berlin’s air quality strategy: pollution sources, measures ... · senate department of urban...

1Senate department of urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz

BerlinBerlin’’s Air Quality Strategys Air Quality Strategy: : pollution sources,pollution sources,

measures and their expected effectsmeasures and their expected effects

Martin LutzSenate Department for Urban Development, Berlin

Directorate IX, Environment Policy

a few facts about EU legislative framework

brief overview: problems, origin, sources

expected benefit of a trend scenario

additional measures and their impact


6th Environment Action Program

Controlling emissions

.....to achieve levels of air qualitylevels of air quality that protectprotect all people effectively againstagainst recognised health effectshealth effects from air pollution and take into

account the protection of the environment

National Emission Ceilings

EU-legislation on emission control of certain type of installations

Stationary sources

Improving Air QualityAQ Framework

DirectiveAQ Framework

Directive

SO2, PMPM,NO2NO2, lead

AQ standardsbasic assessment criteria action plans, reporting

Benzene, CO

Ozone

Heavy metalsPAH

trigger for

further measures

Air pollution control in the EUAir pollution control in the EU

EU-Standards for vehicleemission and fuel quality(EURO III - V)

Mobile sources

Complementary measures on a

locallocal level

achieve Air Quality standards

Economic measuresRoad pricingFiscal incentives for BAT Energy taxesScrappage schemesRestricted access

Voluntary agreementswith industry,e.g. with ACEA

Acidification, Eutrophication


3.4 Mio inhabitants (incl. 434,000 foreigners)• Municipality and State• 12 boroughs

- each > 250,000 inhabitants- own elected council, mayorsand administration

- but with restricted municipal rights

a a fewfew factsfacts aboutabout Berlin Berlin (ii)(ii)


assessment of the air quality in Berlin assessment of the air quality in Berlin summarysummary

on sulfur dioxide: ☺ no problemon lead: ☺ no problemon carbon monoxide ☺ no problemon benzene diminishing problemdiminishing problem

on nitrogen dioxideon nitrogen dioxide seriousserious problemproblemon PMon PM1010 severe problem, severe problem, to be

tackled on local andEuropean level

on ozoneon ozone serious problem, serious problem, to be tackled mainly on a European level


LongLong--termterm trends trends of air of air pollution pollution

µg/m³

Jahr

Jahr

Annual mean values


SO2-Emission of Househeating in Berlin ( t/a/km²)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

SO

2-E

mis

sion

[t/a/

km²]

80100120140

40

40

6080100120

10

SO77_97.cdr, 9.10.98,ps

Annual averages of SO -concentration in Berlin2

1977 1989 1997

Maximum W 162 µg/m³ E -

Maximum W 83 µg/m³ E 120 µg/m³

Maximum 19 µg/m³


Past efforts to control air pollution in BerlinPast efforts to control air pollution in Berlinaction to abate action to abate sulfursulfur dioxide emissionsdioxide emissions

DesulphurizationDesulphurization of all large combustion plants Enhancing energy efficiencyenergy efficiency by, for example, energy saving measures during building renovation and more heat & power cogeneration ( climate change)BanBan of highhigh--sulfur fuelssulfur fuels (brown coal and heavy fuel oil) in industrial combustionSwitchSwitch from solid fuels toto gasgas and low-sulfur oil for domestic heating Extended use of low-sulfur and sulfursulfur--free free dieseldiesel


assessment of the air quality in Berlin assessment of the air quality in Berlin summarysummary

on sulfur dioxide: ☺ no problemon lead: ☺ no problemon carbon monoxide ☺ no problemon benzene diminishing problemdiminishing problem

on nitrogen dioxideon nitrogen dioxide seriousserious problemproblemon PMon PM1010 severe problem, severe problem, to be

tackled on local andEuropean level

on ozoneon ozone serious problemserious problem,, to be tackled mainly on a European level


EU limit values for PM10 and NOEU limit values for PM10 and NO22

averaging period

limit value attainment period

24 h 50 µg/m3 PM 10

35 exceedances/year 1 Jan. 2005

1 year 40 µg/m3 PM 10 1 Jan. 2005

24 h 50 µg/m3 PM 10

7 exceedances/year 1 Jan. 2010*

1 year 20 µg/m3 PM 10 1 Jan. 2010*

1 h 200 µg/m³ NO2

18 exceedances/year 1 Jan. 2010

1 year 40 µg/m³ NO2 1 Jan. 2010

* indicative limit values, to be reviewed by the EU Commission


0 50 100 150 200 250

Wien

Villach

Stockholm

Rotterdam

Riga

Rhein-/Ruhr Area

München

Milan

Mannheim

Madrid

Lyon-Agglomeration

London

Lissabon

Linz

Leipzig

Klagenfurt

Hamburg

Graz

Frankfurt

Dresden

Berlin

Barcelona

days above 50 µg/m3 PM10

2002

2001

Quelle: ICLEI 2004

ComparisonComparison of PM10of PM10--pollutionpollution in European in European citiescities

