Air PollutionAir PollutionTopics:Topics:

IncinerationIncinerationAir Pollution from Vehicles, Engines, and Air Pollution from Vehicles, Engines, and

EquipmentEquipmentL.A. Smog Case StudyL.A. Smog Case StudyMeuse Valley, BelgiumMeuse Valley, Belgium

Presenters:Presenters:Linsey GroverLinsey GroverBrian BennerBrian BennerKassi MillerKassi Miller

Michelle CookMichelle Cook

The U.S. and its WasteThe U.S. and its Waste Municipal Solid Waste Municipal Solid Waste

(MSW) : Commonly (MSW) : Commonly known as trash or known as trash or garbagegarbage

2001 229 MILLION 2001 229 MILLION tons of generated tons of generated wastewaste

= 4.62 pounds of = 4.62 pounds of waste a person waste a person generates per daygenerates per day

What Happens to our What Happens to our Waste?Waste?

There are many ways to rid of wastesThere are many ways to rid of wastes FOCUS: IncinerationFOCUS: Incineration DEF: A chemical transformation process of DEF: A chemical transformation process of

combustion that uses thermal oxidation at combustion that uses thermal oxidation at high temperatures ( > 1,400º F ) to convert high temperatures ( > 1,400º F ) to convert waste to a decreased volume, non-waste to a decreased volume, non-hazardous material, or energy. hazardous material, or energy.

TYPE: Mass Burn TYPE: Mass Burn

Why Chose Why Chose Incineration?Incineration?

80% to 90% decrease of waste volume80% to 90% decrease of waste volume Relatively cheapRelatively cheap Generate energyGenerate energy Waste seems to “disappear”Waste seems to “disappear” Simple alternative to LandfillsSimple alternative to Landfills

– Mass burn incinerators take unprocessed Mass burn incinerators take unprocessed wasteswastes

Decrease in Waste Volume, Decrease in Waste Volume, Increase in PollutionIncrease in Pollution

Problems with Incineration:Problems with Incineration:– Incinerators cannot destroy 100% of the wastesIncinerators cannot destroy 100% of the wastes– Does not eliminate the need for landfillsDoes not eliminate the need for landfills– Escaping gasesEscaping gases

TOXIC EMISSIONSTOXIC EMISSIONS Heavy Metals: Arsenic, Cd, Hg, Cr, Pb Heavy Metals: Arsenic, Cd, Hg, Cr, Pb

(these cannot be destroyed by incineration)(these cannot be destroyed by incineration)– Can stick to tiny particles in emission gases Can stick to tiny particles in emission gases

which can escape pollution control equipmentwhich can escape pollution control equipment– Research: Through incineration 53% of heavy Research: Through incineration 53% of heavy

metals are released through gasesmetals are released through gases– Problem: Cause cancer and Respiratory Problem: Cause cancer and Respiratory

disease if inhaled, liver disease, and disease if inhaled, liver disease, and neurological disordersneurological disorders

PIC’s PIC’s PProducts of roducts of IIncomplete ncomplete CCombustionombustion

Not in original wasteNot in original waste Newly formed during the burning processNewly formed during the burning process Most harmful PIC: DIOXINMost harmful PIC: DIOXIN

– Dioxin is formed as a byproduct when burning Dioxin is formed as a byproduct when burning organic chemicals and plastics that contain organic chemicals and plastics that contain chlorinechlorine

DIOXINDIOXIN Nastiest, most toxic man-made organic chemicalNastiest, most toxic man-made organic chemical Fat solubleFat soluble Serious health effects with as little as few parts per Serious health effects with as little as few parts per

trilliontrillion Dioxin is a hormone disruptorDioxin is a hormone disruptor It binds to a cell’s hormone receptor and modifies It binds to a cell’s hormone receptor and modifies

the functioning and genetic mechanism of the cellthe functioning and genetic mechanism of the cell Causes a wide range of effects: cancer, birth Causes a wide range of effects: cancer, birth

defects, skin disorders, liver damagedefects, skin disorders, liver damage It can be carried 100’s of miles on tiny specks of It can be carried 100’s of miles on tiny specks of

fly ashfly ash

That’s not all…That’s not all… ParticulatesParticulates

– Carry heavy metals and PIC’sCarry heavy metals and PIC’s

Acid gases: Sulfur Oxides, Nitrous Oxides, Acid gases: Sulfur Oxides, Nitrous Oxides, and Hydrogen Chloridesand Hydrogen Chlorides– Contributes to acid rainContributes to acid rain– Contributes to smog formationContributes to smog formation

http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/longdesc/4-6longdesc.htm

