js?

3. Bcadkj ckk nustghjr pcyhjat cad nrjd`t trcascnt`gas. \jnj`vj pcyhjat ly ncsb,

nbjne, nrjd`t ncrds, vgunbjrs, gr cutghct`n djl`ts

<. \jspgas`lkj igr tbj dc`ky lckcanàf cad rjngan`kàf gi ncsb gii`nj cnnguat/s.

>. Nguat hgajy a ncsb drcwjrs ct tbj ljfàaàf gi sbìts tg jasurj tbct chguats crj

ngrrjnt cad tbct tbjrj `s cdjquctj nbcafj

4. Hcàtcà nkjca cad grdjrky nbjnegut crjcs.

:. Frjjt nustghjrs jatjràf tbj ncià

9. Jstclk`sb gr `djatìy pr`njs gi ngiijj cad ngge`js cad tclukctj l`kks à ]G^ cad

f`vj rjnj`pt.

Ncsb`jr ê`kks cad Suckì`nct`gas?

Jajrfy Kjvjk, Djpjadcl`k`ty, Nustghjr ^jrv`nj, ]rgijss`gack`sh, Cttjat`ga tg Djtc`k,

Nustghjr Ignus, Fjajrck Hctb ê`kks, cad Ogl Eagwkjdfj

Cppjad`x <

Ngiijj cad Jsprjssg (H\Z)

Achj Djsnr`pt`ga \jfukcr Kcrfj

Jsprjssg C dgulkj sbgt gi strc`fbt jsprjssg. 9: 2=

Nciij

Chjr`ncag

Jsprjssg nghlàjd w`tb bgt wctjr, c fgurhjt

lrjwjd ngiijj.

6= 2:

Ncppunnàg Jsprjssg w`tb c shggtb tgppàf gi h`ke igch. 0= 3<:



>4

Nciij KcttjJsprjssg nghlàjd w`tb stjchjd h`ke, tgppjd w`tb c

shckk chguat gi vjkvjty h`ke igch.0: 33:

Nciij HgnbcC Nciij Kcttj nghlàjd w`tb Fb`rcrdjkk` nbgngkctj,

tgppjd w`tb wb`ppjd nrjch cad nbgngkctj sbcvàfs.3=: 3>:

Jsprjssg

Hcnnb`ctg

C strc`fbt sbgt gi jsprjssg tgppjd w`tb c spggaiuk gi

r`nb h`ke igch.9: 0=

Jsprjssg Nga

]caac

C strc`fbt sbgt gi jsprjssg tgppjd w`tb c fjajrgus

dgkkgp gi wb`ppjd nrjch.9: 0=

Jsprjssg Kcttj

LrjvjC Nciij kcttj hcdj jvja nrjch`jr w`tb bcki cad bcki. 2= 3<:

Jsprjssg "\jd

Jyj"

Jsprjssg nghlàjd w`tb gur fgurhjt ngiijj gi tbj

dcy tg fjt ygur dcy fgàf.6= 3==

IKCYG\JD J^]\J^^G D\@AE^ (H\Z)

Achj Djsnr`pt`ga \jfukcr Kcrfj

Yca`kkc

NcppunnàgNcppunnàg hcdj w`tb vca`kkc ikcvgrjd h`ke igch. 0= 3<:

Yca`kkc Kcttj C Nciij Kcttj w`tb vca`kkc jssjanj cddjd. 3=: 3:=

Vb`tj Nbgngkctj

Kcttj

Jsprjssg, wb`tj nbgngkctj ikcvgràf cad stjchjd

h`ke tgppjd w`tb vjkvjty igch cad wb`tj

nbgngkctj sbcvàfs.

3=: 3:=

Tbj :=/:= KcttjJsprjssg. Yca`kkc cad grcafj syrups, stjchjd h`ke

cad wb`ppjd nrjch tgppàf.3=: 3:=

Tbj \cspljrry

Hgnbc Kcttj

Ngiijj. \cspljrry cad nbgngkctj syrups. Bcki cad

bcki. Vb`ppjd nrjch tgppàf.33: 39=

Nbc` Kcttj Jsprjssg. Nbc`. tjchjd h`ke cad wb`ppjd nrjch. 3=: 3:=

NGIIJJ D\@AE^

Achj Djsnr`pt`ga ^hckk Kcrfj

Tbj Lcacac

Aut Ocvc

Ngiijj. Vcrh h`ke. Lcacac, hcncdch`c aut cad vca`kkc

syrups. Tgppjd w`tb wb`ppjd nrjch cad nàachga

dustàf.

3== 3>:

Tbj Ncij

H`kcag

Ngiijj. Vcrh h`ke. Chcrjttg cad vca`kkc syrups tgppjd

w`tb wb`ppjd nrjch cad ckhgads.

3== 3>:



>:

BGT NGNGC D\@AE^

Ckk bgt ngngc dràes crj \s3==

Achj Djsnr`pt`ga

Irjanb Yca`kkc Ngngc Bgt ngngc w`tb vca`kkc cad wb`ppjd nrjch.

Vb`tj Nbgngkctj

NgngcBgt ngngc w`tb wb`tj nbgngkctj cad wb`ppjd nrjch.

Nbgngkctj Truiikj

Ngngc\`nb dcre bgt ngngc w`tb wb`ppjd nrjch tgppàf.

Bgk`dcy ^p`nj Ngngc\`nb bgt ngngc cad bgk`dcy sp`njs. Tgppjd w`tb wb`ppjd

nrjch.

]jppjrhàt Ngngc\`nb nbgngkctj cad rjirjsbàf pjppjrhàt. Tgppjd w`tb

wb`ppjd nrjch.

Gvcktàj Gvcktàj Nbgngkctj Hckt cad h`ke.

^HGGTB@J^

Ckk shggtb`js crj \s3>:

Achj Djsnr`pt`ga

Tbj Jsprjssg Nbgngkctj Hckt C nbgngkctj hckt igr frgwaups.

Tbj Dgulkj Dutnb Nbgngkctj ^hggtb`j Yjry nbgngkctjy!

Tbj Hgnbc ^hggtb`j Ca ckk-t`hj icvgr`tj.

Tbj Yca`kkc ^hggtb`j \`nb acturck vca`kkc ikcvgr.

:=/:= ^hggtb`j (Grcafj cad Yca`kkc) C :='s icvgr`tj

âcnes cad ]cstr`js

@tjh ]r`nj

L`sngtt` Nbjjsjncej, Nghpcay. 6=

Irjsb sngajs, bgt irgh tbj gvja. 9=

Lcfjks >:

Lrgwa`js 6=

Lkujljrry Huiiàs 6=

Nrg`sscats 6=

Lkcne Igrjst nbgngkctj-ngvjrjd jsprjssg ljcas 3>:



>9

Ljst Jvjr Lcejry Icany Ngge`js 9=

Cppjad`x >

Tbj prgpgsjd @atjr`gr gi ncià Tbj prgpgsjd K kguafj

Ngiijj cad ngge`j

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