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Hila - with pulmonary artery branches - blood vessels extending from heart to lungs + lymph nodes to fight infection. Heart Spine Ribs Chest wall Chest wall Costophrenic angle Heart Lung Lung Clavicle (collar bone) Diaphragm (Muscle that helps expand + contract lungs) Diaphragm Cardiophrenic angle Frontal (PA) Chest X-Ray The Anatomy of the Copyright 2005 by Daniel Powers, M.D., All rights reserved. c

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Page 1: B Reader Silicosis 02

Hila - with pulmonary arterybranches - blood vessels extendingfrom heart to lungs + lymph nodes

to fight infection.

Heart

SpineRibs

Chest wall Chest wall

Costophrenicangle

Heart

Lung Lung

Clavicle (collar bone)

Diaphragm(Muscle that helps

expand + contract lungs)

Diaphragm

Cardiophrenicangle

Frontal (PA) Chest X-R ay

The Anatomy of the

Copyright 2005 by Daniel Powers, M.D., All rights reserved.c

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Frontal (PA) Chest X-R ay Asb estos-Caused Pleural Changes

Earliest asb estos- related disease pro cess, but of ten not

seen, s ince many patients are free of symptoms.

Always blunts costophrenicangle. Sc arring results from prior

pleural effusion(s) . Visceral pleuralthickening involves > ¼ of chest wall .

O f ten asso ciated with some funstional impairment.

2

1

_

NormalChest Wal l Fat

(Ex tra - P leural Fatt y Deposit ion)M imics Plaques

Chest Wal l FatM imics Plaques

In - Prof i le (Along Lateral Chest Wal l Margin)

Chest Wal l P laquing

In - Prof i lePar t ieta l Pleural Plaquing

In - Prof i lePar ieta l Pleural Plaquing

En - Face (Face - on)Par ieta l Pleural Plaquing

In - Prof i le +En - Face Plaquing

DiaphragmaticPlaquing

Per icardia l Plaquing Paraver tebralPlaquing

In - Prof i le, En - Face,Per icardia l , Paraver tebral

+ Diaphragmatic Plaquing

M esothel ioma(Chest Wal l Tumor) (1)

with Pleural Ef fus ion (2)Pleural Ef fus ions Dif fuse Chest Wal l ( V isceral )

Pleural Thick eningFissural ( V isceral )

Plaquing

Plaquing of ten o ccurs 10 - 20years af ter exp osure, but the chest x-ray may

only b e 10 - 40% accurate at showing plaquing

Calcif ic ations seen in 10-15%of chest x-rays, increasing with

age and t ime from exp osure

One side of plaque i l l -defined as i t merges with the

normal pleural sur face. A sup erimp osedc arcinoma c an b e missed.

S eldom asso ciated withfunc tional impairment unless

ver y numerous and c alcif ied and/or enc asing.

Thin plaquing c an o ccur as an early marker of exp osure.

Although of ten bi lateral , plaques c an b e unilalteral in of patients1

3/

Copyright 2005 by Daniel Powers, M.D., All rights reserved.c

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Frontal (PA) Chest X-R ay ILO Pleural D isease Classif ic ation

Pleural D isease Ex tent (Length of Involvement)

Pleural D isease Thick ness ( In-Prof i le Width)

Pleural D isease Typ es + Lo c ations

Up to 1/4 of L ateral Chest Wall

> 1/4 to 1/2 of L ateral Chest Wall

D iffuse Pleural Thickening ( V isceral )O ther Plaque Locat ionsChest Wall Plaquing (Parietal)

>1/2 of L ateral Chest Wall

In-profi le and/orE n-face pleural thickening

asso ciated with blunting of the costophrenic angles

Thick ness3 to 5mm

Thick ness> 5 to 10mm

Thick ness>10mm

In - Profi lePlaquing

E n - FacePlaquing

In - Profi lePar ieta l

Plaquing

D iffuseVisceral PleuralThickening

ParietalPleuralPlaquing

E n - FacePar ieta lPlaquing

D iffusePleuralThickening

Calcif ic ationin Plaquing

1 2 3

a b c

Fissural Thickening

Peric ardial

Paraver tebral

D iaphragmatic

Ex tent Ex tent Ex tent

Length of Involvement = In-Prof i le and En-Face ex tents in tota l

Copyright 2005 by Daniel Powers, M.D., All rights reserved. c

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Frontal (PA) Chest X-R ay Pleural + Peric ardial Coverings

1. Cervical Pleura

3. Costal Pleura

2. Mediastinal Pleura

Parts of ParietalPleura

4. Diaphragmatic Pleura

Internal and external intercostal muscles

EndothoracicFascia

Phrenicopleural Fascia part of Endothoracic Fascia Pericardium

Diaphragm Mediastinum(soft tissue structuresbetween the lungs)

