BLOODBLOOD

Human Biology 11Human Biology 11

BLOOD

Carries the necessities of life to the cells and takes waste from the cells

What are the necessities of life? Oxygen Nutrients Hormones Antibodies

What are waste products? Carbon Dioxide

WHAT IS BLOOD?WHAT IS BLOOD?

Blood is composed of: Blood is composed of: Plasma (55%)Plasma (55%) Red Blood Cells (40%)Red Blood Cells (40%) White Blood Cells (1%)White Blood Cells (1%) Platelets (4%)Platelets (4%)

Bodies contain 5 L of blood

PLASMAPLASMA

Liquid part of bloodLiquid part of blood

Approx. 90% waterApprox. 90% water

The other 10% consist of dissolved The other 10% consist of dissolved substances that are essential for lifesubstances that are essential for life

RED BLOOD CELLSRED BLOOD CELLS

Also known as Also known as erythrocyteserythrocytes

Main function is to “pick up” oxygen molecules Main function is to “pick up” oxygen molecules and retrieve carbon dioxide moleculesand retrieve carbon dioxide molecules

Hemoglobin in the red blood cell carry the Hemoglobin in the red blood cell carry the oxygenoxygen

Gets its red colour from the iron in hemoglobin Gets its red colour from the iron in hemoglobin when it carries oxygenwhen it carries oxygen

Iron acts as an oxygen magnetIron acts as an oxygen magnet

WHITE BLOOD CELLSWHITE BLOOD CELLS

Also known as Also known as leukocytesleukocytes

Function to protect the body from infection Function to protect the body from infection and disease causing organismsand disease causing organisms

There are many different kindsThere are many different kinds

4 CHARACTERISTICS OF WHITE 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF WHITE BLOOD CELLSBLOOD CELLS

1.1. Capable of moving on their own and changing Capable of moving on their own and changing their shapestheir shapes

1.1. PhagocytosisPhagocytosis – surround or engulf bacteria and – surround or engulf bacteria and digest their harmful materialdigest their harmful material

1.1. Capable of recognizing Capable of recognizing antigensantigens, which are , which are chemicals on the surface of cells. This allows chemicals on the surface of cells. This allows the white blood cells to know if it belongs or is the white blood cells to know if it belongs or is foreignforeign

1.1. Produce Produce antibodies antibodies which are special proteins which are special proteins which are used to destroy the which are used to destroy the pathogensn pathogensn (Organsims that cause disease)(Organsims that cause disease)

VIDEO OF A WHITE BLOOD VIDEO OF A WHITE BLOOD CELL CHASING A BACTERIUMCELL CHASING A BACTERIUM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnlULOjUh

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PLATELETSPLATELETS

Are responsible for the initial stages of blood Are responsible for the initial stages of blood clottingclotting

Are not cells, but rather tiny fragments of Are not cells, but rather tiny fragments of white blood cellswhite blood cells

Contain a special enzyme that initiates Contain a special enzyme that initiates clottingclotting

BLOOD DISORDERSBLOOD DISORDERS

ANEMIAANEMIA

occurs when there are not enough red blood cells to occurs when there are not enough red blood cells to carry all the oxygen the body requires.carry all the oxygen the body requires.

People who have this condition appear tired and lack People who have this condition appear tired and lack energy to work efficiently.energy to work efficiently.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZV5140OykE&feature=channel

TYPES OF ANEMIATYPES OF ANEMIA

The most common types of anemia:The most common types of anemia: Iron deficiency anemia Iron deficiency anemia –– Not enough iron Not enough iron

in diet which means that RBC can’t carry in diet which means that RBC can’t carry enough oxygenenough oxygen

Sickle cell anemia –Sickle cell anemia – RBC take on a sickle RBC take on a sickle shape (half moon or crescent) which shape (half moon or crescent) which decreases the amount of oxygen it can carrydecreases the amount of oxygen it can carry

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkC5Hf-AKwo

HEMOPHILIAHEMOPHILIA

This blood disorder prevents normal blood This blood disorder prevents normal blood clottingclotting

Bleed for a longer time than others after an injury

Also may bleed internally, this bleeding can

damage your organs or tissues and may be life threatening.

