Chapter 11Blood
Functions• transports vital substances• distributes heat
Blood Cells• form mostly in red bone marrow• red blood cells• white blood cells• platelets (cell fragments)
11-1
Blood Volume
• varies with• body size• changes in fluid concentration• changes in electrolyte concentration• amount of adipose tissue
• about 8% of body weight• about 5 liters
11-2
Blood Composition
11-3
Red Blood Cells
• erythrocytes• biconcave• one-third hemoglobin• oxyhemoglobin• deoxyhemoglobin
• can readily squeeze through capillaries• lack nuclei and mitochondria
11-4
Red Blood Cell Count
• number of RBCs in a cubic millimeter of blood
• 4,600,000 – 6,200,000 in males
• 4,200,000 – 5,400,000 in adult females
• 4,500,000 – 5,100,000 in children
• reflects blood’s oxygen carrying capacity
11-5
Red Blood Cell Production
• low blood oxygen causes kidneys and liver to release erythropoietin which stimulates RBC production
• vitamin B12, folic acid and iron necessary
11-6
Types of Anemia
• iron deficiency anemia• hemoglobin deficient• lack of iron
• pernicious anemia• excess of immature RBCs• inability to absorb B12
• sickle cell anemia• abnormal shape of RBCs• defective gene
11-7
Polycythemia- excess number of rbcs
White Blood Cells
• leukocytes• protect against disease• interleukins and colony-stimulating factors stimulate development
• granulocytes• neutrophils• eosinophils• basophils
• agranulocytes• lymphocytes• monocytes
11-8
Lymphocytes
• T cells• B cells• important in immunity• produce antibodies• 25% - 33% of leukocytes• decreased T Cells in AIDS
11-9
White Blood Cell Counts
• number of WBCs per cubic millimeter of blood• 5,000 – 10,000 per cubic millimeter of blood• leukopenia • low WBC count; below 5,000 per cubic mm• AIDS
• leukocytosis • high WBC count; more than 10,000 per cubic mm• acute infections, leukemia
• differential WBC count• lists percentages of types of leukocytes• may change in particular diseases 11-10
Blood Platelets
• thrombocytes• cell fragments of megakaryocytes• 130,000 – 360,000 per cubic millimeter of blood• helps control blood loss from broken vessels
11-11
Hemostasis and Blood Clots
• stoppage of bleeding
11-12
• thrombus – abnormal blood clot• embolus – blood clot moving through blood
Blood Plasma
• straw colored• liquid portion of blood• 55% of blood
11-13
Plasma ProteinsAlbumins• most numerous plasma proteins• originate in liver• help maintain osmotic pressure of blood
Gamma Globulins• originate in lymphatic tissues• constitute the antibodies of immunity
11-14
Gases and Nutrients
Gases• oxygen• carbon dioxide• nitrogen
Nutrients • amino acids• simple sugars• nucleotides• lipids
11-15
Plasma Electrolytes
• sodium• potassium• calcium• chloride• bicarbonate• phosphate• sodium and potassium most abundant
11-16
ABO Blood Group
11-17
Agglutination
11-18
Preferred and Permissible Blood
Types for Transfusion
11-19
O universal donorAB universal recipient
Rh
• Rh factor is another antigen found on about 85% of the population
• Erythroblastosis fetalis
• RhoGAM
11-20