Parietal Pleura

Pleural cavity

Sibson’s Fascia(Suprapleural Membrane)-part of Endothoracic Fascia

Root of Lung (Hilum)where Visceral and Parietal Pleura join

Heart

Lung LungRibs

Visceral Pleura

Copyright 2005 by Daniel Powers, M.D., All rights reserved.c

Page 5: B Reader Silicosis 02

CT Sc an of Chest Pleural + Peric ardial Coverings

Front of B o dy

B ack of B o dy

Heart

InternalIntercostalMuscle

ExternalIntercostalMuscle

Spinal Cord

Spine

Rib

Visceral Pleuracovering lung

Parietal Pleuracovering chest wall

EndothoracicFascia

PhysiologicFluid betweenVisceral andParietal PleuraRib

Aorta(main artery takingoxygenated blood to body)

Esophagus(tube leading frommouth to stomach)

Sternum (breast bone)

Pericardium- lining covering the heart, deep to themediastinalparietal pleura

MediastinalPortion of the Parietal Pleura

VisceralPleura

Heart Border

Costocartilage

Lung

Lung

The parietal pleura covers the thoracic cavity. It has 4 parts - the costal portion - covering the rib cage;

the cervical portion, also call the pleural cupola or dome of the pleura over the top of the lungs - the

apices, this extends through the superior thoracic aperature into the root of the neck; the mediastinal

portion, covering the tissues and organs located between the lungs and the diaphragmatic portion

The visceral pleura surrounds and covers the lung lobes and is inseparable from the lung tissue. It

The pericardium covers the heart.

The endothoracic fascia lies deep to the parietal pleura. It is called the phrenicopleural fascia over the

diaphragms and the suprapleural membrane or Sibson’s fascia at the lung apices.

Copyright 2005 by Daniel Powers, M.D., All rights reserved.c

Page 6: B Reader Silicosis 02

S equential Chest X-R ay Parenchymal Changes in Si l icosis + CWP

Eventual ly can develop Progress ive Mass ive Fibros is - coalesced centr i lobular

micronodules forming a > 1 cm mass. These are commonly bi latera l . O ther et io logies of masses inc lude

bronchogenic carc inoma, tuberculos is, at ypical mysobac ter ia and nodular sarcoid. I f the pat ient has R heumatoid ar thr i t is - Caplan’s

nodules can a lso be present . This i s k nown as the compl icated t ype of the disease process and occurs more f requent ly in s i l icos is .

The PMF les ions have wel l def ined latera l margins, paral le l l ing the latera l

chest wal ls . They are lent i form ( lens) shaped and poster ior in locat ion. Paracicatr ic ia l emphysema developes between the

latera l margins of the PMF and the chest wal ls and f ibrous stranding a lso is seen br idging this space.

Coalescence can develop with centr i lobular nodules

or subpleural nodules (which form pseudoplaques) .

Occurs in coal work ers with rheumatoid ar thr i t is that have been

exposed to coal dust , which contains f ree s i l ica . They develop mult iple smal l pulmonar y Caplan’s

nodules that of ten look l ik e metastases and can have var iable locat ions, some between the outer and middle 1/3

of the lung. These occur pr ior to PMF.

Coalescence of Centr i lobular Nodules

Coalescence of Subpleural Nodules

Volume loss and distor t ion of intrathoracic contents (d i ) occurs

with e levat ion of the hi la . This appearance can be cal led “angel wings. ” Tracheal deviat ion

can occur i f one les ion predominates or i s the only les ion.

With t ime and increased amount of dust exposure, develop increased

profus ion of nodules.

Interst i t ia l Fibros is usual ly appears as smal l rounded

opacit ies in the poster ior upper > middle lung zones. This i s k nown as the s imple t ype of the disease process.

Nodules can calc i fy centra l ly in some pat ients .

PMF or large opacit ies can cavitate - centra l necrosis vs TB

and non - tuberculous mycobac ter ia or car inoma (especia l ly i f uni latera l ) .

Emphysema developes in the lower lung zones.This i s usual ly of

a cent i lobular t ype, but of ten coalesces into bul lae and can be a major cause of c l in ical symptoms.

With more t ime - usual ly over 10 years, the PMF can migrate

towards the hi la . Calc i f icat ions can develop in the PMF. R arely r im calc i f icat ion can a lso develop.

H i lar Adenopathy with Egg-Shel l Calc i f icat ions

Calc i f ied Nodules Smal l Rounded Opacit ies

Caplan’s Nodules Coalescence of Nodules Increas ing Profus ion

Distor t ion and Volume Loss Paracicatr ic ia l Emphysema Progress ive Mass ive Fibros is

PMF Cavitat ion Centr i lobular Emphysema + Lower Lung Zone Bul lae Hi lar M igrat ion + PMF Calc i f icat ions

Hi lar adenopathy or enlargement, can occur with or without

egg-shel l ca lc i f icat ions. This may occur pr ior to or af ter the appearance of micronodules.

