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Blood Cells Flashcards

1) The study of blood cells is called ___ Hematology2) A human body contains about ____ liters of

blood5

3) Blood transports _____ from the lungs to the tissues.

O2

4) Blood also clears those tissues of _____ CO2

5) The liquid portion of blood is called ___ Plasma6) Describe the morphology of a normal RBC Biconcave disc7) How many nuclei does a normal human RBC

containNone

8) RBC’s are filled with a reddish protein called Hemoglobin9) What is the diameter of a normal RBC 6-8 microns10) The center of an RBC will appear _____

compared to the rest of the cellPale

11) An RBC count below normal is Anemia12) An RBC count above normal is Polycythemia13) How is hemoglobin concentration derived. Sample is measured in a photometer at 540

nm after conversion of hemoglobin to cyanmethemoglobin with Drabkin’s reagent.

14) Hematocrit is a ratio of ___ over ___ Volume of RBC’s over volume of whole blood

15) A normal hematocrit is about ___% 4516) Dr. Wright developed the Wright stain. Why

was this so important?It allowed detailed visual examination of blood using a microscope of things previously difficult or impossible to see.

17) RBC are fully described using these 6 parameters

Shape, color, size, central pallor, contents and function

18) What cells have no nucleus? Red blood cells19) Why are red blood cells biconcave? To increase surface area20) What are the smallest cells in the body? Red blood cells21) What are red blood cells filled with that carry

oxygen throughout the body?Hemoglobin

22) What is the average lifespan of an erythrocyte? 120 days23) Where in the body are old erythrocytes

destroyed?In the spleen and liver

24) Where are RBC's made? In the red bone marrow25) Hereditary spherocytosis is a red cell

membrane disorderTrue

26) What is the condition in which too many red blood cells are produced and requires therapeutic phlebotomy?

Polycythemia

27) What is any condition of red blood cells in which the blood's capacity for carrying oxygen is diminished?

Anemia

28) What is the lack of oxygen to the tissues? Hypoxia

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29) What is the reduced blood flow to a tissue called?

Ischemia

30) What are some of the causes of hypoxia? Ischemia, malfunctioning hemoglobin, increasing altitude

31) What is the characteristic sign of anemia? Reticulocytes in the blood32) What are reticulocytes? Immature red blood cells33) Anemia can be caused by too few RBCs. True34) Anemia can also be cause by iron deficiency. True35) What is the rupture of RBCs? Hemolysis36) Hemolytic anemia can be ______, from

autoimmune disorders or G6PD deficiency, or ________, from infections, or receiving the incorrect blood type in a transfusion.

Hereditary, acquired

37) G6PD deficiency is hereditary and X-linked, so almost all are ______.

Male

38) G6PD is an ______ that is important for RBC metabolism.

Enzyme

39) G6PD is the most common human enzyme deficiency.

True

40) Pernicious anemia is also known as ___. Megaloblastic anemia

41) Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of vitamin B12 or intrinsic factor.

True

42) After gastric bypass surgery, the stomach is no longer able to produce intrinsic factor, which is needed to absorb ______, which is needed to make _____ in RBCs.

Vitamin B12, hemoglobin

43) Without vitamin B12, the blood cells become fewer and larger than normal, or _______.

Megaloblastic

44) Gastric bypass surgery patients must take vitamin B12 shots or sublingual supplements for the rest of their lives.

True

45) What is Thalassemia? A hereditary form of anemia where the RBCs have abnormal hemoglobin that deforms the cells

46) What is sickle cell disease? A hereditary mutation resulting in one valine amino acid substituted for glutamic acid.

47) Which group of people that sickle erythrocytes present than other groups?

people with African ancestry

48) What kind of infections that the sickle shape can prevent?

helps prevent malaria infections, but it also causes blood clots.

49) What is hereditary spherocytosis? The red blood cells shrink over time due to problems with the red blood cell membrane.

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50) What is red blood cell (RBC) count? is a count of the actual number of red blood cells per volume of blood. Both increases and decreases can point to abnormal conditions.

51) What does Hemoglobin (Hgb) measures? the amount of oxygen-carrying protein in the blood.

52) What does Hematocrit (Hct) measures? the percentage of red blood cells in a given volume of whole blood.

53) What is a quick screening test for anemia? the hematocrit test54) How to perform the hematocrit test? A drop of blood is drawn up a small glass

capillary tube and the tube is centrifuged to pack the red blood cells at the bottom with the plasma on top.

