bergey excel nomenclature paul gipe & assoc. 1. spinner 2. rotor 3. generator 4. frame 5. yaw...
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Bergey Excel Nomenclature
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
• 1. Spinner• 2. Rotor• 3. Generator• 4. Frame• 5. Yaw Mount• 6. Slip Rings• 7. Tail Boom• 8. Nacelle Cover• 9. Yaw Crank
GeneratorsDirect-Drive DC
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
GeneratorsDirect-Drive Alternator (Small)
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Small Wind Turbine Applications
• Off-the-Grid Power SystemsBoating
Cathodic Protection
Fence Charging
Wind Pumping
Remote Homesteads/Third World Villages
• On-the-Grid or InterconnectedResidential & Small Commercial
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Interconnection with Batteries & Inverter (SW)
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Relative Size of Small Wind Turbines
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8Rotor Diameter (m)
6 m
7 m
5 m
4 m
3 m
2 m
1 m
Swept Area (m2)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Rotor Diameter (m)
0
10
20
30
40
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Small Wind Turbines
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
• Micro Wind Turbines~ 1 meter (2-4 feet) in Diameter
Marlec 910F
Air 300/400/X
Small Wind Turbines
• Mini Wind Turbines1-3 meters (3-10 feet) in Diameter
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
LVM6F
Whisper H40
Small Wind Turbines• Household-Size Wind Turbines
4-10 meters (12-35 feet) in Diameter & Larger
Transitional to Medium-Size Turbines
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Jacobs 17-20
Whisper 175
Bergey Excel
Small Wind Turbine Fall Safety
• Minimal or No Work on Tower
• Fall-Arresting System
• Work Platform
• Lanyard Anchorages
• Training
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Small Wind Turbine Fall Safety
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Fall-Arresting System
Work Platform
Lanyard Anchorage
The Problems of Small Wind
• Poor Productivity~2/3 that of Medium-Size Turbines
• High Cost~5X More than Medium-Size Turbines
• Poor ReliabilityReports on awea-wind-home Newsgroup
• Small MarketLittle Money Makes Improvement
Problematic
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
The Problems of Small Wind• Towers Not Standardized
Affects Installation
• Installation Not Standardized
Affects Safety
• Service Not StandardizedNon Tilt-Down
Require On-Tower Work
Affects Safety and Reliability
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
The Problems of Small Wind
• Aggressive Marketing Pushes Sales, Not Customer Benefits
• Industry Sells TurbinesNot Wind Systems--Mix & Match Towers
• Unsophisticated MarketDoesn’t Demand Better Products
Susceptible to Hustlers & Charlatans
• Owners in the DarkDue to the Absence of Metering
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
The Problems of Small Wind
• AestheticMost Need a Good Industrial Designer
• Simply Too NoisyNoisy for Their Size
Closer to People
• But They Do Provide an Essential Service at Remote Sites!
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
New Rivals to Small Wind
• Used Commercial TurbinesThousands in California & Europe
EMS (SD) Rewinding to Single Phase
Now Used in Alberta, Iowa, South Dakota
• Downsizing of Commercial TurbinesEnercon E20
Fuhrländer, Henry Dupont
Lagerwey 18/80, Dutch Farmer’s Choice
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Small Wind Turbine Test Fields• Professional or Commercial
NREL, Colorado
AEI, Texas
Windward, Utah
Atlantic Wind Test Site, PEI, Canada
• Private UnfundedMick Sagrillo, Wisconsin
Mike Klemen, North Dakota
Wulf Test Field, California
Folkecenter, Denmark
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Wulf Test FieldTehachapi Pass
Wulf Test FieldTurbines Tested
Air 303/403/X.1/X.2/X.3
BWC 850Marlec 910F
LVM 6F
Whisper H40
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Wulf Test FieldTests Performed
Power Curves
Power Loss
Noise Emissions
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Small Turbine Noise Measurements
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
• Meters Costly• Somewhat Complex• Difficult for Amateurs
70
80
90
100
110
dB
A (
Leq)
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Wind Speed (mph)
BWC 850 BWC Unloaded Ampair 100 Air 403 AirX
Calculated Emission Source Strength Selected Small Wind Turbines
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Calculated & Measured Noise EmissionsSource Sound Power Level at 8 m/s
1 10 100
Diameter (meters)
60
70
80
90
100
110
120Sound Power Level dBA
1980s 1990s
1999 Small
Micro H40
L=22 log D + 72
L=22 log D + 65
BWC 850
H40
AirX
Air303
Bergey Excel (7 m)
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
• PMG (Ferrite)• Direct-Drive• Furling• Rugged• Various Versions• Test Reports
Power Curve
Noise
Bergey Excel S (7 m)
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Bergey Excel S (7 m)
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Standardized wind speed - m/s
So
un
d p
res
su
re le
ve
l - d
B(A
)Turbine operating - inverter on line
Turbine operating - inverter off line
Background noise
NREL
Small Turbine Noise (NREL)
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Standardized Wind Speed - m/s
So
un
d P
res
su
re L
ev
el -
dB
(A)
Air XAir 403ExcelNorthwind 100AOC 15/50XL.1
NREL
Small Turbine Manufacturers
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
• Bergey• Southwest
Windpower• Vergnet (FR)• Proven (GB)• AOC (?)
• Ampair (GB)• LVM(GB)• Marlec• Juan Bornay (ES)
Bergey Windpower
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Vergnet
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Southwest Windpower
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
LVM, Ampair, Marlec
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Proven
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Ventus Germany
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
AirCon Germany
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
AirCon Germany
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Household-SizeWind
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Household-SizeWind
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Energie PGE, Quebec
Small Wind DIY Workshops
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Small Wind Turbines Must Become as Reliable and as Productive as Today’s Commercial Turbines
Paul Gipe & Assoc.