Copyright 2005 by Daniel Powers, M.D., All rights reserved. c

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Simple vs Complic ated Parenchymal Findings in Si l icosis + CWP

Hilar adenopathy or enlargement, can occur with or without

egg-shel l ca lc i f icat ions, pr ior to or af ter the appearance of micronodules.

No dules only 1 - 3 mm smal l rounded

micronodules, both centr i lobular and subpleural , with a poster ior upper and middle

lung zone predominance, thought to be due to poor lymphat ic dra inage in this par t of the lung. The nodules

increase in s ize and profus ion with advancing disease.

Increased cancer r isk especia l ly i f a smok er.

Nodules can rarely centra l ly ca lc i fy.

Coalescence of pulmonar y nodules has v isual ized

magins to the nodules. PMF or large opacit ies are more homogeneous.

PMF= conglomerated centr i lobular nodules, matted

together, measur ing greater than 1 cm in longest dimension. They have a poster ior locat ion,

of ten f lattened and lent i form (as seen on latera l CXR) , paral le l ing the latera l chest wal l and of ten the major

f i ssure, associated with latera l per ipheral paracicatr ica l emphysema and upper lung zone volume loss .

PMF can s lowly migrate towards the hi la , usual ly

over a 10 or more years per iod.

PMF is associated with e levated hi la and volume loss, per ipheral

paracicatr ic ia l emphysema along the latera l edge of les ions and lower lung zone emphysema.

I ts appearance is l ik ened to “angle wings. ” Per ipheral punc tate calc i f icat ions and rarely r im

calc i f icat ion can develop in PMF.

Large Opacit ies (> 1 cm) are not a lways PMF. The pulmonar y

macrophage, i s damaged by the s i l ica , mak ing that indiv idual more suscept ible

to infec t ion and TB. Always r/o TB, at ypical mycobac ter ia , nodular sarcoid or lung carc inoma.

Locat ion, appearance, and volume loss is a c lue, but not def in i tve for PMF.

PMF can cavitate due to ischemic necrosis but r /o TB, non-tuberculous

mycobac ter ia or necrot ic lung carc inoma, especia l ly i f uni latera l .

Simple Typ e

Complic ated Typ e

PMF PMFPMF

PMFPMF

Adenopathy with Egg-Shel l Calc i f icat ions

Upper > M iddle Lung Zone Smal l Nodular Opacit ies

Coalescence of Smal l Rounded Opacit ies Increased Cancer R isk

Large Opacit ies of Progress ive Mass ive Fibros is (PMF)

Calc i f ied Nodules

Melanopt ys is = jet b lack sputum 2˚ to

ischemic rupture of PMF into a bronchus.

r /o carc inoma r/o tuberculoma

Copyright 2005 by Daniel Powers, M.D., All rights reserved. c

Page 8: B Reader Silicosis 02

Ver y high dust exposure with onset of imaging f indings in 4-10 yrs .

The pat ient is commonly shor t of breath.

Least common. Requires a severe, intense inhalat ion usual ly within an

enclosed space such as with sandblast ing. Can die in 1-3 years .

Medial upper lung zone a lveolar proteinaceous exudat ive opacit y progresses over months, associated with symmetr ic h i lar and mediast inal adenopathy, volume loss with progess ive f ibros is, bul lae and d istor ion of mediast inal st ruc tures. Pneumothorax , recurrent pneumonia , centr i lobular nodules and patchy consol idat ions may occur.

Dense concentrat ion. Can have a i r bronchograms.

Most common. Moderate to high dust concentrat ions of ten for

> 20 yrs . Can be asymptomatic or have chronic bronchit is and eventual ly develop non-smok ing

caused emphysema - paracicatr ic ia l and centr i lobular.

Chronic 10-30 yrs Accelerated

4-10 yrs Acute (S i l icoproteinosis )

Weeks to Months

Honeycombing of tendevelopes associated with

volume loss .

There is an increaseincidence of lung carc inoma

compared with the usual s imple CWP pattern.

10-20% of coal miners can develop di f fuse lung f ibros is with mid to lower lung zone smal l i r regular opacit ies . This may or may not be associated with centr i lobular and subpleural micronodules of usual s imple CWP. There is better corre lat ion with pulmonar y func t ion impairment in those with smal l i r regular compared to smal l rounded opacit ies and an increased cancer r isk .

Pleural p laquingl ik e that found in asbestos does occur. However, pseudoplauque formation dueto coalesenceof subpleural micronodules can occur and may even calc i fy - look ing l ik e pleural p laque formation.