55) What does hematocrit measures? the percentage of blood volume that consists of erythrocytes.

56) What is the ratio of the hematocrit? the ratio of packed red blood cells to total blood volume.

57) What percentage is normal hematocrit about 45% (46% for men and 38% for women.)

58) What is a measurement of the average size of your RBCs?

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

59) What is elevated when RBC are larger than normal?

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

60) What is the term for larger than normal RBC? Macrocytic61) Name one condition where MCV is elevated Anemia caused by B12 deficiency62) What is the term for smaller than normal RBC? Microcytic63) What is a calculation of the average amount of

oxygen-carrying hemoglobin inside a red blood cell?

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

64) What is a calculation of the average concentration of oxygen on the hemoglobin molecules inside a red cell?

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

65) What is the term for decreased MCHC values? Hypochromia66) What is the term for increased MCHC values? Hyperchromia67) What is a calculation of the variation in the

size of your RBCs?Red cell distribution width (RDW)

68) Having few RBC’s with various shapes is called?

Anisocytosis

69) Having many RBC’s with various shapes is called?

Poikilocytosis

70) What is the practice of boosting the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream by giving an athlete an unnecessary blood transfusion in order to enhance athletic performance?

Blood doping

71) What is the technique for determining which specific protein type is present on the RBC?

Blood typing

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72) What are the proteins called when the cell membranes of the red blood cells carry certain types of proteins that another person’s body will think is a foreign body and reject it?

Antigens (something that causes an allergic reaction)

73) What are the 2 types of blood antigens? Type A and Type B74) If a person with type A blood gets a transfusion

of type B blood, what would happen?the donated blood will clump in masses (coagulation), and the person will die.

75) Which blood type is considered the universal donor? Why is this possible?

O negative. It is possible because there are no antigens on the blood cell.

76) Which blood type is considered the universal acceptor? Why is this possible?

AB positive. This is possible because the plasma does not contain antibodies to A or B or Rh antigens.

77) What is the rarest blood type? AB negative

78) What protein does the term “positive” or “negative” refer to in blood typing.

Rh Factor

79) What occurs when an Rh- mother has an Rh+ fetus in her womb (from an Rh+ father), and she has antibodies to the Rh factor?

her antibodies will attack the red blood cells of the fetus because her body detects the Rh protein on the baby’s red blood cells and thinks they are foreign objects. This is called Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN).

80) If a woman is Rh- and pregnant the doctor will administer an injection of what at 18 weeks and again within 72 hrs after giving birth?

Rhogam

81) About how old is a fetus when it begins making Rh factor?

18 weeks

82) True or False:83) During an Rh- woman's first pregnancy an Rh+

baby is not at risk of Hemalytic Disease of the Newborn.

True; during the first birth (or miscarriage), the placenta tears away and that’s when the baby’s blood cells get into the mother’s bloodstream. This begins the immune response.

84) What protein is another RBC antigen and similar to Rh factor; in that, it can cause Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn.

The Kell protein. People either have big K or little k proteins. Most people have little kk. If one parent has big K (either Kk or KK), the child can get Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn.

85) Define Pathogen Something that causes a disease.86) Bacterium, virus, fungi, yeast, protozoa, and

worms are examples of what type of pathogen?Biological Pathogens

87) What is an example of a non-biological pathogen?

Toxic chemicals, asbestos are two examples.

88) How many bacteria can fit inside a white blood cell?

Bacteria are so small that hundreds of them can fit inside one WBC.

89) Where do bacteria live in the body? They usually do not invade cells, they live between cells of the body, using nutrients.

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90) How do bacteria cause harm? By secreting toxins91) How many viruses can fit inside the nucleus of

one white blood cell?Thousands

92) How many viruses can fit inside the nucleus area of a bacterium?

Hundreds

93) Where do viruses live in the body and why? They always try to invade body cells because they need host DNA or RNA to replicate

94) What happens when a body cell has been invaded by a virus?

The entire host cell must be killed by a white blood cell.

95) What is an antigen? An Antigen is anything that can cause an immune response, not necessarily a biological pathogen.

96) What are some examples of non-biological antigens?

Pollen, dust, grass, or anything that a person is allergic to.

97) List the Leukocytes 1) Basophils-Mast Cells

2) Eosinophils3) Neutrophils4) Monocytes

-Macrophages5) Lymphocytes

-B cells -T cells

98) What percentage of all Leukocytes are Basophils?