EU-limit value


attainment date: limit value must be met everywhere

time

limit value

max

. con

cent

ratio

n in

the

aggl

omer

atio

n or

zon

e margin of tolerance

above margin of tolerance: action plans sent to Commission. Limit value must be met by attainment date

below limit value: pollution levels reported. Good air quality maintained

between limit value and margin of tolerance: pollution levels reported to Commission. Limit value must be met by attainment date

Directivecomes into force

limitvalue

Margin of tolerance Margin of tolerance trigger for abatement planstrigger for abatement plans


Air pollution control planAir pollution control planStructural Structural template required by EU law required by EU law

Requisite issues to be dealt with …. assessmentassessment of the air pollution

Compliance check, trendssourcesource analysis

Where does it come from & how much ?scales: local, urban, regional, continentalWho’s to blame & for how much ?source sectors: transport, industry, domestic, …

current legislationcurrent legislation and it’s likely impactimpactincludes effects of national and EU-wide measures

Additional measuresAdditional measures planned & their likely effecteffectWill the limit values be met ?

Further possible longlong--term measuresterm measures & their benefits


LongLong--term trend of NO2 and NO in Berlinterm trend of NO2 and NO in Berlin


LongLong--term trend of NO2 and NO in Berlinterm trend of NO2 and NO in BerlinTrend of PM10 and Back carbon levels in Berlin

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

µg/m³

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

PM10 urban traffic sitesPM10 urban background sitesPM10 city peripheryPM10 rural sites outside BerlinBlack carbon urban traffic sites

µg/m³

part

icul

ate

mat

ter

(PM

10)

Bla

ck c

arbo

n (E

C)


AQ assessment by modelling AQ assessment by modelling modelled modelled NONO22 in street canyons in street canyons (2002)(2002)

limit value 2010

Vers. 121104, Aufpunkt kerbside

•• 220 km road section in non220 km road section in non--compliancecompliance

•• ca 98.000 residents affectedca 98.000 residents affected


Levels of PM10 in Berlin in 2003Levels of PM10 in Berlin in 2003

Number of days above 50 µg/m³ PM10 Number of days above 50 µg/m³ PM10

22.2.02,ps

69

20

industrial area(324m above ground)

43

22.2.02,ps

29

industrial area(324m above ground)

28

29

117

80

42

9669

32 36

traffic sitesSites at Sites at thethecitycity peripheryperiphery

39

urban background sites in residential areas


EC5,9%

OM EC2,8%NO3-5,1%

SO42-10,2%

NH4+Na,Mg,ClK, Ca

Rest

Rest

NO3-3,9%

Na,Mg,Cl

K, Ca

SO42-1,6%

NH4+

Na,Mg,ClNH4+

RestK, Ca

SO42-0,9%NO3-1,7%

EC3,5%

OM

OM

Regional background

Urban background

Local traffic

Source analysis Source analysis speciationspeciation and and originorigin of PM10 in Berlinof PM10 in Berlin


sourcesource attributionattribution byby monitoringmonitoringSectorsSectors contributingcontributing to to total total PM10PM10 at a busy at a busy

traffic spot in Berlintraffic spot in Berlin........

Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.V.

other2%

Industry & power plants22%

agriculture4%

domestic heating & solvents

3%

Industry & power plants

3%

domestic heating & solvents

9%

other3%

road traffic non-exhaust

7%

traffic exhaust10%

traffic non-exhaust15%

road traffic exhaust11%

traffic exhaust9%

road traffic non-exhaust

1%

local traffic

regional background#urban background

#based on values recorded at the top of a radio tower 324m above ground

exhaust

non-exhaust

non-exhaust

exhaust

cars

HDV&LDV


sourcesource attributionattribution byby modelling modelling SourceSource sectorsector contributioncontribution to totalto total NONO22 at a busy at a busy traffic spot in Berlintraffic spot in Berlin’’s city centres city centre

Basis: NOx modelling

traffic32%

other sources7%

local traffic54%

regional background ca 7%

urban background


Enhanced largeEnhanced large--scale PM transport during episodes scale PM transport during episodes little effect of local short term measureslittle effect of local short term measures