VolumeLoss

Honeycombing

VolumeLoss

Honeycombing

Lungcarc inoma

Summar y O ver view of Chest X-R ay Findings in Si l icosis + CWP

Copyright 2005 by Daniel Powers, M.D., All rights reserved. c

By def in i t ion PMF mak es the disease the compl icated t ype.

S i l icos is i s much more l ik ely to cause PMF than CWP.

Pat ients are usual ly symptom free except for industr ia l bronchit is

or emphysema, which i f present at th is ear ly stage, i s probably smok ing - caused. Hi lar adenopathy with or without eggshel l ca lc i f icat ions can occur, pr ior to or af ter the appearance of smal l rounded opacit ies .

Compl icated S i l icos is/CWP

At ypic al Parenchymal Changes in CWP Exception to the Rule: c an M imic Asb estosis

Presentations of Si l icosis

Parenchymal Changes in Si l icosis + CWP

Pleural Changes in Si l icosis + CWP

Simple S i l icos is/CWP

Cavitat ion can occur caused by centra l i schemic necrosis

of the Large Opacit y, but r /o TB or cancer.

Interst i t ia l Fibros is

developes as micronodules.

Interst i t ia lFibros isdevelopesas nodules

SubpleuralNodules

Centr i lobularNodules

Calc i f iedPseudoplaque

The Subpleural Nodules cancoalesce and form “pseudoplaques”,

some of which can calc i fy.

SubpleuralPseudoplaques can be associated

with the development ofRounded Atelec tas is .

Rounded Atelec tas is

Si l icos is and CWP are di f ferent diseases causing s imi lar imagingf indings. S i l icos is can over lap and be par t of CWP, however.

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Diagram Teaching Files > Asbestos Disease > Emphysema > Silicosis and Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis

Introduction The teaching file consists of 3 parts. First, there are didactic articles. Second, there are visual diagrams,which will help you conceptualize the anatomy of the chest and the findings associated with asbestos-causeddisease on chest x-rays, CT and HRCT scans. Many individuals learn better from visual observation of conceptualideas, which this presentation allows for. The individual images can be magnified twice, first doubled click with thearrow over the picture set, and when viewing the magnified picture set, there is an option above, to view an evenlarger online version by clicking that option, further enlarging the image information. Should the image informationbe less than optimally readable, then a PDF version can be printed on your computer, which also may give sharperdetail and which could be used as a physical hardcopy reference. Third, actual chest x-rays, CT and HRCTimages of these findings are presented, along with stacked CT scans for you to review and test your skills.

Asbestos Disease [ top of page ]

Asbestos is a naturally occurring group of magnesium silicate minerals that are made up of tiny microscopic fiberswith very good insulating and heat-resistant properties. Asbestos fibers are divided into two basic groups: Theserpentine fibers, having long curly fibers, which include Chrysotile, and the amphibole fibers, havingstraight, short, needle-like fibers, which include Crocidolite and Amosite. In general, the smaller and straighterthe fiber, the deeper it can be lodged into the lungs and the more harmful it is. The amphibolesare more harmful than the serpentines. However, Chrysotile, a serpentine type fiber, was the most commonasbestos product used in the United States. Asbestos fibers, when breathed into the lung, can irritate the chest walland lung linings (the pleura) or the lung itself (the parenchyma). It can also be swallowed and can penetrate theabdominal cavity irritating it as well as abdominal organs.

Disease caused by asbestos includes irritation to the lung lining with accumulation of fluid known as a pleuraleffusion; scarring of the chest walls, diaphragms and mediastinum known as pleural (circumscribed)plaquing; scarring of the lung lining or fusion of the lung lining to the chest wall often occurring after a pleuraleffusion(s) called diffuse pleural thickening; which when associated with extension into and distortion of thelung tissue is known as cicatricial scarring; and when infolding the lung into its scar mass is called roundedatelectasis. Scarring of the lung tissue is known as interstitial or parenchymal fibrosis, which in its endstage develops honeycombing. Cancers can occur to the chest wall lining known as a mesothelioma or to thelung tissue known as a lung cancer or carcinoma.

On chest radiographs, there has been an attempt by various national and international organizations to standardizereadings of chest x-rays in workers having had occupational dust and fiber exposure and to classify them such thatthey can be compared. This has evolved into the ILO system - the International Labor Organizationsystem of interpretation of chest radiographs. The ILO system rates the quality of the frontal chest x-ray,describes the presence or absence of disease of the lung that can be caused by occupational dust or fiberexposures, and rates lung scarring according to its size and shape, its location within the lung - upper, mid or lowerlung zones, and the concentration of visualized lung scarring per unit area of the disease process, also known asthe profusion. In addition, there is a discussion of the presence or absence of pleural plaquing - scarring of thelining of the chest walls, diaphragms and mediastinum or diffuse pleural thickening - scarring of the lining of thelung, as well as a description of "other findings" both presented as check boxes of specific symbols for specificfindings, or as an open-ended discussion entry. The below visuals are to help you understand what these findingslook like and how they are classified, both for plain radiographs, supine spiral CT and prone HRCT.