• 0.5 %

99) What is secreted by Basophil granules and why?

• Histamines. It causes vasodilation so more WBCs can get to the infection site.

100) What interferes with the function of Basophils? • Antihistamines101) What is a Basophil that leaves the blood vessel

and enters the tissues?• Mast Cell

102) What percentage of Leukocytes are Eosinophils?

• 1-4%

103) What roles do eosinophils play? • Ending allergic reactions and parasitic infections. They increase in numbers during these conditions (Eosinophilia)

104) Which is the most numerous White Blood Cell?

• Neutrophils

105) Which White Blood Cell is the first to respond to infection?

• Neutrophils

106) What roles do neutrophils play in response to infection?

1) Phagocytize and destroy bacteria2) Also destroy bacterial toxins in

body fluids

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107) How many lobes does the nucleus of a neutrophil have?

2-6 lobes

108) How do Neutrophils contribute to immunity? Engulfing bacteria and foreign bodies (thorns, dirt) in a process called phagocytosis. They release the contents of lysosomes onto invader, dissolving it.

109) When bacteria have capsules, they are harder to phagocytize. What action makes this process easier?

Opsonization by antibodies

110) What has some bacteria around them developed as a defense against phagocytosis.

Capsule

111) True or False: If a bacterium develops a capsule, neutrophils and macrophages cannot engulf it by themselves

True

112) The process of facilitation of phagocytosis is called?

Opsinization

113) What is the structure called when an invading bacteria has the antibody attached to its cell membrane?

Antigen-antibody complex

114) If a bacterium does not have a this structure, the neutrophil can destroy it without opsonization.

Capsule

115) This type of cell comprise about 5% of all WBC’s.

Monocytes

116) This type of leucocyte use antibodies for opsonization. They phagocytize bacteria, old cells, and foreign bodies.

Monocytes (Macrophages) and Neutrophils

117) When monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter the tissue, they are called?

Macrophages

118) What cells are considered to be the most numerous of white blood cells?

Neutrophils

119) True or False: There are more macrophages in the tissue of the body than in the blood.

True

120) Neutrophils live only a few days where as Monocytes/Macrophages live for how long?

Monocytes/Macrophages live for 1-2 months.

121) What cells phagocytize bacteria until they die? Monocytes (Macrophages) and Neutrophils

122) What type cell phagocytize and then take pieces of dead bacteria and present them to lymphocytes so a larger immune response can occur?

Macrophages

123) What are the two type of phagocytes?

Neutrophils and macrophages

124) What are Lymphocytes mostly needed to do? Kill off body cells infected by viruses.125) Neutrophils and macrophages main function is

not to phagocytize viruses, but to what?To phagocytize bacteria

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126) What do macrophages have that make them recognize the surface of the pathogen’s cell membrane?

Surface receptors

127) When macrophages phagocytize bacteria, pop their lysosomes onto it and dissolve it, what do the macrophages do to their own cell membrane and for what reason?

Macrophages place a piece of the bacteria’s cell membrane on it’s own cell wall until the macrophage finds a lymphocyte to present it to.

128) Macrophages present pieces of T cell lymphocytes and that T cell will present it to a what type of lymphocyte?

B cell lymphocyte

129) The B lymphocyte feels the shape of the bacteria pieces, and the B lymphocyte can them launch an attack in the rest of that type of bacteria still alive in the body. What is this process called?

Antigen presentation

130) What is a lymphocyte? Lymphocytes are cells which produce antibodies to kill any pathogens which invade the body.

131) There are two types of lymphocytes. What does one do and what does the other do?

One makes antibodies and the other engages in direct combat with viruses.

132) What are the two main classes of lymphocytes? B cells and T cells133) Where do the B cells originate from? Bone marrow134) B cell that has not been presented to an

invader is called a?Virgen B cell

135) After a B cell has been introduced to an invader, the B cell will mature into a what?

Plasma cell

136) A mature plasma cell fights infection by producing what?

Antibodies

137) After the war of infection is over, the plasma cell will mature into a queen called a what?

Memory cell

138) Where do the T cells originate? Thymus gland139) What do the T cells attack directly? They attack foreign cells including organ

transplants.140) What does a B cell mature into once they have

been presented to?Plasma Cell

141) What is a function of a Plasma Cell? Secrete Antibodies142) What is the function of the antibody from a

Plasma cell?Kill the attacking cell

143) How do the antibodies of a Plasma Cell kill an attacking cell?

