Biology Chapter 14 and 15 TEST (mrk 2011)

Multiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Human females produce egg cells that havea. one X chromosome.b. two X chromosomes.c. one X or one Y chromosome.d. one X and one Y chromosome.

Figure 14–1

____ 2. According to Figure 14–1, what is the approximate probability that a human offspring will be female?a. 10%b. 25%c. 50%d. 75%

____ 3. What percentage of human sperm cells carry an X chromosome?a. 0%b. 25%c. 50%d. 100%

____ 4. A human female inheritsa. two copies of every gene located on the X chromosome.b. twice as many sex chromosomes as a human male inherits.c. one copy of every gene located on the Y chromosome.d. all of the same genes that a human male inherits.

____ 5. How many chromosomes are shown in a normal human karyotype?a. 2b. 23c. 44d. 46

____ 6. Sex-linked genes are located ona. the autosomal chromosomes.b. the X chromosome only.c. the Y chromosome only.d. both the X chromosome and the Y chromosome.

____ 7. Colorblindness is more common in males than in females because the allele for colorblindness is a. dominant and located on the X chromosome.b. recessive and located on the Y chromosome.c. recessive and located on the X chromosome.d. recessive and located on the Y chromosome.

____ 8. Which of the following statements is true?a. Females cannot have hemophilia.b. A colorblind girl’s father must be colorblind. c. A sex-linked allele cannot be dominant.d. A colorblind boy’s father must be colorblind.

____ 9. Human males havea. one X chromosome only.b. two X chromosomes.c. one X and one Y chromosome.d. two Y chromosomes.

____ 10. Which of the following form(s) a Barr body?a. one of the Y chromosomes in a male cellb. one of the X chromosomes in a male cellc. one of the X chromosomes in a female celld. both of the X chromosomes in a female cell

____ 11. The formation of a Barr body inactivatesa. half of the genes on one X chromosome in a female cell.b. one whole X chromosome in a female cell.c. one whole Y chromosome in a male cell.d. one gene on one X chromosome in a male cell.

____ 12. A cat that has spots of more than one colora. has no Barr bodies.b. is probably female.c. is probably male.d. could be male or female.

____ 13. Which of the following pairs of genotypes result in the same phenotype?a. IAIA and IAIB

b. IBIB and IBic. IBIB and IAIB

d. IBi and ii

Blood TypesBlood Type Combination of Alleles

A IAIA or IAiB IBIB or IBi

AB IAIB

O ii

Figure 14–2

____ 14. If a man with blood type A and a woman with blood type B produce an offspring, what might be the offspring’s blood type?a. AB or Ob. A, B, or Oc. A, B, AB, or Od. AB only

Figure 14–3

____ 15. Examine the pedigree in Figure 14–3. The allele for the presence of a white forelock is dominant. What is the probability of the couple labeled 2 of having a child with a white forelock?a. 25%b. 50%c. 75%d. 100%

____ 16. Examine the pedigree in Figure 14–3. The allele for the presence of a white forelock is dominant. Therefore, we can tell from the chart that in the couple labeled 2 a. the male is heterozygous and the female is homozygous.b. the male is homozygous and the female is heterozygous.c. the male is homozygous and the female is homozygous.d. the male is heterozygous and the female is heterozygous.

Figure 14–4

____ 17. In a pedigree, such as the one in Figure 14–4, a circle represents a(an)a. male.b. female.c. child.d. adult.

Figure 14–5

____ 18. The trait in pedigree in Figure 14–5 has two alleles: P (dominant) and p (recessive). The black symbols show the dominant phenotype, and the white symbols show the recessive phenotype. What is the genotype of individual number 1?a. PPb. Ppc. Pd. p

____ 19. How many generations are shown in the pedigree in Figure 14–5? a. 2b. 4c. 6d. 8

____ 20. If the allele for having a white forelock is dominant, family members WITHOUT a white forelock are a. homozygous recessive.b. heterozygous.c. homozygous dominant.d. trisomal.

Figure 14–6

____ 21. For the pedigree in Figure 14–6, shaded symbols represent afflicted people. Males are squares; women are circles. If the trait is a sex-linked trait carried on the X chromosome, what is true about the mother represented by circle 1?a. She has two alleles for the disorder.b. She has one allele for the disorder.c. She has no alleles for the disorder.d. She has the genotype XXY.