There are pollution control equipment, but There are pollution control equipment, but even the best are not 100% effectiveeven the best are not 100% effective

EPA’s Office of Air and Radiation is EPA’s Office of Air and Radiation is primarily responsible for regulating primarily responsible for regulating incineratorsincinerators

Code of Federal Regulations for Standards Code of Federal Regulations for Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources of Performance for New Stationary Sources (Updated April 29, 2005) gpoaccess.gov(Updated April 29, 2005) gpoaccess.gov

Air PollutionAir Pollution Air pollution in the United States comes from many Air pollution in the United States comes from many

types of engines, industries, and commercial types of engines, industries, and commercial operations. Pollution sources that move, such as operations. Pollution sources that move, such as trucks, snow blowers, bulldozers, and trains, are known trucks, snow blowers, bulldozers, and trains, are known as "mobile sources." Examples of all other non-mobile as "mobile sources." Examples of all other non-mobile sources of air pollution include power plants, factories, sources of air pollution include power plants, factories, and manufacturing processes.and manufacturing processes.

Mobile sources pollute the air through combustion and Mobile sources pollute the air through combustion and

fuel evaporation. These emissions contribute greatly to fuel evaporation. These emissions contribute greatly to air pollution nationwide and are the primary cause of air air pollution nationwide and are the primary cause of air pollution in many urban areas. pollution in many urban areas.

Mobile sources also produce several other important air Mobile sources also produce several other important air pollutants, such as air toxics and greenhouse gases. pollutants, such as air toxics and greenhouse gases. Nationwide, mobile sources represent the largest Nationwide, mobile sources represent the largest contributor to air toxics. Air toxics are pollutants known contributor to air toxics. Air toxics are pollutants known or suspected to cause cancer or other serious health or or suspected to cause cancer or other serious health or environmental effects. Greenhouse gases, such as environmental effects. Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), trap heat in the Earth's carbon dioxide (CO2), trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global climate change.atmosphere, contributing to global climate change.

On-road VehiclesOn-road Vehicles

This category of mobile sources includes light-duty vehicles, light-duty This category of mobile sources includes light-duty vehicles, light-duty trucks, heavy-duty vehicles, and motorcycles, used for transportation on trucks, heavy-duty vehicles, and motorcycles, used for transportation on the road. On-road vehicles may be fueled with gasoline, diesel fuel, or the road. On-road vehicles may be fueled with gasoline, diesel fuel, or alternative fuels such as alcohol or natural gas.alternative fuels such as alcohol or natural gas.

Light-duty vehiclesLight-duty vehicles: Passenger cars: Passenger cars Light-duty trucksLight-duty trucks: Includes pickup trucks, minivans, passenger vans, and sport-: Includes pickup trucks, minivans, passenger vans, and sport-

utility vehicles. Those up to 6,000 pounds Gross Vehicle Weight (which utility vehicles. Those up to 6,000 pounds Gross Vehicle Weight (which includes passenger and cargo weight in addition to the weight of the vehicle) includes passenger and cargo weight in addition to the weight of the vehicle) are known as "light light-duty trucks"; those that are 6,001 to 8,500 pounds are known as "light light-duty trucks"; those that are 6,001 to 8,500 pounds Gross Vehicle Weight are known as "heavy light-duty trucks."Gross Vehicle Weight are known as "heavy light-duty trucks."

Heavy-duty vehiclesHeavy-duty vehicles: Vehicles of 8,501 pounds Gross Vehicle Weight and : Vehicles of 8,501 pounds Gross Vehicle Weight and higher that are equipped with heavy-duty engines. Examples of heavy-duty higher that are equipped with heavy-duty engines. Examples of heavy-duty vehicles include large pick-ups, buses, delivery trucks, recreational vehicles vehicles include large pick-ups, buses, delivery trucks, recreational vehicles (RVs), and semi trucks.(RVs), and semi trucks.

