Chapter 11Blood

Functions• transports vital substances• distributes heat

Blood Cells• form mostly in red bone marrow• red blood cells• white blood cells• platelets (cell fragments)

11-1

Blood Volume

• varies with• body size• changes in fluid concentration• changes in electrolyte concentration• amount of adipose tissue

• about 8% of body weight• about 5 liters

11-2

Blood Composition

11-3

Red Blood Cells

• erythrocytes• biconcave• one-third hemoglobin• oxyhemoglobin• deoxyhemoglobin

• can readily squeeze through capillaries• lack nuclei and mitochondria

11-4

Red Blood Cell Count

• number of RBCs in a cubic millimeter of blood

• 4,600,000 – 6,200,000 in males

• 4,200,000 – 5,400,000 in adult females

• 4,500,000 – 5,100,000 in children

• reflects blood’s oxygen carrying capacity

11-5

Red Blood Cell Production

• low blood oxygen causes kidneys and liver to release erythropoietin which stimulates RBC production

• vitamin B12, folic acid and iron necessary

11-6

Types of Anemia

• iron deficiency anemia• hemoglobin deficient• lack of iron

• pernicious anemia• excess of immature RBCs• inability to absorb B12

• sickle cell anemia• abnormal shape of RBCs• defective gene

11-7

Polycythemia- excess number of rbcs

White Blood Cells

• leukocytes• protect against disease• interleukins and colony-stimulating factors stimulate development

• granulocytes• neutrophils• eosinophils• basophils

• agranulocytes• lymphocytes• monocytes

11-8

Lymphocytes

• T cells• B cells• important in immunity• produce antibodies• 25% - 33% of leukocytes• decreased T Cells in AIDS

11-9

White Blood Cell Counts

• number of WBCs per cubic millimeter of blood• 5,000 – 10,000 per cubic millimeter of blood• leukopenia • low WBC count; below 5,000 per cubic mm• AIDS

• leukocytosis • high WBC count; more than 10,000 per cubic mm• acute infections, leukemia

• differential WBC count• lists percentages of types of leukocytes• may change in particular diseases 11-10

Blood Platelets

• thrombocytes• cell fragments of megakaryocytes• 130,000 – 360,000 per cubic millimeter of blood• helps control blood loss from broken vessels

11-11

Hemostasis and Blood Clots

• stoppage of bleeding

11-12

• thrombus – abnormal blood clot• embolus – blood clot moving through blood

Blood Plasma

• straw colored• liquid portion of blood• 55% of blood

11-13

Plasma ProteinsAlbumins• most numerous plasma proteins• originate in liver• help maintain osmotic pressure of blood

Gamma Globulins• originate in lymphatic tissues• constitute the antibodies of immunity

11-14

Gases and Nutrients

Gases• oxygen• carbon dioxide• nitrogen

Nutrients • amino acids• simple sugars• nucleotides• lipids

11-15

Plasma Electrolytes

• sodium• potassium• calcium• chloride• bicarbonate• phosphate• sodium and potassium most abundant

11-16

ABO Blood Group

11-17

Agglutination

11-18

Preferred and Permissible Blood

Types for Transfusion

11-19

O universal donorAB universal recipient

Rh

• Rh factor is another antigen found on about 85% of the population

• Erythroblastosis fetalis

• RhoGAM

11-20