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Ha hc polymebyTRN HI NINH, PhD*Polymer Center- HUTS

Polymer Center- HUTS

Polymer Center- HUTS *TI LIU THAM KHO

Phan Minh Ngc, Bi Chng. C s ha hc polyme. NXB i hc BKHN, H Ni, 2010. Nguyn Hu Niu, Trn Vnh Diu, Ho l polyme, NXB HQG H Ch Minh, 2004. Bi Chng, Ho l polyme, NXB HBK H ni, 2006. Robert O.Ebewele, Polymer science and technology, CRC Press, 2000. Malcolm P.Stevens, Polymer Chemistry: Introduction, 3rd ED, Oxford University Press, 1999. P.J. Young, P.A Lowell. Introduction to polymers, Chapman & Hall, London, NY, Tokyo, Mellbourn, 1991. Arie Ram. Fundamentals of polymer engineering, Plenum Press, New York, London, Moscow, 2001.


DNA genepolysaccharidesmusclehair*Polymer Center- HUTS Polyme t nhin


Human beings were benefited by polymers since ancient age.cottonBacteria cellulose*Polymer Center- HUTS Polyme t nhin


silksilk worm*Polymer Center- HUTS Polyme t nhin


Spider-manSpider silk*Polymer Center- HUTS


Natural Rubber (cao su thin nhin)*Polymer Center- HUTS Polyme t nhinRubber treesRubber Raw Materials


Polymer Center- HUTS *Dung Quat Oil RefineryPolypropylen (PP) resin Polyme tng hp


Bnh, chai PETCc sn phm t nha (plastic)*Polymer Center- HUTS


Automotive Plastics and Composites Use*Polymer Center- HUTS


Shinkansen, Japan: 443 Km/hour*Polymer Center- HUTS


Polymer Center- HUTS *1.1. nh ngha polyme1.2. Nguyn liu ban u cho polyme1.3. Cu to polyme 1.3.1. Hnh dng phn t polyme 1.3.2. Cu trc phn t polyme 1.3.3. Hnh thi cu to phn t polyme 1.3.4. Khi lng phn t v s phn b khi lng phn t polyme 1.4. Phn loi polyme1.5. Danh php


Polymer Center- HUTS *Polyme l g ?* S khc nhau gia hp cht thp phn t v hp cht cao phn t1.1. nh ngha polyme

S nguyn t CTrng thi v tnh chtng dng1- 4KhKh t (gas)5 - 11Lngxng9 - 16Cht lng c nht trung bnhDu la16 - 25Cht lng c nht caoDu v m25 - 50Dng rn tinh thSp prafin50 - 1000Dng rn bn tinh thLp ph, chng thm1000 - 5000Dng rn - daiChai, mng, dn dng3 - 6 x105siGng tay m, o chng n


Polyethylen (PE)HCMch chnh*Polymer Center- HUTS


Polymer Center- HUTS *Polyme = Poly (nhiu) + me (hp phn) Polyme l g ?n v c bnLin kt cng ha tr


Polymer Center- HUTS * Polyme l hp cht cao phn t c cu to t rt nhiu nhm c cu to ho hc ging nhau lp i lp li v chng ni vi nhau bng lin kt ng ho tr.

Oligome polyme khi lng phn t thp (hp cht trung gian), cha mang nhng c trng tnh cht nh polyme. S phn bit gia oligome v polyme khng r rng, tuy nhin oligome khng c s thay i r rng vi nhng tnh cht quan trng.

Monome l nhng phn t hu c n gin c cha lin kt kp (i hoc ba) hoc c t nht hai nhm chc hot ng c kh nng phn ng vi nhau to thnh polyme tham gia phn ng trng hp.


Polymer Center- HUTS *


*Polymer Center- HUTS


Polymer Center- HUTS * Mt xch c bn (repeating unit or monomeric unit): l nhng phn lp i lp li trong mch polyme.