Medium duty passenger vehiclesMedium duty passenger vehicles: Vehicles between 8,500 and 10,000 pounds : Vehicles between 8,500 and 10,000 pounds Gross Vehicle Weight that are designed primarily to transport people. Medium-Gross Vehicle Weight that are designed primarily to transport people. Medium-duty passenger vehicles are a subset of heavy-duty vehicles, and consist duty passenger vehicles are a subset of heavy-duty vehicles, and consist primarily of large sport-utility vehicles and passenger vans.primarily of large sport-utility vehicles and passenger vans.

MotorcyclesMotorcycles: 2 or 3 wheeled vehicles designed for on-road use. : 2 or 3 wheeled vehicles designed for on-road use.

Non-road vehicles, Engines, and Non-road vehicles, Engines, and EquipmentEquipment

This category of mobile sources includes non-road gasoline equipment and This category of mobile sources includes non-road gasoline equipment and vehicles, non-road diesel equipment and vehicles, aircraft, marine vessels, vehicles, non-road diesel equipment and vehicles, aircraft, marine vessels, locomotives, and assorted other engines and vehicles. Non-road gasoline, diesel, locomotives, and assorted other engines and vehicles. Non-road gasoline, diesel, and "other" equipment and vehicles: These categories of mobile sources include and "other" equipment and vehicles: These categories of mobile sources include equipment and vehicles fueled with diesel fuel, gasoline, propane, or natural gas in equipment and vehicles fueled with diesel fuel, gasoline, propane, or natural gas in the following sectors: recreational, construction and mining, industrial, lawn and the following sectors: recreational, construction and mining, industrial, lawn and garden, farm, commercial, logging, airport service, railway maintenance, and garden, farm, commercial, logging, airport service, railway maintenance, and recreational marine vessels. recreational marine vessels.

Recreational engines and vehiclesRecreational engines and vehicles:: Includes non-road motorcycles (dirt bikes), all-terrain Includes non-road motorcycles (dirt bikes), all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), golf carts, snowmobiles, and engines used in specialty vehicles, such vehicles (ATVs), golf carts, snowmobiles, and engines used in specialty vehicles, such as go-karts.as go-karts.

Construction equipment and vehiclesConstruction equipment and vehicles: : Includes asphalt and concrete pavers and paving/Includes asphalt and concrete pavers and paving/surfacing equipment, tampers/rammers, plate compactors, concrete pavers, rollers, surfacing equipment, tampers/rammers, plate compactors, concrete pavers, rollers, scrapers, paving equipment, surfacing equipment, signal boards, trenchers, bore/drill scrapers, paving equipment, surfacing equipment, signal boards, trenchers, bore/drill rigs, excavators, concrete/industrial saws, cement and mortar mixers, cranes, graders, rigs, excavators, concrete/industrial saws, cement and mortar mixers, cranes, graders, non-road trucks, crushing/processing equipment, rough terrain forklifts, rubber-tired non-road trucks, crushing/processing equipment, rough terrain forklifts, rubber-tired loaders and dozers, tractors/loaders/backhoes, crawler tractors, skid steer loaders, non-loaders and dozers, tractors/loaders/backhoes, crawler tractors, skid steer loaders, non-road tractors, dumpers/tenders, and other construction equipment.road tractors, dumpers/tenders, and other construction equipment.

Lawn and garden equipmentLawn and garden equipment:: Includes lawnmowers, weed trimmers, brush Includes lawnmowers, weed trimmers, brush cutters, leaf blowers/vacuums, rear-engine riding mowers, front mowers, cutters, leaf blowers/vacuums, rear-engine riding mowers, front mowers, chainsaws (under 6 horsepower), tillers (under 6 horsepower), shredders chainsaws (under 6 horsepower), tillers (under 6 horsepower), shredders (under 6 horsepower), lawn and garden tractors, wood splitters, snow blowers, (under 6 horsepower), lawn and garden tractors, wood splitters, snow blowers, chippers/stump grinders, and commercial turf equipment.chippers/stump grinders, and commercial turf equipment.

Farm equipment:Farm equipment: Includes two-wheel tractors, agricultural tractors and mowers, Includes two-wheel tractors, agricultural tractors and mowers, combines, sprayers, balers, tillers (over 6 horsepower), swathers, hydropower combines, sprayers, balers, tillers (over 6 horsepower), swathers, hydropower units, and other agricultural equipment.units, and other agricultural equipment.