____ 22. Which of the following is caused by a dominant allele?a. Huntington’s diseaseb. colorblindnessc. cystic fibrosisd. sickle-cell disease

____ 23. Which of the following diseases and conditions does not appear until late in a person’s life?a. cystic fibrosisb. sickle cell diseasec. colorblindnessd. Huntington disease

____ 24. Sickle cell disease is caused by aa. change in one allele.b. change in the size of a chromosome.c. change in two proteins.d. change in the number of chromosomes in a cell.

____ 25. In cystic fibrosis, a change in a single gene causes the protein called CFTR toa. become less soluble.b. fold improperly.c. destroy the cell membrane.d. transport sodium ions.

____ 26. Compared with normal hemoglobin, the hemoglobin of a person with sickle cell disease isa. longer.b. shorter.c. less soluble.d. more soluble.

____ 27. People who are heterozygous for sickle cell disease are generally healthy because theya. are resistant to many different diseases.b. have some normal hemoglobin in their red blood cells.c. are not affected by the gene until they are elderly.d. produce more hemoglobin than they need.

____ 28. The failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis is calleda. nondisjunction.b. X-chromosome inactivation.c. Turner’s syndrome.d. Down syndrome.

____ 29. Because the X chromosome contains genes that are vital for normal development, no baby has been borna. with one X chromosome.b. with three X chromosomes.c. without an X chromosome.d. with four X chromosomes.

____ 30. Which of the following combinations of sex chromosomes represents a female?a. XYb. XXYc. XXXYd. XX

____ 31. If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis,a. only two gametes may form instead of four.b. some gametes may have an extra copy of some genes.c. the gamete cannot join another to form a organism.d. the gametes redistribute chromosomes after meiosis.

Figure 14–7

____ 32. What is illustrated in Figure 14–7?a. mutationb. dominancec. electrophoresisd. nondisjunction

____ 33. Which of the following can be used to cut DNA so it can be studied?a. restriction enzymesb. gel electrophoresisc. karyotypesd. haplotypes

____ 34. Which piece of DNA would move fastest in gel electrophoresis? A segment that isa. 100 base pairs long.b. 1,000 base pairs long.c. 5,000 base pairs long.d. 100,000 base pairs long.

____ 35. What is the role of restriction enzymes in studying the human genome?a. copying pieces of DNAb. labeling different nucleotides with different colors of dyesc. separating different pieces of DNA based on their sized. cutting large DNA molecules into smaller pieces

Figure 14–8

____ 36. Which enzyme(s) in Figure 14–8 would be best for cutting DNA to make fragments with sticky ends?a. EcoRI and HaeIIIb. HaeIII and BamIc. HaeIII aloned. EcoRI and BamI

Figure 14–9

____ 37. What new field is described by the overlap area in the Venn diagram in Figure 14–9?a. biotechnologyb. bioinformaticsc. gene therapyd. genetic engineering

____ 38. What did scientists in the Human Genome Project look for in DNA to identify the locations of genes?a. promotersb. sex-linked genesc. CFTR genesd. autosomes

____ 39. About how much of our DNA encodes the instructions for building proteins? a. 2 percentb. 10 percentc. 50 percentd. 100 percent

____ 40. Why is it helpful to sequence many human genomes, instead of just one?a. Scientists can confirm that everyone’s genome is identical. b. Scientists can find how the human genome varies.c. Scientists can find out how to get rid of viral DNA from our cells.d. Scientists can provide insurance companies with everyone’s genome.

____ 41. Which was the first step in sequencing the human genome?a. locating overlapping sequencesb. identifying genes by finding promotersc. cutting the DNA into manageable piecesd. sorting between introns and exons

____ 42. The Human Genome Project is an attempt toa. sequence every person’s DNA.b. sequence the DNA of every human gene.c. cure infectious human diseases.d. identify all restriction enzymes.

____ 43. The human genome was sequenceda. by sequencing each gene on each chromosome, one at a time.b. in order of the chromosome number on a karyotype.c. by finding overlapping regions between sequenced DNA fragments.d. by first organizing all the single-base differences into haplotypes.

____ 44. More than forty percent of the proteins coded for in the human genome area. used to help protect the DNA. b. coded for on the X and Y chromosomesc. thought to have the same function.d. similar to proteins found in other organisms.

____ 45. What prevents insurance companies from discriminating against people based on information derived from genetic tests?a. Only scientists can read the results of complicated genetic tests.b. Genetic tests don’t show information about genetic disorders.c. Discrimination based on genetic information is against the law.d. People with genetic diseases cannot do business with private insurance companies.