Home Qualifications Services Resource Center Contact

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Anatomy ofFrontal PA Chest X-Ray

First, it is important that you understand the basicimage that we are looking at. We are looking at afrontal view of the chest or the thoracic cavity,which consists of the heart in the middle, the spinein the back, the rib cage with the individual ribsforming an encasement surrounding the lungs, andthe diaphragms at the bottom which, like bellows,helps the lungs expand and contract. The left-mostimage shows the anatomy of the thorax or chestand its cavity, which is gradually stripped down togive the right-most image, which is an outline of theanatomy of the chest that we need to understand -that is the heart in the center, the diaphragmsor muscles that act like bellows at the bottom, thechest walls on the periphery and the lungs inbetween the heart and the chest walls.

Frontal PA Chest X-Ray;Asbestos-Caused Pleural Changes

This visual diagram shows pleural changes that onewould expect on plain radiographs. The far leftimage is a normal examination in which the chestwall is not thickened. Normal deposits of fat alongthe chest wall can cause thickening that mimicspleural plaquing. Pleural (circumscribed)plaquing can occur along the chest wall(parietal pleura) both on the side of the chestwall known as the "in profile" type, and face-onknown as the "en face" type, along the front orback of the chest walls. Plaques can also occur onthe linings overlying the diaphragms, the heart andthe spine. Some of these plaques develop calciumdeposits within them over time. In addition to pleuralplaques, one can develop irritant fluidaccumulations/"fluid-on-the-lung" known aspleural effusions, which are often temporary andfrequently not known to the patient, since they maynot cause pain or symptoms. However, after apleural effusion, the lining of the lung (visceralpleura) can scar and thicken. This is known asdiffuse pleural thickening. Often such visceralpleural thickening fuses with the lower chest wallparietal pleura resulting in blunting of thecostophrenic angle. Visceral pleural thickening canoccasionally occur between different lobes of thelung where the lining of the two lung lobesbecomes irritated and subsequently fuse andthicken. Rarely, one can develop a cancer of thechest wall known as a mesothelioma, which iscommonly associated with a malignant pleuraleffusion.

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Frontal (PA) Chest X-Ray;ILO Pleural Disease Classification

The ILO system classifies pleural (circumscribed)plaquing and diffuse pleural thickening. The pleuralplaques can be "in profile" - along the side of thechest wall or "en face" being face-on, either alongthe front or the back walls of the chest cavity. Theycan also occur along the linings of the diaphragms,the spine, or adjacent to the heart. If there hasbeen a pleural effusion, diffuse pleural thickeningcausing thickening of the lining of the lung, oftenwith the lining of the lung sticking together with thelining of the chest wall can occur. The extent of thein profile and en face pleural plaquing is rated as"1", "2", or "3" - depending on whether it involvesup to one-quarter of the lateral chest wall, greaterthan one-quarter up to one-half the lateral chestwall, or greater than one-half of the lateral chestwall. Similar classification occurs with diffuse pleuralthickening. In addition, both the in profile pleuralplaquing and in profile diffuse pleural thickening canbe graded in terms of their thickness as "a" for 3 to5 mm, "b" for greater than 5 to10 mm, and "c" forgreater than 10 mm in thickness.

Frontal (PA) Chest X-Ray;Pleural plus Pericardial Coverings

The chest cavity is composed primarily of the lungson both sides with the heart in the middle, thespine in the back and the diaphragms on thebottom. The cavity itself is lined on the top, sides,bottom and in the mid-portion adjacent to the heartby a contiguous membrane, which has differentnames depending on the location. The parietalpleura - that portion of the lining that surroundsthe chest cavity, but does not involve the lung itself,i.e., lines the rib cage, the diaphragms and themidline structures such as the heart. This is namedthe cervical pleura on the top, the mediastinalpleura in the middle, the costal pleura alongthe lateral chest walls, and the diaphragmaticpleura over the diaphragms. In addition, the lungitself is lined or covered by a membrane called thevisceral pleura. The heart is also lined deep tothe mediastinal pleura by another membrane knownas the pericardium. Thus, a plaque along themargins of the heart is scarring to the mediastinalparietal pleura and not the pericardium or hearttissue below.

CT Scan of Chest;Pleural plus Pericardial Coverings

Cross-sectional views of the thoracic cavity revealthe same information that needs to be known onthe chest x-ray, but from a different perspective.