Commercial equipment:Commercial equipment: Includes generator sets, pumps, air compressors, gas Includes generator sets, pumps, air compressors, gas compressors, welders, and pressure washers.compressors, welders, and pressure washers.

Logging equipmentLogging equipment: : Includes chainsaws and shredders (over 6 horsepower), Includes chainsaws and shredders (over 6 horsepower), skidders, and fellers/bunchers.skidders, and fellers/bunchers.

Airport service equipment and vehiclesAirport service equipment and vehicles:: Includes ground support equipment Includes ground support equipment used in airport operations, such as maintaining and fueling aircraft, transporting used in airport operations, such as maintaining and fueling aircraft, transporting and loading cargo, transporting passengers, handling baggage, servicing and loading cargo, transporting passengers, handling baggage, servicing lavatories, and serving food. lavatories, and serving food.

Railway maintenance equipmentRailway maintenance equipment: : Includes specialized equipment used for Includes specialized equipment used for installing and maintaining railroad track.installing and maintaining railroad track.

Recreational marine vessels:Recreational marine vessels: Includes pleasure boats and larger non- Includes pleasure boats and larger non-commercial vessels with inboard and outboard engines, stern drive commercial vessels with inboard and outboard engines, stern drive engines, and sailboat auxiliary inboard and outboard engines.engines, and sailboat auxiliary inboard and outboard engines.

Aircraft:Aircraft: All types of aircraft (ground equipment not included). All types of aircraft (ground equipment not included).

Marine vessels:Marine vessels: Includes auxiliary and propulsion engines used by all Includes auxiliary and propulsion engines used by all types of commercial marine vessels, including harbor vessels, tugs, types of commercial marine vessels, including harbor vessels, tugs, ocean-going ships, and commercial fishing vessels.ocean-going ships, and commercial fishing vessels.

Locomotives:Locomotives: Includes diesel-powered engines only (coal-and wood- Includes diesel-powered engines only (coal-and wood-fired not included) used in freight and passenger rail, line-haul, local, fired not included) used in freight and passenger rail, line-haul, local, and switch yard service.and switch yard service.

Major Pollutants from Petrol Major Pollutants from Petrol and Diesel Enginesand Diesel Engines

Carbon MonoxideCarbon Monoxide ~Although you cannot see or smell carbon monoxide, this ~Although you cannot see or smell carbon monoxide, this

poisonous gas is a major air pollutant in many American cities. poisonous gas is a major air pollutant in many American cities. Carbon monoxide forms when carbon in fuel doesn't burn Carbon monoxide forms when carbon in fuel doesn't burn completely (incomplete combustion). The main source of carbon completely (incomplete combustion). The main source of carbon monoxide in our air is vehicle emissions. As much as 95 percent monoxide in our air is vehicle emissions. As much as 95 percent of the carbon monoxide in typical U.S. cities comes from mobile of the carbon monoxide in typical U.S. cities comes from mobile sources, according to EPA studies.sources, according to EPA studies.

~Carbon monoxide is harmful because it reduces oxygen delivery ~Carbon monoxide is harmful because it reduces oxygen delivery to the body's organs and tissues. It is most harmful to those who to the body's organs and tissues. It is most harmful to those who suffer from heart and respiratory disease. High carbon monoxide suffer from heart and respiratory disease. High carbon monoxide pollution levels also affect healthy people. Symptoms may include pollution levels also affect healthy people. Symptoms may include visual impairment, headache, and reduced work capacity. Unlike visual impairment, headache, and reduced work capacity. Unlike many other air pollutants, carbon monoxide levelsmany other air pollutants, carbon monoxide levels in the outside in the outside air typically peak during colder monthsair typically peak during colder months..

Major Pollutants from Petrol Major Pollutants from Petrol and Diesel Enginesand Diesel Engines

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons ~Hydrocarbons are a precursor to ground-level ozone, a serious ~Hydrocarbons are a precursor to ground-level ozone, a serious

air pollutant in cities across the United States. A key component air pollutant in cities across the United States. A key component of smog, ground-level ozone is formed by reactions involving of smog, ground-level ozone is formed by reactions involving hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight. hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight.