____ 46. Which of the following has the disadvantage of possibly bringing two recessive alleles together and causing a genetic defect? a. inbreedingb. hybridizationc. genetic engineeringd. transformation

____ 47. Which of the following explains how teosinte may have been selectively bred to produce corn?a. Teosinte plants with the desired traits were hybridized until the best trait combination

appeared, then the offspring were inbred.b. Teosinte plants were randomly bred until the desired traits appeared, then the offspring

were hybridized.c. Teosinte plants were hybridized with corn plants, and the resulting hybrids with the

desired traits were inbred. d. Teosinte plants with similar characteristics were inbred until the desired traits were

produced.

____ 48. To create animals that have the characteristics of both species, some people have bred buffalo and cattle together. This is an example ofa. inbreedingb. hybridizationc. genetic engineeringd. transformation

____ 49. To produce animals with certain desirable characteristics by selective breeding, humans take advantage ofa. the natural variations that exist among individuals.b. the ideal traits produced by genetic engineering.c. recombinant plasmids with foreign DNA.d. drugs and radiation that can cause new mutations to arise.

____ 50. Which of the following could include all the others?a. hybridizationb. inbreedingc. selective breedingd. induced mutations

____ 51. Certain drugs can be used in plant breeding to make polyploid plants. These drugs a. change the number of chromosomes found in cells.b. change eukaryotic plants into prokaryotic plants.c. frequently cause mutations, which create new alleles and genes.d. insert foreign DNA into plant chromosomes.

____ 52. Suppose a bacterial culture was transformed with recombinant plasmids containing a gene for resistance to penicillin. The bacterial culture was then treated with penicillin. Which of the following statements will happen to the transformed bacteria?a. They will die.b. They will live.c. They will under go PCR.d. They will become polyploid.

____ 53. During transformation,a. a prokaryote is changed into a eukaryote.b. a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell.c. foreign DNA is inserted into a plasmid.d. the chromosome of a bacterium is mutated.

____ 54. Which protein creates DNA fragments with sticky ends?a. DNA polymeraseb. DNA ligasec. restriction enzymed. lysozyme

____ 55. A gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that have been transformed by a plasmid from those that have not is calleda. a resistance gene.b. an antibiotic.c. a genetic marker.d. a clone.

____ 56. Which of the following joins two pieces of DNA together?a. restriction enzymeb. DNA ligasec. plasmidd. genetic marker

Figure 15–1

____ 57. What does Figure 15–1 represent?a. gel electrophoresis being used to sequence DNAb. hybridization being used to manipulate DNAc. an enzyme being used to cut DNA d. polymerase chain reaction being used to copy DNA

____ 58. Which of the following correctly describes the polymerase chain reaction?a. A piece of DNA is cut with restriction enzymes into smaller pieces. DNA ligase is then

used to join the pieces together.b. A restriction enzyme cuts a plasmid, and an antibiotic resistance gene is added. The

plasmid is then used to transform bacteria. c. The gene for the GFP protein is inserted into a bacterial genome. The bacteria then make

the protein and pass the gene to their offspring. d. DNA is heated to separate the strand, then primers are added. DNA polymerase then

builds new strands in the region between the primers.

____ 59. The process of making changes in the DNA code of a living organism is calleda. selective breeding.b. genetic engineering.c. inbreeding.d. hybridization.

____ 60. A DNA molecule produced by combining DNA from different sources is known asa. a mutant.b. a hybrid.c. a polyploid.d. recombinant DNA.

____ 61. What is the role of primers in PCR?a. They add new nucleotides to build complementary strands of DNA based on the original

template.b. They allow for the insertion of antibiotic resistance genes, so scientists can select the

bacteria that have been transformed.c. They create a place for DNA polymerase to start its work building new DNA strands.d. They separate the DNA strands and hold them apart, to create room for DNA polymerase

molecules.

____ 62. Which of the following would require the use of recombinant DNA?a. Crossing two apple trees to create better apples. b. Breeding a donkey and a horse to make a mule.c. Engineering bacteria that produce human insulin.d. Creating a polyploid banana tree.

____ 63. Why are plasmids so widely used in recombinant DNA studies?a. because it is difficult to insert new genes into them b. because they can be used to transform bacteriac. because they naturally contain much foreign DNAd. because they cannot be cut with restriction enzymes

____ 64. Why is inserting plasmids in yeast more complex than inserting them into bacteria?a. Yeasts are prokaryotes.b. Yeasts are eukaryotes.c. Yeasts are hybrids. d. Yeasts are inbred.

____ 65. A plant cell is successfully transformed ifa. a plasmid enters the cell and the cell breaks down the plasmid.b. the cell integrates foreign DNA into one of its chromosomes.c. the cell reproduces normal offspring, which also produce offspring. d. a plasmid is unable to enter the cell.