They attach to bacteria and pop the cell membrane


They attach to encapsulated bacteria to help neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize them


They agglutinate (clump all over the bacteria, binding their receptor site so they

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cannot cause harm)146) Define the term Mononucleosis A disorder of B-cell lymphocytes147) What is the cause of Mononucleosis? The Epstein Barr Virus148) What is a characteristic of Mononucleosis? Inflammation of lymph

vessels(lymphangitis)149) What is Lymphangitis? Lymph vessel inflammation; usually from

infection150) What is a visual characteristic of

Mononucleosis?Infected lymphocytes have a scalloped edge where they touch RBC’s

151) What is the function of a T-cell? Coordinate the immune response by recruiting other white blood cells.

152) How does a T-cell directly destroy bacteria? Popping their cell membrane153) How does a T-cell directly destroy a foreign

cell?Popping their cell membrane

154) Host body cells that have become infected with viruses may be killed by what type of cell?

T-cell

155) What are characteristics of a T-cell regarding the killing of an invading cell?

They do not need to phagocytize the invading cell, they just kill the cell and the macrophage dissolves the debris.

156) What is the relationship of a T-cell and antibodies?

T-cells do not need the assistance of antibodies in order to destroy an invading cell.

157) Which type of patient is at risk due to the function of T-cells?

Organ transplant patients

158) What type of cell attacks the organs of an organ transplant patient?

T-cell

159) What types of drugs are designed to inhibit the action of T-cells?

Immunosuppressive drugs

160) What cell is attacked by the HIV (AIDS) virus? T-cell161) Where do T-cells originate from? Thymus Gland162) What does the Thymus Gland secrete? Certain hormones which can cause T-cells

to become immunocompetent163) What happens when a T-cell becomes

immunocompetent?Makes the cells mature and start to work

164) What are the three types of T-cells? Cytotoxic (killer), Helper, and Suppressor T-cells

165) What is the function of a Cytotoxic (killer) T-cell?

Go out and directly kill bacteria or infected host cells

166) What are the functions of a Helper T-cell? Release chemicals called “cytokines” to call more white blood cells of all types to join the war. All WBCs can secrete cytokines.

Present the macrophage’s antigen to a B-cell.

167) What happens when a T-cell presents a macrophage’s antigen to a B-cell?

Produce antibodies against that particular bacteria

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168) What are the functions of a Suppressor T-cell? Stop the immune process when it is overTell plasma cells to “remember” how to destroy that specific pathogen.

169) What type of B-cell remembers how to destroy a pathogen that has once invaded the body?

Memory B-cells

170) What is the function of Memory B-cells? React to remembered pathogens faster the next time it invades.

171) Why can Memory B-cells react to remembered pathogens faster?

Memory B-cells already have the proper antibodies stored up for that pathogen.

172) True or False?173) A pathogen can get past the body’s physical

and chemical barriers and the inflammation response.

True

174) What are pathogens engulfed by? Monocytes (Macrophages) and Neutrophils175) What is another word for macrophage? Monocyte176) What does the macrophage release onto a

bacterium to dissolve it?The contents of its lysosomes

177) True or False?178) There are still some pieces of the bacterium’s

cell membrane left.

True

179) What are surface proteins of macrophages also known as?

Antigens

180) Where does the macrophage force the antigens of the bacterium?

To it’s own cell surface.

181) True or False:182) B-cells touch these surface antigens to make a

copy of their shape.

False.Correct cell: Helper T-cells

183) Which cell is presented the surface antigen? B-cells184) B-cells create ________ against pathogens. Antibodies185) True or False?186) Helper T-cells multiply and have two main

roles

True

187) Helper T-cells activate which type of cells? B-cells and Killer T-cells188) What does the Helper T-cell “tell” the B-cells

to do?Helper T-cells tell B-cells how to neutralize the pathogen by presenting the pieces of the bacterium cell membrane.

189) What do the B-cells turn into? Plasma cells190) Plasma cells multiply and produce _________

to ________ a specific pathogenAntibodies; neutralize

191) What is the second role of the Helper T-cells? To activate the Killer T-cells.192) What do Killer T-cells secrete to recruit other

WBCs to join the war?Cytokines

193) True or False?194) Killer T-cells can destroy the pathogen itself

True

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(bacteria)195) Why would a Killer T-cell destroy an entire

body cell?It is infected with a virus

196) When an immune response is over, what kind of cell stops the process?