~Hydrocarbon emissions result from incomplete fuel combustion ~Hydrocarbon emissions result from incomplete fuel combustion and from fuel evaporation. Today's cars are equipped with and from fuel evaporation. Today's cars are equipped with emission controls designed to reduce both exhaust and emission controls designed to reduce both exhaust and evaporative hydrocarbon emissions.evaporative hydrocarbon emissions.

~Ground-level ozone causes health problems such as difficulty ~Ground-level ozone causes health problems such as difficulty breathing, lung damage, and reduced cardiovascular functioning. breathing, lung damage, and reduced cardiovascular functioning. A number of hydrocarbons are also considered toxic, meaning A number of hydrocarbons are also considered toxic, meaning they can cause cancer or other health problems.they can cause cancer or other health problems.

Major Pollutants from Petrol Major Pollutants from Petrol and Diesel Enginesand Diesel Engines

Nitrogen OxidesNitrogen Oxides ~Nitrogen oxides form when fuel burns at high temperatures, ~Nitrogen oxides form when fuel burns at high temperatures,

such as in motor vehicle engines. Mobile sources are responsible such as in motor vehicle engines. Mobile sources are responsible for more than half of all nitrogen oxide emissions in the United for more than half of all nitrogen oxide emissions in the United States. Both on-road and non-road mobile sources are major States. Both on-road and non-road mobile sources are major nitrogen oxide pollutersnitrogen oxide polluters

~Nitrogen oxides can travel long distances, causing a variety of ~Nitrogen oxides can travel long distances, causing a variety of health and environmental problems in locations far from their health and environmental problems in locations far from their emissions source. These problems include ozone and smog, emissions source. These problems include ozone and smog, which are created in the atmosphere from nitrogen oxides, which are created in the atmosphere from nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and sunlight. On smoggy days, you might notice hydrocarbons, and sunlight. On smoggy days, you might notice difficulty breathing or trouble seeing objects in the distance. difficulty breathing or trouble seeing objects in the distance. Nitrogen oxide emissions also contribute to the formation of Nitrogen oxide emissions also contribute to the formation of particulate matter through chemical reactions in the atmosphere.particulate matter through chemical reactions in the atmosphere.

Major Pollutants from Petrol Major Pollutants from Petrol and Diesel Enginesand Diesel Engines

Particulate MatterParticulate Matter ~~Particulate matter is the term for solid or liquid particles found in Particulate matter is the term for solid or liquid particles found in

the air. Some particles are large or dark enough to be seen as the air. Some particles are large or dark enough to be seen as soot or smoke, but fine particulate matter is tiny and is generally soot or smoke, but fine particulate matter is tiny and is generally not visible to the naked eye. Mobile source particulate emissions not visible to the naked eye. Mobile source particulate emissions consist mainly of these very tiny particles, also known as PM2.5, consist mainly of these very tiny particles, also known as PM2.5, because they are less than 2.5 microns in diameter.because they are less than 2.5 microns in diameter.

~Both on-road and non-road mobile sources emit fine particulate ~Both on-road and non-road mobile sources emit fine particulate matter. Diesel-powered vehicles and engines contribute more matter. Diesel-powered vehicles and engines contribute more than half the mobile source particulate emissions.than half the mobile source particulate emissions.

~Fine particulate matter is a health concern because very fine ~Fine particulate matter is a health concern because very fine particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Health particles can reach the deepest regions of the lungs. Health effects include asthma, difficult or painful breathing, and chronic effects include asthma, difficult or painful breathing, and chronic bronchitis, especially in children and the elderly. Fine particulate bronchitis, especially in children and the elderly. Fine particulate matter associated with diesel exhaust is also thought to cause matter associated with diesel exhaust is also thought to cause lung cancer and is therefore listed as a mobile source air toxic. lung cancer and is therefore listed as a mobile source air toxic. Fine particulate matter can travel long distances on air currents Fine particulate matter can travel long distances on air currents and is also a major cause of haze, which reduces visibility, and is also a major cause of haze, which reduces visibility, affecting cities and scenic areas throughout the United States.affecting cities and scenic areas throughout the United States.