____ 66. Which of the following is a pair of transgenic organisms?a. a hybridized peach tree and bacteria that make human insulinb. a Bt corn plant and a polyploid banana treec. a hybridized peach tree and a polyploid banana treed. bacteria that make human insulin and a Bt corn plant

____ 67. Dolly is a sheep produced by cloning. Which of the following is a difference between Dolly and animals produced by sexual reproduction?a. The source of Dolly’s DNA is a single cell taken from an adult individual.b. The DNA molecules in each of Dolly’s cells are identical.c. Dolly has a mix of genes from her foster mother and the sheep that donated a nucleus of

one of its cells.d. Dolly is genetically identical to her offspring.

____ 68. What kind of technique do scientists use to make transgenic organisms?a. hybridizationb. inbreedingc. inducing of mutationsd. genetic engineering

____ 69. What is an advantage of using transgenic bacteria to produce human proteins?a. The human proteins produced by transgenic bacteria work better than those produced by

humans.b. Transgenic bacteria can produce human proteins in large amounts.c. The human proteins produced by transgenic bacteria last longer than those produced by

humans.d. Transgenic bacteria can produce human proteins used to make plastics.

____ 70. To produce transgenic bacteria that make insulin, which of the steps listed below would a scientist do FIRST? a. Insert the human insulin gene into a plasmid.b. Extract the insulin from the bacterial culture.c. Cut out the insulin gene from human DNA.d. Transform bacteria with the recombinant plasmid.

____ 71. Which of the following is made with recombinant DNA technology and helps farmers use less insecticide?a. Ht cottonb. Bt cottonc. hybridized cottond. selectively bred cotton

____ 72. Which of these is NOT a way in which a GM animals contribute to an increased food supply?a. Cows have increased milk production because they have been injected with hormones

made by recombinant bacteria.b. Bacteria are engineered to produce human insulin, which is administered to people with

diabetes. c. Growth hormone genes have been used to make transgenic salmon, which grow much

more quickly than wild salmon.d. Genetically modified pigs have been engineered, and they produce more lean meat than

non-GM pigs.

____ 73. GM crops that produce a higher yield per plant than unmodified crops would a. produce more food for the same acreage. b. produce less food for the same acreage.c. produce more food but would use more land.d. produce less food and require more land.

____ 74. What has been an advantage of producing transgenic plants?a. increasing the food supplyb. using more pesticidesc. producing clonesd. studying human genes

____ 75. Scientists have used genes from spiders to genetically engineer goats that produce silk strands along with their milk. Which of the following is true of the silk made by the goats?a. It is slightly different than the silk made by the spiders because the genes are read

differently by the goat’s cells. b. It is heavier than the silk made the spiders because goats are larger animals than spiders.c. It is very different from the silk made by the spiders because goat cells are very different

from spider cells.d. It is identical to silk produced by the spiders because the genetic code is universal.

Figure 15–2

____ 76. Why would the procedure in Figure 15–2 be performed?a. to identify a parentb. to treat a genetic diseasec. to clone an animald. to identify active genes

____ 77. The procedure illustrated in Figure 15–2 is an example ofa. genetic testing.b. DNA finger printing.c. gene therapy.d. cloning.

____ 78. Imagine that you are scientist studying skin cancer cells. Which biotechnology technique could you use if you wanted to compare the activity levels of hundreds of genes in skin cancer cells to their activity levels in normal skin cells?a. DNA microarrayb. gene therapyc. DNA fingerprintingd. genetic testing

____ 79. Gene therapy is successful if thea. viruses carrying the replacement gene infect the person’s cells.b. replacement gene is replicated in the person’s cells.c. replacement gene is expressed in the person’s cells.d. replacement gene is successfully spliced to viral DNA.

____ 80. What process can prospective parents use to determine if they are carrying recessive alleles for disease?a. DNA fingerprintingb. gene therapyc. genetic testingd. Agrobacterium transformation.

____ 81. The use of DNA fingerprinting relies on the fact thata. the most important genes are different among most people.b. no two people, except identical twins, have exactly the same DNA.c. most genes used for identification are dominant.d. DNA fingerprints from different people can look very similar.

____ 82. What conclusion CANNOT be made from two DNA fingerprints that show identical patterns of bands?a. The DNA in both fingerprints almost certainly came from the same person.b. The DNA in both fingerprints definitely came from two different people.c. The DNA fragments in both fingerprints were separated by their sizes.d. The corresponding bands on the fingerprints are made of DNA fragments that are the same

length.