Suppressor T-cells

197) What do Supressor T-cells “tell” some B-cells to do?

Suppressor T-cells “tell” some B-cells (plasma cells) to “remember” how to destroy that specific pathogen

198) B-cells (plasma cells) now become __________.

Memory B-cells

199) What is leukemia? And what kind of cell does it involve?

Cancer of the blood involving the white blood cells

200) What happens when one stem cell does not function properly?

It will make huge amounts of clones of itself which do not function the right way, resulting in not enough normal WBC being made

201) What is a result from a decrease of WBC? The body cannot fight infection202) Where are the immature white cells sent to? The bloodstream203) Define Leukemia Leukemia can be defined as too few mature

WBC204) True or False?205) Even though WBC count is high, they are all

immature forms

True

206) Leukemia is a form of cancer classified as a disorder of ________ where too few mature ______ are made

Leukocytes; WBCs

207) True or False?208) Lymphoblastic is defined as too many mature

lymphocytes

False. Lymphoblastic is defined as too many immature lymphocytes

209) Too many immature neutrophils is defined as? Myeloblastic210) What do people with severe leukemia need

transplated?A bone marrow transplant

211) Before a bone marrow transplant, what has to happen with the recipients WBCs?

The WBCs of the recipient have to be killed off with a medicine since they are mostly malfunctioning.

212) The donor usually has a small cylinder of bone removed from their _____

Hip

213) How is the bone marrow given to the recipient? I.V.214) True or False?215) The new WBC’s may kill the patient or it may

save their life

True

216) Define WBC count A count of the actual number of white blood cells per volume of blood.

217) True or False?218) An increase or decrease is WBC’s can be

significant

True

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219) Define White blood cell differential It identifies the types of white blood cells present

220) How many different types of WBC are there? Five221) Name the different types of WBC’s Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes,

eosinophils, and basophils.222) Neutrophils are also known as Segs, PMNs, granulocytes, grans223) Excess neutrophils is defined as Neutrophilia224) Too few neutrophils is defined as Neutropenia225) Define thrombocytophilia Excess platelets226) Define thrombocytopenia Too few platelets227) How long do Lymphocytes live can live a lifetime228) How long do Erythrocytes live 4 months229) How long do Platelets live about 2 months230) How long do Monocytes live 1-2 months231) How long do Neutrophils live about a week232) Antibodies are also known as what? immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig233) What are antibodies made by? are proteins made by plasma cells.234) What are typically basic structural unit? each with two large heavy chains and two

small light chains235) What shape does the antibody form? to form a unit shaped like the letter “Y”236) What are the tips of the “Y” ? have receptors that are specific for a

particular antigen237) What does the stem of the “Y” do? can be grasped by a phagocyte.238) What is the hypervariable region? Small region at the tip of an antigen

allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures, or antigen binding sites, to exist

239) What is the advantage of the hypervariable region?

allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide diversity of antigens

240) Why are people sick more often as children than in their 20’s and 30’s?

we build up many varieties of memory lymphocytes during childhood, providing immunity from more and more antigens during adulthood

241) What are platelets made from? Pieces break off of a megakaryocte and are known as platelets

242) What happens when a platelet encounters a broken blood vessel?

it uses clotting factors (made in the liver and circulating in the blood) to form a web to clots blood.

243) Platelets are responsible for what? clot (thrombus) formation244) What is a platelet? Is the cell fragment that is broken off from

megakaryocytes.245) What is the primary function of a platelet? Function in clotting of blood246) Where are platelets located? In the plasma called Clotting factor in order

for then to become activated form a clot. They are found in Fibrin; it is made from

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Fibrinogen.247) What Term means lack of platelets? Thrombocytopenia; it is abnormal lowing

concentration of platelets.248) Primary vitamin that is needed for blood

clotting factor?Vitamin K

249) Where is vitamin K found? Found in green, leafy vegetables.250) What is a Therapeutic use for Aspirin Can help blood clots by blocking the action

of platelets. It251) What is hemophilia? A hereditary disease of males, where they

are unable to clot properly because they are missing some clotting factors.When they get even a slight bump or bruise they have to have an intravenous infusion of clotting factors or they will bleed to death.