Source: one year backward trajectory statistics by E. Reimer, 2004

sulphate nitrateBerlin

Spatial distribution of potential source areas of secondary PM-10 imported into the Greater Berlin area


source analysis source analysis interim conclusioninterim conclusion

regional PM10 background is around half of kerbside levels motor traffictraffic is the predominantpredominant source of PMsource of PMpollution20% of regional PM10 background can be attributed to traffic exhaust emissions, but the bulk is secondary PM from industry & power plantsmore than halfhalf of traffic related PM10 traffic related PM10 stems from road&tire abrasiontire abrasion and resuspensionresuspension of road dust of road dust HDV & LDV emissions of particular importanceNO2 regional background usually less than 10 %


temporary shorttemporary short--term traffic banterm traffic ban as a possible as a possible measure in a action plan measure in a action plan interim conclusioninterim conclusion (ii)(ii)

PM10-smogalarm with a traffic ban is not an appropriatemeans to avoid exceedances of the 24h-limit value even duration or extent of exceedances can hardly be reducedarea-wide traffic bans would require exemptions for business to ensure the supply of citizens

trucks and lorries need to run anywaypeak-shaving strategy is not effective to reduce health risk because of lack of a no-effect level for PMlaunch of area wide, durable traffic restrictions for the most polluting vehicles are more effective ( low emission zone)

needs transition period to allow adaptation of vehicle fleet


trend scenario 2010trend scenario 2010predicted predicted NO2NO2 concentration in main road networkconcentration in main road network

limit value 2010

•• km 56 road section in nonkm 56 road section in non--compliancecompliance

•• ca 17.000 residents affectedca 17.000 residents affected


trend scenario 2010trend scenario 2010 interim conclusioninterim conclusion

similarsimilar relative improvement of PM10 pollution in and around Berlinin and around Berlinenvisaged improvement through “business as usual” measures not sufficient to meet NO2 limit values by 2010annual PM10 limit value can be attained24h-limit value for PM10 won’t be met by “business as usual” even in 2010additional measures necessaryadditional measures necessary to curb to curb PM10 und NO2PM10 und NO2 –– emissions!emissions!citycity--wide nonwide non--attainment needs cityattainment needs city--wide actionwide action


stationary sources: BAT - already donetransport:

cleanercleaner vehiclesvehicles and fuelsfuelsmunicipal car fleet (CRT retrofit & CNG)LEZLEZ (low emission zone)

less traffic through sustainable transport- and city planning (master plan transport, “StEP”), inter alia….

rere--routing through traffic on tangential roadsrouting through traffic on tangential roadsextension of zones with parking feesextension of zones with parking fees

expected effect: ~ 10% traffic reduction in Berlinexpected effect: ~ 10% traffic reduction in Berlin’’s centres centreOptimized traffic management at hot spots (Optimized traffic management at hot spots ( HEAVEN)HEAVEN)

linked with noise abatementlinked with noise abatementSpeed limitsSpeed limits

big effect on noise and safetybig effect on noise and safetylittle effect on air qualitylittle effect on air quality

City tollCity tollenhanced road washingenhanced road washing““smog alarmsmog alarm”” type of measures (traffic ban)type of measures (traffic ban)

Air pollution control planning Air pollution control planning additional measures plannedadditional measures planned








City tollCity tollenhanced road washingenhanced road washing““smog alarmsmog alarm”” type of temporary measures (traffic ban)type of temporary measures (traffic ban)


Air pollution control planning Air pollution control planning additional measures planned additional measures planned (ii)(ii)

Cleaner vehiclesCleaner vehicles and fuelsfuels……....cleaning up the municipal vehicle fleetmunicipal vehicle fleet

particle filter: police, buses (1000 old buses retrofitted with CRT, 400 new with CRT)compressed natural gas: BSR (25% of garbage collection vehicle)

improving private & business Diesel vehiclesDiesel vehiclesprivate cars: Gas-vouchers & tax refundsTaxis and driving schools: funding of new CNG-vehicles (TuT)freight transport: funding of CNG HDVs&LDVs (Tellus)particle filter: talks with business about retrofitting

network of gas refilling stations (12 stations by now)what is lacking....tax incentives fortax incentives for clean (light) duty vehicles and retrofitted duty vehicles and retrofitted vehiclesvehicles federal governmentfederal governmenttougher tougher vehiclevehicle emission standards emission standards EUEU


air pollution control planning air pollution control planning transport planning & managementtransport planning & management

Vorhandene Bewirtschaftungsgebiete

Potenzielle Erweiterungsgebiete

Vorhandene Bewirtschaftungsgebiete

Potenzielle Erweiterungsgebiete

enlargement of areas with parking fees

existing areas

future enlargement


air pollution control planning air pollution control planning transport planning & transport planning & mangementmangement

Entlastung von großräumigem undinnerstädtischem Durchgangsverkehr

Entastung von großräumigemDurchgangsverkehr

Entlastung von großräumigem undinnerstädtischem Durchgangsverkehr

Entastung von großräumigemDurchgangsverkehr

re-routing through traffic


Potential to Potential to calmcalm traffictraffic in Berlinin Berlin‘‘s s citycity centre centre

