chapter 14 blood functions blood cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments)...

30
Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Upload: arline-franklin

Post on 04-Jan-2016

256 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Chapter 14Blood

Functions•

Blood Cells•

• red blood cells• white blood cells• platelets (cell fragments)

14-2

Page 2: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Blood Volume

• varies with• • changes in fluid concentration• changes in electrolyte concentration•

• about % of weight• about liters

14-3

Page 3: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Blood Composition

14-4

Page 4: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Origin of Blood Cells

14-5

Page 5: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Red Blood Cells

• • biconcave• one-third hemoglobin•

14-6Red Blood.mov

Page 6: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Red Blood Cell Count

• # of RBCs in a cubic millimeter of blood

• 4,200,000 – 5,400,000 in adult females

• reflects blood’s oxygen carrying capacity

14-7

Page 7: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Red Blood Cell Production

• low blood oxygen causes kidneys and liver to release erythropoietin which stimulates RBC production

14-8

Page 8: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Life Cycle of Red Blood Cell

• macrophages in spleen and liver destroy worn out RBCs

• bilirubin and biliverdin excreted in bile

14-9

0025.exe

Page 9: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Types of Anemia

• aplastic anemia• • toxic chemicals• radiation

• hemolytic anemia• • toxic chemicals

• iron deficiency anemia• hemoglobin deficient•

• pernicious anemia• • inability to absorb B12

• sickle cell anemia• • defective gene

• thalassemia• hemoglobin deficient• • defective gene

14-10

Page 10: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Hemolytic Anemia

Normal RBCs

RBCs of person with hemolytic anemia

14-11

Page 11: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

White Blood Cells

• leukocytes•

• granulocytes• neutrophils• eosinophils• basophils

• agranulocytes• lymphocytes• monocytes

14-12

Page 12: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Neutrophils

• • first to arrive at infections• phagocytic• of leukocyte• elevated in bacterial infections

14-13

Page 13: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Basophils

• release histamine• release heparin• less than % of leukocytes

14-14

Page 14: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Eosinophils

• • moderate allergic reactions•1% - 3% of leukocytes•

14-15

Page 15: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Monocytes

• • kidney-shaped or oval nuclei• leave bloodstream to become macrophages• of leukocytes•

14-16

Page 16: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Lymphocytes

• size of RBC• large spherical nuclei• T cells• B cells• important in immunity• produce antibodies• of leukocytes• decreased T Cells in AIDS

14-17

Page 17: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

White Blood Cell Counts

• number of WBCs per cubic mm• per cubic mm

• leukopenia • • typhoid fever, flu, measles, mumps, chicken pox, AIDS

• leukocytosis • • acute infections, vigorous exercise, great loss of body fluids

• differential WBC count• lists percentages of types of leukocytes• may change in particular diseases 14-19

Page 18: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Blood Platelets

• thrombocytes• • 130,000 – 360,000 per cubic mm•

14-20

Page 19: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Blood Plasma

• straw colored• • % of blood

14-21

Page 20: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Plasma Proteins

Albumins• most numerous plasma proteins• originate in liver• help maintain osmotic pressure of blood

Fibrinogen• originate in liver• plays key role in blood coagulation

Alpha and Beta Globulins• originate in liver• transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins

Gamma Globulins• originate in lymphatic tissues• constitute the antibodies of immunity

14-22

Page 21: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Gases and Nutrients

Gases• oxygen• carbon dioxide• nitrogen

Nutrients • amino acids• simple sugars• nucleotides• lipids• lipoproteins

14-23

Page 22: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Plasma Lipoproteins

Chylomicrons•transport dietary fats to muscles and adipose cells

HDLs• relatively high concentration of proteins• relatively low concentration of lipids• transport remnants of chylomicrons to liver•

LDLs• relatively high concentration of cholesterol• formed from VLDLs• deliver cholesterol to various cells•

VLDLs•produced in the liver• transport triglycerides from liver to adipose cells

14-24

High Cholesterol

Page 23: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Plasma Electrolytes

• sodium• potassium• calcium• magnesium• chloride• bicarbonate• phosphate• sulfate• sodium and potassium most abundant

14-26

Page 24: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Hemostasis

• stoppage of bleeding

Blood Vessel Spasm•

• smooth muscle in vessel contracts

Platelet Plug Formation

• triggered by exposure of platelets to collagen•

Blood Coagulation•

• blood clot forms

14-27

Page 25: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Platelet Plug Formation

14-28

Page 26: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Blood Clots

• After forming, blood clot retracts and pulls the edges of a broken vessel together

• Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to repair damaged blood vessels

• Plasmin digests blood clots

• thrombus – • embolus –

14-31

Page 27: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Prevention of Coagulation

• As a clot forms, fibrin absorbs thrombin and prevents the reaction from spreading

• Some cells secrete heparin

14-32

Page 28: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

ABO Blood Group

14-33Blood Type.mov

Page 29: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Preferred and Permissible Blood Types for Transfusion

14-35

Page 30: Chapter 14 Blood Functions Blood Cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments) 14-2

Clinical Application

Leukemia

Myeloid Leukemia• bone marrow produces too many immature granulocytes• leukemic cells crowd out other blood cells• anemia• bleeding• susceptible to infections

Lymphoid Leukemia• lymphocytes are cancerous• symptoms similar to myeloid leukemia

Treatments• blood transfusions• marrow transplants• anti-cancer drugs• stem cell transplants

14-36