252) What is a thrombus? A clot in a vessel253) What is an Embolism? A thrombus that broke away and travels in

the blood stream. It usually lodges in a smaller blood vessel and blocks circulation distal to that point.

254) What is platelet count? The platelet count is the number of platelets in a given volume of blood.

255) What can thrombocytophilia and thrombocytopenia indicate?

Both increases (thrombocytophilia) and decreases (thrombocytopenia) can point to abnormal conditions of excess bleeding or clotting.

256) What is the Mean Platelet Volume and how does it relate to the age of platelets?

Mean platelet volume (MPV) is a machine-calculated measurement of the average size of your platelets. New platelets are larger, and an increased MPV occurs when increased numbers of platelets are being produced.

257) What are the uses of PT and PTT tests and which are the coagulation factors they evaluate?

The PTT test is used to investigate unexplained bleeding or clotting. It may be ordered along with a PT (Prothrombin Time) test to evaluate hemostasis (the process of clot formation).The PTT evaluates all the coagulation factors except for VII. The PT test evaluates factor VII.

258) How Heparin is used as anticoagulant drug therapy?

These tests are used to monitor heparin anticoagulant therapy. Heparin is a drug that is given intravenously (IV) or by injection to prevent and to treat blood clots. IV’s are also flushed with heparin to prevent clot formation. When it is administered for therapeutic purposes, it

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must be closely monitored. If too much is given, the treated person may bleed excessively; with too little, the treated person may continue to clot.

259) What primary diseases are monitored by CBC and what are the parts of a Complete Blood Count?

The complete blood count or CBC test is used as a broad screening test to check for such disorders as anemia, infection, and many other diseases. It is actually a panel of tests that examines different parts of the blood and includes the following:White blood cell (WBC) countWhite blood cell differentialRed blood cell (RBC) countHemoglobinHematocritMean corpuscular volume (MCV)Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)Red cell distribution width (RDW)platelet countPT, PTT (separate test from CBC)

260) What is septicemia? Septicemia (aka bacteremia or toxemia) is the condition when bacteria invade the body and circulate in the blood.

261) What entry points bacteria can use in order to gain access to the blood?

Bacteria can enter the bloodstream as a severe complication of infections (like pneumonia or meningitis), during surgery (especially when involving mucous membranes such as the gastrointestinal tract), or due to catheters and other foreign bodies entering the arteries or veins (including intravenous drug abuse).

262) What consequences does the presence of bacteria have in the blood?

Bacteremia can have several consequences. The immune response to the bacteria can cause sepsis and septic shock, which has a relatively high mortality rate (kills 1 person in 5). Bacteria can also use the blood to spread to other parts of the body (which is called hematogenous spread), causing infections away from the original site of infection. Ex endocarditis or osteomyelitis.

263) What is the treatment of septicemia? Treatment is with antibiotics, and prevention with antibiotic prophylaxis can be given in situations where problems are to be expected.

264) What are the stem cells? STEM CELL: A cell that has not matured and

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differentiated yet.265) What are the advantages of stem cells and why

would research use embryos as stem cell sources rather than the placenta?

An embryo has lots of stem cells which have not decided to become a nerve cell, muscle cell, liver cell, etc. Stem cells become the type of cell the body needs. The placenta of a newborn infant has many of these stem cells, too, but not as many as an embryo. That’s why people want to research stem cells on embryos; there are more stem cells there.

266) What is the first step for a stem cell? To differentiate in order to decide which cell it belongs to.

267) What is hematopoiesis? blood cell formation268) Where are plasma proteins made? In the liver269) Where are blood cells made? In the red bone marrow/spongy bone270) Where is red bone marrow located? Epiphyses of long bones, girdles (clavicle,

scapula pelvic bones), axial skeleton (sternum and vertebral bones)

271) What are characteristics of yellow bone marrow?

Contains many fats cells, located in long bones of adults, has nothing to do with forming blood cells.

272) What is released into the bloodstream once completely mature?

blood cells

273) Where are blood cells destroyed once they are old?

in the spleen and the liver

274) Where do T cells mature? the thymus gland275) What cells originate from blood stem cells? erythroblasts: red blood cells

lymphoblasts: lymphocytesmyeloblasts: all other white blood cells

276) What happens when a RBC loses its nucleus? it gains room for more hemoglobin277) What are reticulocytes? cells with some bits of nucleus for about

two days278) What is the relationship between lymphoblasts

and lymphocytesLymphoblast give rise to lymphocytes

279) What are myeloblasts? These are the stem cells that mature into the other leukocytes.