Annual Emissions from a Annual Emissions from a Passenger Car and a Light TruckPassenger Car and a Light Truck

Passenger CarPassenger Car

Light TruckLight Truck

Gasoline-Electric Hybrid Gasoline-Electric Hybrid VehiclesVehicles

~Hybrids, which combine a smaller gasoline engine with a ~Hybrids, which combine a smaller gasoline engine with a battery-powered electric motor, can get double the mileage of battery-powered electric motor, can get double the mileage of conventional cars. Hybrids burn little fuel when they are slowing conventional cars. Hybrids burn little fuel when they are slowing or idling, and some capture and then use later energy created or idling, and some capture and then use later energy created during braking that would otherwise just produce heat. And during braking that would otherwise just produce heat. And because the gasoline engine is much smaller and operates at a because the gasoline engine is much smaller and operates at a steadier pace, it produces far less global warming pollution than steadier pace, it produces far less global warming pollution than conventional combustion engines. conventional combustion engines.

~To clear up a common misconception, hybrids don't have to be ~To clear up a common misconception, hybrids don't have to be plugged in. They use the same gasoline that other cars do -- just plugged in. They use the same gasoline that other cars do -- just less of it -- and they recharge their batteries while you drive.less of it -- and they recharge their batteries while you drive.– The Toyota Prius has been available in the United States since 2000. The Toyota Prius has been available in the United States since 2000.

The 2004 model is rated by the EPA at 60 miles per gallon in city The 2004 model is rated by the EPA at 60 miles per gallon in city driving, 51 on the highway. (The Prius gets better mileage off the driving, 51 on the highway. (The Prius gets better mileage off the highway, because in city driving it relies more on the battery.)highway, because in city driving it relies more on the battery.)

– In 2002, Honda introduced a hybrid version of the Civic. The EPA In 2002, Honda introduced a hybrid version of the Civic. The EPA rates the 2004 manual transmission version at 51 mpg on the highway rates the 2004 manual transmission version at 51 mpg on the highway and 46 in the city, with the continuously variable transmission model and 46 in the city, with the continuously variable transmission model rated at 48 highway and 47 city.rated at 48 highway and 47 city.

More on Hybrids…More on Hybrids…– Ford became the first U.S. manufacturer to offer a hybrid when Ford became the first U.S. manufacturer to offer a hybrid when

it rolled out the Escape SUV in August 2004. The front-wheel it rolled out the Escape SUV in August 2004. The front-wheel drive version is rated 36 mpg in the city and 31 on the drive version is rated 36 mpg in the city and 31 on the highway.highway.

– Automakers are planning to introduce additional hybrids in the Automakers are planning to introduce additional hybrids in the U.S. market, with Japanese manufacturers remaining in the U.S. market, with Japanese manufacturers remaining in the lead. Toyota and Honda plan to release hybrid Lexus and lead. Toyota and Honda plan to release hybrid Lexus and Highlander SUVs in 2005, and Honda, Nissan and Toyota have Highlander SUVs in 2005, and Honda, Nissan and Toyota have all announced plans to produce hybrid versions of their mid-all announced plans to produce hybrid versions of their mid-size sedans, the Accord, Altima and Camry.size sedans, the Accord, Altima and Camry.

– Hyundai plans to sell hybrid vehicles to government fleets in Hyundai plans to sell hybrid vehicles to government fleets in late 2004 and GM has announced plans to produce "mild" late 2004 and GM has announced plans to produce "mild" hybrids in 2005 and 2006 and full hybrid SUVs in 2007. ("Mild" hybrids in 2005 and 2006 and full hybrid SUVs in 2007. ("Mild" hybrids rely less on their battery packs than full hybrids). hybrids rely less on their battery packs than full hybrids).

So what's the problem?So what's the problem?

Toyota's and Honda's hybrid sales are Toyota's and Honda's hybrid sales are booming, and the Ford Escape has generated booming, and the Ford Escape has generated tremendous interest and rave reviews. tremendous interest and rave reviews. Although American automakers are beginning Although American automakers are beginning to respond to increasing consumer interest in to respond to increasing consumer interest in fuel-efficient hybrid vehicles, hybrids still fuel-efficient hybrid vehicles, hybrids still account for less than 1 percent of the new car account for less than 1 percent of the new car market. American automakers have market. American automakers have to put hybrids into mass production, to put hybrids into mass production, too, and we need to spark demand too, and we need to spark demand for them.for them.