1998

2015










Air pollution control planning Air pollution control planning additional measures plannedadditional measures planned



less traffic through sustainable transport- and city planning(master plan transport, “StEP”), inter alia….

rere--routing through traffic routing through traffic on tangential roadson tangential roadsextensionextension of zones with of zones with parkingparking feesfees

expected effect: ~ 10% traffic reduction in Berlinexpected effect: ~ 10% traffic reduction in Berlin’’s centres centreOptimized traffic management Optimized traffic management at hot spots (at hot spots ( HEAVEN)HEAVEN)





-70,0%

-60,0%

-50,0%

-40,0%

-30,0%

-20,0%

-10,0%

0,0%

expe

cted

em

issi

on r

educ

tion

in %

of

the

tren

d sc

enar

io

NOxexhaust-PMtotal-PM

OptionsOptions forfor LEZ: LEZ: Emission Emission reductionreduction in in relationrelation to to thethe trendtrend scenarioscenario 20102010impactimpact of of transporttransport planningplanning ((„„StEPStEP““) and ) and vehiclevehicle technologytechnology

all Diesel vehicles Euro III + particle filter(PF)

all vehiclesEuro IV + PF

busses Euro V

implementation 2010

municipalfleet

big fleets of delivery services and logistic firms


-60,0%

-50,0%

-40,0%

-30,0%

-20,0%

-10,0%

0,0%

expe

cted

em

issi

on r

educ

tion

in %

of t

he

tren

d sc

enar

io

NOxexhaust-PMtotal PM

OptionsOptions forfor LEZ: LEZ: Emission Emission reductionreduction in in relationrelation to to thethe trendtrend scenarioscenario 20102010

impactimpact of of carscars vsvs lorrieslorries

„London“lorries, busses, taxis Euro II + PM filter (PF)

implementation 2008


-40,0%

-35,0%

-30,0%

-25,0%

-20,0%

-15,0%

-10,0%

-5,0%

0,0%

xpec

ted

emis

sion

redu

ctio

n in

% o

f the

tr

end

scen

ario

NOxexhaust-PMtotal PM

lorries, busses, taxisEuro II + PM filter

OptionsOptions forfor LEZ: LEZ: Emission Emission reductionreduction in in relationrelation to to thethe trendtrend scenarioscenario 20102010

impactimpact of of implementationimplementation datedate


exceedances of the PM10 24h-limit valueimpacts of various control scenarios

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

2002 Trend 2005

Trend 2010

LEZ 2010 (Euro III & PF)

LEZ 2010(EURO III + PF)

&"StEP"

LEZ 2010(EURO IV + PF)

&"StEP"

affe

cted

resi

dent

s

0

50

100

150

200

250

lenght of non-attainment road

sections in km

affected residents

length of street sections in non-compliance

Air Pollution Air Pollution ControlControl PlanningPlanningimpactimpact of of variousvarious controlcontrol scenariosscenarios


Air Pollution Control Plan Air Pollution Control Plan Core measure: Core measure: low low emisionemision zonezone

traffic restriction for high emitting vehicles in the cenral city area

stage I: 2008, Diesel vehicles require at least EURO IIstage II: 2010,Diesel vehicles require at least EURO III & particle trapgasoline vehicles need at least EURO II

scrutiny in 2006, whether scrutiny in 2006, whether retrofitretrofit with particle trap could be required with particle trap could be required already in stage Ialready in stage Istill needed...

national labelling scheme for clean vehiclesFederal Government

economic incentives, in particular for clean (or retrofitted) vans and lorries

Federal Government


Air Pollution Air Pollution ControlControl PlanningPlanningimpactimpact of of variousvarious controlcontrol scenariosscenarios

Expected decrease of PM10 in Berlin

-10% -10% -10% -10%

-8% -10% -11% -15%

-4% -13% -24% -30%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2002 CLE 2010 LEZ 2010 LEZ StEP2010

"MFR"

annu

al a

vera

ge P

M10

[µg/

m³]

local increment

urban increment

regional BG

-9% -11% -13% -14%


24h limit valueannual limit value

low emission zone

LEZ & LEZ & ““StEPStEP”” scenario 2010scenario 2010PM10PM10 reduction beyond the trend scenario 2010reduction beyond the trend scenario 2010

low emission zone>1 Mio. inh., 100 km²

Difference in annual PM10 in µg/m³ between trendscenario 2010 and LEZ&StEP


24h limit valueannual limit value

LEZ & LEZ & ““StEPStEP”” scenario 2010scenario 2010predicted predicted PM10PM10 concentration in main road networkconcentration in main road network

Beusselstr

remaining hot spots where local traffic management could be an option

berlin’s air quality strategy: pollution sources, measures ... · senate department of urban...

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