V d:

Polypropylen (PP)Poly(vinyl clorua)(PVC)


Poly(tetrafluroro etylen)(Teflon)Polystyren(PS)Polyamit 66(PA66)*Polymer Center- HUTS


*Polymer Center- HUTS trng hp (P) (degree of polymerization) l s mt xch c bn trong phn t polymeM = Mo.PTrong : Mo khi lng phn t ca mt xch c bn M khi lng phn t ca polymeNhng phn t polyme ca mt polyme khng c cng chiu di hay khi lng phn t khi nim: trng hp trung bnh


Polymer Center- HUTS *Nu DP = 500 KLPT= 500 x 86 = 43.000 g/molV d:


Homopolyme: l nhng polyme c to thnh t mt loi monomeCopolyme u nCopolyme khiCopolyme ngu nhinCopolyme ghp*Polymer Center- HUTS Copolyme l polyme c to thnh t hai hay nhiu monome khc nhau. Rt nhiu polyme tng hp c gi tr thng mi, v du: ABS, cao su Buna-S,


Polymer Center- HUTS *1.2. Nguyn liu ban u cho polyme monome

- Qu trnh tng hp polyme bao gm 2 giai on: iu ch monome v chuyn ho chng thnh polyme

Nguyn liu quan trng nht iu ch monome l du m, kh t nhin, kh ng hnh, sn phm ca qu trnh chng than .(s km theo)


Polyme mch thng v polyme mch nhnh(a) mch thng (linear)(b) mch nhnh (branched) 1.3. Cu to phn t polyme*Polymer Center- HUTS Mt xch c bn(c) Mng li (crosslinked polymer) 1.3.1. Hnh dng phn t polyme


Polymer Center- HUTS *(g) hnh thang (ladder polymer)(h) hnh cy(dendrimers and hyperbranched polymer)(e) hnh sao (star polymer)(f) hnh rng lc (comb polymer)(d) mng khng gian (network)


1.3. Cu trc phn t polyme*Polymer Center- HUTS Cu hnh (Configuration): the permanent stereostructure of polymer (cannot be changed without a chemical reaction: breaking and reforming primary chemical bonds)(S sp xp ca nhm th lin kt trc tip n mch chnh (backbone) nh hng ln n tnh cht ca polyme) If polymers have more than one side atom or groupsR represents atoms or side groups (e.g., H, Cl, - CH3 , - C6H5, )


Polymer Center- HUTS * Various arrangements are possibleIn most polymer the head to tail configuration predominates ?


Cu dng (Conformation): the stereostructure of a molecule defined by its sequence of bonds and torsion angles (can be changed by torsion about the sigma bond)Do s sp xp ca nhng nguyn t, nhm th trn mch polyme bng cc quay xung quanh lin kt n m mch polyme c th nm trn mt mt phng (b ko dn hon ton), hnh xon c, nhng b ngu nhin.*Polymer Center- HUTS


Polymer Center- HUTS *Chuyn ng nhit ng hc ca phn t polyme trng thi c lp (thng tn ti trong dung dch long hoc trng thi nng chy


ng phn khng gian (Stereoisomerism - Tacticity in vinyl polymers)a. Atactic a radom arrangement of the unsymmetrical group Tacticity: the orderliness of the succession of configuration base units in the main chain of a polymer molecule*Polymer Center- HUTS


b. Syndiotactic: alternating placement of the group on either side of the chain*Polymer Center- HUTS c. Isotactic: all the groups are lined up on the same side of the backbone plane


Cis Trans isomerism arises because rotation about the double bond is impossible without disrupting the structure*Polymer Center- HUTS Hin tng ng phn hnh hc (Geometric isomerism) khi c lin kt i trong cc me (n v lp li)


Polymer Center- HUTS *Polyisopren


1.3.4. Khi lng phn t v s phn b khi lng phn t Many properties of polymers are linked to the polymer chain length During polymerization not all polymer chains will grow to the same length this results in a distribution of chain lengths or molecular weights There are several ways of defining the average molecular weight

1. Number average molecular weight (Khi lng phn t trung bnh s) obtained by dividing the chains into a series of size ranges and determining the number of fraction of chainswithin each size range.