LEUKEMIALEUKEMIA Cancer of bone marrowCancer of bone marrow

Most types increase the number of WBC and Most types increase the number of WBC and decrease the number of RBCdecrease the number of RBC

WBC reproduce rapidly but are ineffectiveWBC reproduce rapidly but are ineffective

The body is unable to cope with infectionsThe body is unable to cope with infections

With decreased amounts of red blood cells, With decreased amounts of red blood cells, the body isn’t receiving enough oxygenthe body isn’t receiving enough oxygen

MONONUCLEOSISMONONUCLEOSISAKA “KISSING DISEASE”AKA “KISSING DISEASE” Not really a disease of the blood but it does Not really a disease of the blood but it does

result in the production of large numbers of result in the production of large numbers of WBCWBC

Most commonly transferred through saliva Most commonly transferred through saliva (hence why it is called the kissing disease)(hence why it is called the kissing disease)

Thought to be caused by a virus that is not Thought to be caused by a virus that is not easy to get rid offeasy to get rid off

Symptoms include: fatigue, swollen glands, Symptoms include: fatigue, swollen glands, fever, and sore throat.fever, and sore throat.

HOW DO YOU SEEK TREATMENT?

Diagnosis – the process of identifying the disease or problem

Looking at blood samples can help diagnose the problem or disease

What do they look for? Number of Red Blood cells Number of White blood cells Number of platelets

THE PROCESS OF BLOOD CLOTTINGTHE PROCESS OF BLOOD CLOTTING

1.1. Platelets break open at wound site and Platelets break open at wound site and release thromboplastin. (reaction starts)release thromboplastin. (reaction starts)

2.2. Thromboplastin causes calcium and Thromboplastin causes calcium and prothrombin to unite and form thrombin.prothrombin to unite and form thrombin.

3.3. Thrombin joins with fibrinogen to form fibrinThrombin joins with fibrinogen to form fibrin

4.4. A network of fibrin threads traps red blood A network of fibrin threads traps red blood cells and forms a clot that plugs the wound.cells and forms a clot that plugs the wound.

BLOOD TYPESBLOOD TYPES

• Determined by the presence or absence of Determined by the presence or absence of antigens on RBCantigens on RBC

• Antibodies recognize RBC as our own and will Antibodies recognize RBC as our own and will bind to RBC that they don’t recognizebind to RBC that they don’t recognize

BLOOD TYPES A, B, AB, OBLOOD TYPES A, B, AB, O

• There are 2 kinds of antigens There are 2 kinds of antigens A and B A and B

• If antigen A is present, the blood type is AIf antigen A is present, the blood type is A

• If antigen B is present, the blood type is BIf antigen B is present, the blood type is B

• Blood type AB, has both antigen A and BBlood type AB, has both antigen A and B

• Blood type O, has no antigensBlood type O, has no antigens

ANTIBODIES AND BLOOD TYPESANTIBODIES AND BLOOD TYPES

Antibodies found in plasma are ALWAYS Antibodies found in plasma are ALWAYS opposite the antigen on RBCopposite the antigen on RBC

For example: For example: Blood type B has antigen B on the RBC so plasma Blood type B has antigen B on the RBC so plasma

would have antibodies for antigen Awould have antibodies for antigen A

Type AB blood have no antibodiesType AB blood have no antibodies

Type O blood have both A and B antibodiesType O blood have both A and B antibodies

THE RH FACTORTHE RH FACTOR

The Rh factor is an antigen found on the RBC The Rh factor is an antigen found on the RBC of most peopleof most people

If you have the antigen, you are Rh+If you have the antigen, you are Rh+

If you don’t have the antigen, you are Rh-If you don’t have the antigen, you are Rh-

The disease associated with the Rh factor is The disease associated with the Rh factor is known as Hemolytic Disease of the Newbornknown as Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

TRANSFUSIONSTRANSFUSIONS

If antibodies and antigens of the same type If antibodies and antigens of the same type come together, the RBC clumpcome together, the RBC clump

Why is this important?Why is this important?

If blood type A is given blood type B, the If blood type A is given blood type B, the antibodies bind to the antigens, clumping antibodies bind to the antigens, clumping the blood which can be fatalthe blood which can be fatal