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The heart is surrounded by a membrane called thepericardium. This is in turn surrounded by amembrane called the mediastinal portion of theparietal pleura. The parietal pleura continues alongthe sides of the chest wall, where it is called thecostal pleura, as well as superiorly over the top ofthe chest wall, known as the cervical pleura andalong the bottom of the chest cavity over thediaphragms, known as the diaphragmatic pleura.The lung itself is also lined by a membrane knownas the visceral pleura. Between the chest wall andthe parietal pleural lining of it, is fat. This is wherethe fat deposits in some individuals mimickingpleural plaquing on chest x-ray. The fat is thus,extra-pleural (outside the pleura) and thus, the termextra-pleural fatty deposition is used todescribe the location of this fat. It actually displacesthe costal parietal pleura inward rather thanrepresenting thickening of the costal parietal pleura.The endothoracic fascia is located deep to theparietal pleura and it too has different names indifferent locations.

Frontal (PA) Chest X-Ray;ILO Classification of the Amount of

Lung Scarring: The Profusion

The International Labor Organization (ILO) gradesscarring of the lung tissue (the interstitium orparenchyma) seen on the chest x-ray on a 12-pointscale. Asbestos causes small irregular (andsomewhat linear) opacities. The number of theseirregular opacities per visual unit area is called theprofusion, i.e., the intensity of the scarring or theamount of the visual snowstorm that is identified.The profusion is either considered anatomicallyinsignificant/normal, which is given a gradingof "0", of a mild amount given a grading of "1", ofa moderate amount given a grading of "2", and ofa severe amount given a grading of "3". Becausedoctors cannot always agree on the exact amountpresent, a fudge factor is added which basicallyallows for a minus or a plus in relationship tothe number, such as an B-, B or B+ grade that astudent might get in class. Thus, a 2/2 profusionrepresents a visually definite moderate amount oflung disease or visual profusion. A 2- would be a2/1 meaning that the reader thinks that this chest x-ray is primarily of a moderate or 2-type profusionwith a secondary thought that it is of a 1 or mildamount of profusion. A 2+ would be a 2/3, wherethe observer thinks that this is primarily of amoderate profusion, but is secondarily considering a

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severe profusion.

Frontal (PA) Chest X-Ray;ILO Parenchymal Classifications

The lung scarring is also classified into the sizeand shape of the densities - being of an "s", "t"or "u" type for asbestosis; the location of thescarring - being upper, middle or lower lungzones; the amount of the scarring - mild,moderate or severe; and the presence orabsence of larger conglomerate scars, known as"Large Opacities", which usually occur indiseases such as coal workers’ pneumoconiosis(black lung disease) or silicosis (sand blasters’disease).

Frontal (PA) Chest X-Ray ILOSymbols: 1 of 3

The following three pages describe the varioussymbols used on the ILO reporting form and visuallyshows what they would look like on chest x-rays.

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Frontal (PA) Chest X-Ray ILOSymbols: 2 of 3

See above for description

Frontal (PA) Chest X-Ray ILOSymbols: 3 of 3

See above for description

Supine Spiral CT Scan of the Chest;Chest Wall Views –

Asbestos-Caused Findings

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This diagram shows the findings that the DiagnosticRadiologist would identify on CT scans of the chestwhen the chest wall is thickened. Extra-pleural fatcan mimic pleural plaques and is not caused byasbestos disease. CT is very helpful compared tochest x-rays since, on chest x-rays, one may notbe able to tell the difference between an asbestos-caused pleural plaque and one that is due to normalvariant fat, whereas on CT one candifferentiate fat from plaques. CT is alsohelpful in identifying the presence or absence of apleural effusion (fluid), which can be transientand may or may not be related to asbestos-causedproblems depending on the patient’s clinicalcircumstances. For instance, if the patient were inheart failure, it is common to get fluid. However, inthe proper clinical setting, in which a patient has anappropriate asbestos exposure history, a pleuraleffusion in the absence of other medical causes isprobably secondary to an asbestos etiology.Pleural plaques are focal (circumscribed)areas of localized scarring adjacent to the chestwall, the heart, the spine, or the diaphragms (theparietal pleura) are described and seen.Diffuse pleural thickening (the visceralpleura) often occurs after pleural effusions and isalso identified. Most of the time, it blunts thecostophrenic angle on the involved side. CT isexcellent at and better than the chest x-rayat showing calcifications in plaques. Thepresence of calcium in plaques is more definiteproof of their presence, especially if they are thinand flat.