Ni - numbers of molecules MiMi represents the mean molecular weight of the size range i and xi is thefraction of the total number of chains within the corresponding size range

2. Weight-average molecular weight (Khi lng phn t trung bnh khi) is based on the weight fraction of molecules within the various size ranges

wi denotes the weight fraction of molecules within the same size interval*Polymer Center- HUTS


Distribution of molecular weights for a typical polymerNumber fractionWeight fraction*Polymer Center- HUTS


Polymer Center- HUTS *Vt liu hc (L Cng Dng)ng Ang B500 hn , mi hn nng 1 kg v2 hn , mi hn nng 250 kg 400 hn , mi hn nng 1 kg v100 hn , mi hn nng 6 kg Trng lng chung = 1000 kgTrng lng chung = 1000 kgTnh



ng kiu Ang kiu B

1000/(500+2)= 1,991000/(400+100)= 2,00[(500x1x1)+(2x250x250)]/1000=125,5[(400x1x1)+(100x6x6)]/1000= 4,00125,5/1,99= 634,00/2,00= 2c trng phn bRngHp


* is always determined by employing methods which depend upon the number of molecules present in the polymer sample. For example, colligative property such as osmotic pressure is used. is more sensitive to molecules of low molecular mass, while is more sensitive to molecules of high molecular mass. is measured by using the methods such as light scattering and ultracentrifugation, sedimentation, etc. which depend upon the mass of individual molecules.Polymer Center- HUTS


Polymer Center- HUTS ** ngha o b rng ca s phn tn khi lng phn t = 1,5 2,0 c nhiu polyme nh hn hoc ln hn rt nhiu gi tr trung bnh = 1 (phn tn n - monodisperse) phn t polyme c kch thc gn bng nhau.i vi polyme ng th (c to thnh t mt loi polyme) c quan h gia khi lng phn t trung bnh v trng hp trung bnh s v trung bnh khi


*Polydispersity index (PDI)(heterogeneity index)is a measure of the distribution of molecular mass in a given polymer sample PDI = 1 : monodisperse polymersPolymer Center- HUTS S phn b khi lng phn t- S phn b khi lng phn t c th rng hay hp v nh hng r rt n tnh cht vt l ca polyme nh chy, bn v nhit chy mm


Polymer Center- HUTS * Cc phng php xc nh khi lng phn t trung bnh s+ Phng php thm thu mng+ Phng php thm thu hi bo ho+ Phn tch nhm cui Phng php nhiu x (nh sng tnh, nh sng ng, tia Rnghen, tia neutron) cho php xc nh trc tip gi tr khi lng phn t trung bnh khi Phng php sc k thm thu gel (sc k) cho php xc nh gin tip, v ch s a phn tn.


Polymer Center- HUTS *1.4. Phn loi polymea) Phn loi theo ngun gc+ Polyme t nhin+ Polyme tng hp


Polymer Center- HUTS *1.4. Phn loi polymeb) Phn loi theo cu to ho hc+ Polyme mch cacbon+ Polyme d mch: trong mch chnh ngoi nguyn t cacbon cn c cc nguyn t khc nh O, N, S


Polymer Center- HUTS *1.4. Phn loi polymec) Phn loi theo tnh cht


Polymer Center- HUTS *d) Phn loi Polyme theo lnh vc s dng Cht do (nha) Cao su Si Sn Keo dn


*1.5. Danh php (Nomenclature)Polymer Center- HUTS Cch gi n gin nht tn polyme = poly + tn ca monomeV d: etylen polyetylenVinylclorua polyvinyl clorua

Polyme i t dn xut th 1 ln ca etylen c cha gc vinyl CH2 = CH - gi l polyme vinylic


*Polymer Center- HUTS Polyme i t dn xut nhm th 2 ln ca etylen c cha gc vinyliden c tn gi: poly + vinyliden + tn nhm th Polyme d mch: tip u ng poly ri n tn gi hp cht

V d: polyeste, polyamit, polyuretan



MonomeMt xch c bnDanh phpPoly(etyl acrylat)