All-new Toyota Prius

Ford Escape Hybrid

Ford Fusion

Air Pollution SolutionsAir Pollution Solutions Successful pollution solutions involve a variety of approaches. From Successful pollution solutions involve a variety of approaches. From

better engine design to better transit options, programs to reduce mobile better engine design to better transit options, programs to reduce mobile source pollution must address not only vehicles, engines, and source pollution must address not only vehicles, engines, and equipment, but also the fuels they use and the people who operate them. equipment, but also the fuels they use and the people who operate them. The road to clean air also depends on extensive collaboration between The road to clean air also depends on extensive collaboration between EPA; vehicle, engine, and fuel manufacturers; state and local EPA; vehicle, engine, and fuel manufacturers; state and local governments; transportation planners; and individual citizens.governments; transportation planners; and individual citizens.

This integrated approach to mobile source emission control is This integrated approach to mobile source emission control is responsible for greatly reducing mobile source air pollution during the responsible for greatly reducing mobile source air pollution during the last 30 years. Technological advances in vehicle and engine design, last 30 years. Technological advances in vehicle and engine design, together with cleaner, higher-quality fuels, have reduced emissions so together with cleaner, higher-quality fuels, have reduced emissions so much that the EPA expects the progress to continue, even as people much that the EPA expects the progress to continue, even as people drive more miles and use more power equipment every year.drive more miles and use more power equipment every year.

Of course growth in use of vehicles, engines, and equipment works Of course growth in use of vehicles, engines, and equipment works against the improvements gained by making individual vehicles or against the improvements gained by making individual vehicles or engines cleaner. If our reliance on mobile sources keeps growing without engines cleaner. If our reliance on mobile sources keeps growing without further action, overall mobile source pollution will eventually start to further action, overall mobile source pollution will eventually start to increase again.increase again.

Smog Case StudySmog Case Study

The ProblemThe Problem

The city of Los Angeles faces a distinct air pollution The city of Los Angeles faces a distinct air pollution problem, that of Photochemical Smog. problem, that of Photochemical Smog.

It is a condition that occurs when sunlight hits It is a condition that occurs when sunlight hits organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, and oxygen organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, and oxygen to form chemicals such as ozone and carbon to form chemicals such as ozone and carbon dioxide. dioxide.

This reaction produces the yellowish-brown tinge This reaction produces the yellowish-brown tinge that highlights the skies over LA. that highlights the skies over LA.

Careless emission of carbon monoxide and nitrous Careless emission of carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide in to the atmosphere has caused an oxide in to the atmosphere has caused an increase in pulmonary disease and has had a increase in pulmonary disease and has had a detrimental effect on the environment.detrimental effect on the environment.

The Causes of SmogThe Causes of Smog Automobiles are Automobiles are

responsible for emitting the responsible for emitting the majority of pollutants into majority of pollutants into the atmosphere. the atmosphere.

The Air Quality and The Air Quality and Meteorology Yearly Report Meteorology Yearly Report for 1974 mentioned that for 1974 mentioned that gasoline motor vehicles gasoline motor vehicles are responsible for 96.8% are responsible for 96.8% of carbon monoxide of carbon monoxide emissions released per emissions released per day from major sources.day from major sources.

Causes of Smog Causes of Smog ContinuedContinued

As seen on the graph As seen on the graph to the left, to the left, transportation transportation accounts for 55% accounts for 55% pollution emitted by pollution emitted by major sources. The major sources. The reason is because reason is because Angelinos have the Angelinos have the longest driving times in longest driving times in the country.the country.

Who’s Responsible?Who’s Responsible? The citizens of Los Angeles aren't the only ones responsible for the The citizens of Los Angeles aren't the only ones responsible for the

smog problem. There are geographical factors as well. In fact, smog smog problem. There are geographical factors as well. In fact, smog has been observed in the present-day Los Angeles area ever since the has been observed in the present-day Los Angeles area ever since the days of the first Spanish founders. The majestic mountains that days of the first Spanish founders. The majestic mountains that surround the area create a basin--a physical barrier that restricts the surround the area create a basin--a physical barrier that restricts the spreading of pollution over a larger area.spreading of pollution over a larger area.

The Pacific Ocean's presence also presents problems. As a cool body The Pacific Ocean's presence also presents problems. As a cool body of water, the Pacific creates an atmospheric inversion when cool air of water, the Pacific creates an atmospheric inversion when cool air settles below warm air.settles below warm air.