Figure 15–3

____ 83. What is shown in Figure 15–3?a. DNA fingerprintsb. microarraysc. engineered virusesd. recombinant plasmids

____ 84. Which of the following correctly describes how DNA fingerprinting of certain genes can be used to establish familial relationships?a. The Y chromosome is used to look for links from a son to his mother, and mitochondrial

DNA is used to look for links to his father.b. Plasmid DNA is used to look for links from a girl to her mother, and the Y chromosome is

used to look for links to her father.c. Mitochondrial DNA is used to look for links from a son to his mother, and the Y

chromosome is used to look for links to his father.d. Mitochondrial DNA is used to look for links from a girl to her mother, and plasmid DNA

is used to look for links to her father.

____ 85. Which of the following is true of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act?a. It protects Americans against being treated differently by employers or insurance

companies based on their genetic informationb. It prevents scientists from patenting the genes they discover if those genes were found in

other people.c. It allows parents the legal right to choose specific genes for their children if the

technology becomes available.d. It makes it legal for companies that produce genetically modified crops to keep their

genetic technologies a secret.

____ 86. Which of the following is true of patents in biotechnology?a. Scientists are only allowed to patent genes; they cannot patent techniques they use in the

lab.b. A scientist who holds a patent can demand high fees that block others from doing certain

research.c. Human genes cannot be patented because they belong to everyone.d. Genetically modified foods cannot be patented.

____ 87. One reason farmers often choose GM crops over non-GM crops because GM crops area. much safer.b. more productive.c. less expensive.d. less controversial.

____ 88. Which of the following findings, if true, would support CRITICS of GM crops?a. Bt corn is proven harmless to butterflies. b. Bt cotton requires farmers to use less insecticide on their fields.c. Bt corn reduces the populations of bees needed to pollinate the plants. d. Bt cotton produces higher crop yields than other cotton.

____ 89. Which of the following findings, if true, would support an argument IN FAVOR of GM foods?a. Farmers using herbicide-resistant crops pollute groundwater more than farmers growing

non-GM crops. b. The cost of using GM crops is prohibitively expensive for 75 percent of all farmers. c. Farmers who grow GM crops have much higher yields that farmers growing unmodified

crops. d. The populations of bees on farms growing insect-resistant crops are half as large as bee

populations on other farms.

____ 90. Which statement below might be used by someone who is arguing against the use of GM crops?a. GM crops reduce the amount of land and energy that need to be devoted to agriculture

because they have high yields.b. GM crops need more insecticide to be used than other crops because they grow faster.c. The patents for the seeds of GM crops are held by big companies, which may raise prices

and force small farmers out of business.d. No studies have shown that GM crops are dangerous to human health.

Science Skills

Figure 15–4

91. Interpret Visuals What process is being illustrated in Figure 15–4?a. translocation b. transformation c. inbreeding d. plasmidosis

92. Interpret Visuals In Figure 15–4, during which numbered step(s) are bacteria reproducing?a. Step 4 b. Step 5 c. Step 6 d. Step 7

93. Interpret Visuals During which numbered steps(s) in Figure 15–4 is a restriction enzyme used?a. Steps 1, 2, 3 b. Steps 2, 3, 4 c. Steps 3, 4, 5 d. Steps 4, 5, 6

94. Infer How might the bacterial cell produced in step 6 in Figure 15–4 be useful?a. The bacterial cell produced in step 6 contains the gene for human growth hormone.b. It can produce human growth hormone identical to the hormone produced in human cells in great quantities.c. both (a) and (b)d. none of the above

95. Interpret Visuals In Figure 15–4, which numbered step produces a recombinant plasmid?a. Step 4 b. Step 5 c. Step 6 d. Step 7

Figure 15–6

96. Interpret Visuals In Figure 15–6, what do the bands shown in B consist of?a. nuclei b. cell membranes c. ribosomes d. DNA fragments

97. Interpret Visuals Which group of bands in Figure 15–6 moved faster, C or D?A. C b. D c. not enough information

98. Infer What is occurring in A in Figure 15–6?a. The ribosomes are being stained so they show up better under the microscope.b. The cell membranes are being stained so they show up better under the microscope.c. The restriction enzyme is cutting the DNA into fragments.d. The nuclear envelopes are being dissolved by the restriction enzymes.

99. Infer In Figure 15–6, why are the bands in shown in B moving toward the positive end of the gel?a. because they are positively chargedb. because they are negatively chargedc. because they are neutrally chargedd. not enough information

100. Draw Conclusions In Figure 15–6, were the any of the three DNA samples from the same person?a. yes b. no