Prone HRCT Scan of Chest LungParenchymal Views:

Asbestos-Caused Findings

In asbestos disease, the majority of the lungparenchymal (tissue or interstitial) findings involvethe mid and lower lung zones posteriorly. Becauseof this, it is best to obtain a prone study. Theprone position removes the dependentatelectasis/gravitationally-causedlocalized collapse of the lung and bloodpooling densities from the posterioraspects of the lung, which can mimicasbestosis. Asbestos-caused interstitial diseasetermed asbestosis can appear as intralobularinterstitial thickening, interlobular septalthickening, non-dependent subpleural lineformation, parenchymal bands andhoneycombing. In addition, pleural changes canalso be identified, including pleural effusion(s),(circumscribed, parietal) pleural plaquing,

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diffuse (visceral) pleural thickening,cicatricial masses and roundedatelectasis.

One may ask, why obtain both studies? The reasonis that the supine spiral CT is a continuousscan from the top to the bottom of the lungsincluding the chest walls. It shows all of the areaswithout skips and is excellent for identifying thepleural changes as well as the presence orabsence of a lung cancer. However, the slicesare thick and there is often dependent densityoverlying the posterior aspects of the lung baseswhere asbestosis often appears. The prone HRCTis for lung parenchyma (tissue/interstitial)information, with thinner slices. The detail is muchgreater on HRCT (1 to 1.5 mm thick slices on proneHRCT versus 5 to 7 mm thick slices on supinespiral CT) and the prone position clears theposterior lungs of dependent atelectasis and bloodpooling, to allow better visualization of lungparenchymal disease. To limit radiation exposure,the HRCT images are obtained at intervals -skipped areas result and thus, portions of thelungs and chest walls are not scanned. Small lungcancers or pleural plaques can be missed (locatedin the areas not scanned - in the skipped areas).

Overcalling (Mimickers of) DiseaseAKA False Positives: Page 1 of 2

There are many findings that can appear likeasbestos disease, when in fact, they are not. Theskilled Diagnostic Radiologist or image reader iscapable of separating these out especially whengiven the various types of imaging examinationssimultaneously. Chest x-rays can have chest wallthickening due to fat rather than plaques.Chest x-rays can have densities within thelungs mimicking asbestosis, when in fact thisis due to emphysema. Chest x-rays can showwhat appears to be diffuse pleural thickening,which may represent a transient pleuraleffusion. Non-calcified nodules can becommon and be due to such things such as scarsfrom prior infections known as granulomas ratherthan strictly representing a lung cancer orcarcinoma. Depending on the size and appearanceof the lesion, and the presence or absence of priorimaging studies, these masses/nodules/shadowsoften need sequential or follow-up imaging todetermine whether they change in size or shape,i.e., whether they grow over time. Often a non-calcified appearing mass on chest x-ray can beevaluated by thin slice HRCT over the nodule toreveal calcium within it to justify it as being resultingfrom a prior benign scar. However, non-calcifiednodules can be slow-growing cancers and assuch, an unknown nodule in a high-risk patient

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needs to be followed for 3 to 5 years to exclude aslow-growing cancer.

Overcalling (Mimickers of) DiseaseAKA False Positives: Page 2 of 2

Dependent gravitational pressure can causelocalized collapse the posterior-most aspect of thelung, called dependent atelectasis or results independent gravitational accumulation of blood,known as blood pooling. Both cause adependent ill-defined haze or density, which iscommonly seen on the supine spiral or supineHRCT, along the back or posterior aspects of thelungs, adjacent to the posterior chest wall. Byplacing the patient prone (on one’s stomach), if thisrepresents gravitationally dependent atelectasisand/or blood pooling, it shifts anteriorly and theposterior lung bases clear, if free of visible disease.Emphysema and honeycombing can beconfused. Paraseptal emphysema tends to besingle row of localized holes in the lung adjacent tothe chest walls, heart, or fissures and will oftencommonly be in the upper lung zones as well.Honeycombing, on the other hand, tends to bestacked multiple holes with thick surroundingirregular scarring. It must be remembered, however,that many patients who smoke also have asbestosdisease and thus, one can have a combination ofboth processes simultaneously. Sometimescurvilinear lines are seen paralleling the chestwall. These can represent areas of dependentgravitational atelectasis, if the patient is lyingsupine or may even represent distendedlymphatics. By turning the patient prone, thisgravitational dependency clears, or the lymphaticsdrain.

Undercalling (Missing) Disease:AKA False Negatives

A normal chest x-ray can be apparent in anindividual that truly has evidence for asbestosdisease on CT or HRCT. CT and HRCT aremore sensitive at picking up pleuralplaques especially those with small calcifications,and individuals having low profusion (milddisease) may not have enough density on chestx-rays to visualize such a disease process whereason prone HRCT, such findings are identified. It mustbe remembered that individuals with en faceor face-on pleural plaques can also have asuperimposed lung cancer. That is why it isvery important to compare prior chest x-rays onindividuals with such plaquing to the present x-raysto be certain that there are no new or changingdensities or to obtain a follow-up supine spiral CTscan, which is able to separate out those densities

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along the chest wall from those that are in the lung.The mere presence of calcification associated witha nodule does not guarantee that is a benign scaror granuloma. If the calcium deposit is far onthe periphery, this is often a warning sign thatthe nodule needs to be followed withsequential images to exclude growth sincecancers can occur adjacent to a calcified area oftissue abnormality.