Poly(vinylidien clorua)


*1.4. Classification of Polymersa) Thermoplasts and Thermosets (according to the mechanical response at elevated temperatures) Thermoplasts: Thermoset polymers soften when heated and harden when cooled. Simultaneous application of heat and pressure is required to fabricate these materials. On the molecular level, when the temperature is raised, secondary bonding forces are diminished so that the relative movement of adjacent chains is facilitated when a stress is applied. Most Linear polymers and those having branched structures with flexible chains are thermoplastics. Thermoplastics are very soft and ductile. The commercial available thermoplasts arePolyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and PolystyrenePolymethyl methacrylatePolystyrenePolymer Center- HUTS (Phn loi theo tnh chu nhiu)


*Thermosets: Thermosetting polymers become soft during their first heating and become permanently hard when cooled. They do not soften during subsequent heating. Hence, they cannot be remolded/reshaped by subsequent heating. In thermosets, during the initial heating, covalent cross-links are formed between adjacent molecular chain. These bonds anchor the chains together to resist the vibration and rotational chain motions at high temperatures. Cross linking is usually extensive in that 10 to 15% of the chain mer units are cross linked. Only heating to excessive temperatures will cause severance of these crosslink bonds and polymer degradation. Thermoset polymers are harder, stronger, more brittle than thermoplastics and have better dimensional stability. They are more usable in processes requiring high temperatures Most of the cross linked and network polymers are thermosetsVulcanized rubbersEpoxiesPhenolicPolyester resins Thermosets cannot be recycle, do not melt, are usable at higher temperatures than thermoplastics, and are more chemically inert.Polymer Center- HUTS


*b) Plastics, Fibers, Rubbers (elastomers), coatings, and Adhesives (according to physical or mechanical properties or end use)Finished articles that are made from polymeric materials by molding techniques.

The polymeric material, destined for plastic production, either pure or with appropriate additives, is called a resin.

Conversion of resins to plastics is usually achieved by subjecting the resin to heat and/or pressure, where upon the polymer softens, is then shaped or molded, and subsequently allowed to harden to become the article of commerce called a plastic.PlasticsPolymer Center- HUTS (Phn loi theo tnh cht l hc, c hc hoc lnh vc ng dng)


*Fibers Great tensile strength in the longitudinal direction of the fiber a length at least 100 times its diameter. Of course, artificial or synthetic fibers can be made into any desired ratio of length to diameter.

Example. Cotton, wool, silk, and flax fibers have lengths 1,000 to 3,000 times their diameter

The polymer molecules of a fiber must be at approximately 100 nm long (when extended), hence have a molecular weight of at least 10,000.Polymer Center- HUTS


*POLYESTER FIBER YARN.Polymer Center- HUTS


*PAN fibershigh_strength_carbon_fiber_ropearamid ropeElectrospinning of BiopolymersPolymer Center- HUTS


*Rubbers (Elastomers)They can be stretched several hundred percent under tension and, when the stretching force is removed, they retract rapidly and recover their original dimensions. Polymer Center- HUTS Natural rubbersNatural rubber latexNatural Rubber Mattress Topper


Polymer Center- HUTS *PolybutadieneAbout 70% of the produced polybutadiene is used in tire manufacturingSynthesized Rubbers


Polymer Center- HUTS *Polyurethanepolyurethane foamPolyurethane Sandwich Panel-Wall


*Coating, PaintsCoating is a covering that is applied to the surface of an objectPaint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color or provide texture to objects.Polymer Center- HUTS


*An adhesive or glue is a material, usually in a liquid or semi-liquid state, that adheres or bonds items togetherAdhesivePolymer Center- HUTS


*Natural adhesives are made from organic sources such as vegetable matter, starch (dextrin), natural resins or from animals e.g. casein or animal glueSynthetic adhesives are based on elastomers, thermoplastics, emulsions, and thermosets.

Examples of thermosetting adhesives are: epoxy, polyurethane, cyanoacrylate and acrylic polymersPolymer Center- HUTS


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