Emissions from automobiles and factories rise through the cool air, and Emissions from automobiles and factories rise through the cool air, and reach the warm layer. There the temperature of the pollutants equal reach the warm layer. There the temperature of the pollutants equal that of the warm air around them, and fail to rise. The pollution then that of the warm air around them, and fail to rise. The pollution then becomes smog and will stay there for several weeks.becomes smog and will stay there for several weeks.

Air Temperature Air Temperature Inversion PatternInversion Pattern

Environmental EffectsEnvironmental Effects Smog has proven to be a silent killer. Smog has proven to be a silent killer. The effects on humans can range anywhere from The effects on humans can range anywhere from

eye irritations to lung cancer.eye irritations to lung cancer. Other effects on humans are irritation of the nose Other effects on humans are irritation of the nose

and throat, increased mucus production and and throat, increased mucus production and tendency to cough, headaches, and chest pain tendency to cough, headaches, and chest pain coupled with difficulty breathing without coughing. coupled with difficulty breathing without coughing.

Prolonged exposure to smog can cause Prolonged exposure to smog can cause permanent damage in the lungs, ultimately permanent damage in the lungs, ultimately resulting in lung cancer. resulting in lung cancer.

Smog also has effects on vegetation and the Smog also has effects on vegetation and the animals that live in the ecosystem. animals that live in the ecosystem.

Solutions to the ProblemSolutions to the Problem Since the 1970's the smog problem has been dying down Since the 1970's the smog problem has been dying down

due to regulation. due to regulation. The South Coast Air Quality Management District has The South Coast Air Quality Management District has

shown that there has been a declining trend in the number shown that there has been a declining trend in the number of days that Los Angeles has passed the federal standard.of days that Los Angeles has passed the federal standard.

Keeping regulations that are in place, and setting even Keeping regulations that are in place, and setting even more stringent ones will prove helpful in solving the smog more stringent ones will prove helpful in solving the smog problem as it has in the past. Particularly, regulation on the problem as it has in the past. Particularly, regulation on the emission of trucks and trailers will surely benefit the cause.emission of trucks and trailers will surely benefit the cause.

Trucks and trailers are singly the "dirtiest" machines out Trucks and trailers are singly the "dirtiest" machines out there. Methanol-powered engines and hybrid engines will there. Methanol-powered engines and hybrid engines will pave the way for the total elimination of fossil fuel engines. pave the way for the total elimination of fossil fuel engines.

Solution Continued…Solution Continued… These things might seem too big for anyone to do, These things might seem too big for anyone to do,

but there are things that an individual can do to but there are things that an individual can do to contribute significantly to the cause, such as:contribute significantly to the cause, such as:– Avoid unnecessary drivingAvoid unnecessary driving– CarpoolCarpool– Routine car maintenance such as maintaining oil and Routine car maintenance such as maintaining oil and

gasoline filters and keeping tires properly inflatedgasoline filters and keeping tires properly inflated– Avoid hard drivingAvoid hard driving– Consolidating tripsConsolidating trips

If the city does not work together as a whole, the If the city does not work together as a whole, the problems that face the citizens of Los Angeles will problems that face the citizens of Los Angeles will only worsen. only worsen.

Meuse Valley, BelgiumMeuse Valley, Belgium

Meuse Valley, BelgiumMeuse Valley, Belgium December 3, 1930 thru December 5, 1930December 3, 1930 thru December 5, 1930 Thick mistThick mist Several cases of acute pulmonary attacksSeveral cases of acute pulmonary attacks 60 deaths60 deaths

The CausesThe Causes TemperatureTemperature Lack of windLack of wind Smoke from factoriesSmoke from factories FogFog

Sulfur Dioxide & Sulfur Dioxide & FluorineFluorine

SOSO22

Early known cause of disasterEarly known cause of disaster Fluorine was the later Fluorine was the later

known cause of the disaster.known cause of the disaster.

1873 thru 1935 112 cases reported1873 thru 1935 112 cases reported Intoxication with:Intoxication with:

NaFNaFNaNa22SiFSiF66

HFHF

5 to 15 grams = lethal 5 to 15 grams = lethal dose of NaFdose of NaF

More on FluorineMore on Fluorine

The ResultsThe Results Asthma like attacksAsthma like attacks CoughingCoughing Tone of voiceTone of voice Occasional vomitingOccasional vomiting NauseaNausea

Air PollutionAir Pollution