280) What is Leukemia? Leukemia is cancer of the stem cells281) What is an inflammation reaction? When you get stuck by a thorn or have an

infected cut, the body goes through a series of events called an inflammatory reaction.

282) What are the four signs of inflammation? – Redness (erythema or rubor)

– Heat (calor)– Swelling (edema or tumor)– Pain (dolor)

283) What causes redness in the stages of inflammation?

Redness is caused from the blood vessels dilating to allow more blood flow to the

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area. Within the blood are platelets to clot the blood, proteins to repair the damage, and macrophages, which are white blood cells that eat up the foreign body, bacteria, or the dead cells.

284) What causes heat in the stages of inflammation?

Heat is caused because of the extra amount of warm blood flow to the area.

285) What causes swelling in the stages of inflammation?

Swelling is caused from the plasma that leaks out of the swollen blood vessels.

286) What causes pain in the stages of inflammation?

Pain is caused from the pressure of the extra fluid pressing on nerves in the area.

287) What are the two types of immune response? The immune response is divided into two parts: Innate Immunity (WBC) and Adaptive Immunity (Antibodies)

288) What are the two types of Adaptive Immunity? Active immunity and Passive immunity289) What is active immunity? Active means the person’s own body makes

the antibodies. Naturally Acquired

– The body is naturally exposed to an infectious agent and launches an immune reaction

Artificially AcquiredThe person is injected with a weakened (attenuated) or killed organism, as found in a vaccination

290) What is naturally acquired active immunity? It is when the body is exposed to an infectious agent and the body has to work to produce antibodies which specifically attack that infectious agent.

291) In naturally acquired active immunity, which cells secrete these antibodies, how long can they live, and how do they attack?

The white blood cells secrete these antibodies which will continue to circulate sometimes for years, ready to attack that type of bacteria and cause them to pop like a balloon before the body can become sick.

292) Can you get the same cold virus twice? No, you will become immune to it. Your next cold is from a different virus.

293) Which diseases may kill you at first exposure? Polio, diphtheria, tetanus, and influenza.294) What is a vaccine? It is an altered or attenuated form of the

virus that the body recognizes as foreign, but they can’t cause disease.

295) What is the point of vaccination? If the person is exposed to the real organism later, the antibodies are already there to kill it off without the body getting sick.

296) What is an example of Artificially Acquired Active Immunity?

A child is vaccinated against measles as a baby, so when he gets to school and is

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exposed to the disease, he doesn’t get sick.297) What does passive in Passive Immunity mean? PASSIVE means the person’s body does not

have to make the antibodies.298) What is an example of naturally acquired

immunity?An example is the passing of antibodies from mother to infant in breast milk.

299) What are the two types of passive immunity? Naturally acquired or artificially acquired300) What are two examples of artificially acquired

immunity?The first example is when a person receives an infusion of antibodies from someone else. The second is an example of an ebola survivor that donates his blood to another infected person.

301) Are active or passive immunity for life or short life?

Active immunity is long-lived, and may last for years or even a life time.Passive immunity is short lived, and may last only for a few months.

302) What are allergies? It is a hypersensitivity to substances such as pollen or animal hair that would not ordinarily cause a reaction.

303) What are the two types of allergic responses? Immediate and delayed.304) What is an immediate allergic response? A reaction that occurs within seconds of

contact with the thing causing the allergy.305) What will stop an allergic reaction for peanuts

or seafood?A shot of epinephrine will stop the reaction.

306) What is a delayed allergic response? When the body’s first exposure to the substance will not cause a reaction, but all exposures afterward will trigger the response.

307) What is an example of a delayed allergic response?

Not itching the first time you touch poison ivy.

308) What is a wheal-and-flare reaction? Pruritis (itching), erythema on the skin309) What are some examples of symptoms of an

allergic reaction?bronchoconstrictionmucous secretionvasodilation (shock)

310) What is localized anaphylaxis? A reaction limited to the site of allergen exposure

311) What is the definition of pruritis? Itching312) What is the definition of urticarial? Hives313) What is allergic rhinitis? Hay fever314) What is atopic dermatitis? Eczema315) What are the symptoms of an allergic asthma

attack?airway edemamucous secretioninflammation

316) What is an autoimmune disease? A hereditary problem where the body thinks its own tissues are foreign bodies, and it constantly tries to kill off its own tissues.

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