Chest Findings Caused byAsbestos Exposure

This represents a grand summary on single page ofchest x-ray, supine spiral CT and prone HRCTfindings associated with asbestos exposure.

Overview of Chest X-ray andCT/HRCT, Changes Caused

by Asbestos Exposure

This diagram shows sequential and progressivechanges caused by asbestos inhalation from thenormal to the abnormal state, and from mild tomoderate to severe disease.

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Emphysema [ top of page ]

Emphysema is a lung condition whereby the respiratory unit of the lung is destroyed. It is a permanentabnormal enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole accompanied bydestruction of their walls. Emphysema can have various presentations and be of various types, the fourmain types being the centrilobular, paraseptal, panlobular, and paracicatricial types.

Frontal (PA) Chest X-RAYin Emphysema

Emphysema can be inferred on chest x-rays byvarious findings, some of which can be measured.This diagram shows some of the findings associatedwith emphysema that makes one suspicious on afrontal (PA) chest radiograph that the patient hasunderlying emphysema. Hyper or overinflationis the most reliable finding. The diagnosis hasto be proven, however, on the basis of the patient'shistory, clinical examination, pulmonary functiontesting, and if necessary CT or HRCT. There aresome individuals that have an elongated bodyframe, who are malnourished, who are very athleticwith very full and elongated lungs, such as inrunners, or who have other disease processesincluding asthma that can mimic emphysema.

Lateral Chest X-Ray Changesin Emphysema

The normal and abnormal findings on the lateralplain radiograph are documented, some of whichcan be measured, if so desired.

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Frontal (PA) Chest X-RayChanges in Emphysema

Multiple other changes can be identified on chest x-rays including changes to the vasculaturesuch as decreasing size and numbers ofpulmonary vessels and their branches,distorted vessels with increasingbranching angles, and areas oftranslucency or avascular regions within thelungs. In end-stage disease, right-sided heart failurecan occur from cor pulmonale withassociated secondary pulmonary arterialhypertension. Other findings associated withemphysema occasionally seen on chest x-rayinclude large holes known as bullae orincreased, what appear to be, interstitialmarkings.

CT/HRCT Findings in Emphysema

The 4 major types of emphysema are demonstratedwith the visual appearances of such findings shown.The different types of emphysema involvedifferent portions of the respiratory unitsof the lungs; although, an overlap orcombination of multiple types is frequent.

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Silicosis and Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis [ top of page ]

Silicosis and coal workers’ pneumoconiosis ("CWP") are two forms of occupational dust disease that give similarimaging appearances, but are caused by different pathologic changes to the lungs. Silicosis isthe more fibrotic of the two entities and can be an isolated disease process or overlap and be part of CWP.Imaging changes begin with the simple type of the disease process in which the interstitial changes appearas small rounded opacities (micronodules) primarily in the posterior upper greater than middle lung zones.With progression, the patient develops the complicated type of the disease process, which involvesprogressive massive fibrosis or large opacities due to a coalescence of the micronodules. The ILOsystem has been applied to this disease process as well, and visual diagrams of such are shown below.

Frontal (PA) Chest X-Ray;ILO Classification for Silicosis and

CWP of the Amount of Lung Scarring:Profusion

This uses a 12-point system, in which there are4 general categories of disease appearance - "0"for negative, "1" for mild, "2" for moderate,and "3" for severe disease. Because there canbe variations in the amount of disease present,plus or minus categories are included. Anexample would be a 2/2 profusion is considered adefinitive moderate amount of disease process. A 2-would be a 2/1, which means the doctor consideredthat this was a 2 or moderate amount of disease

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first with a second consideration that it was slightlyless, tending towards a mild amount of disease. A2+ category would be called a 2/3, meaning that thiswas definitely a moderate amount of disease as afirst consideration, but as a second considerationthere was more advanced to severe disease.

ILO Parenchymal Classification forSilicosis plus CWP

The small rounded opacities are classified in termsof their size - "p", "q" or "r"; their location -whether they are in the upper, middle or lowerlung zones; the amount of scarring as mild,moderate or severe which is further related tothe 12-point ILO classification system, and whetherthere are "Large Opacities" - masses thatmeasure greater than 1 cm in diameter.

Frontal (PA) Chest X-Ray ILOSymbols: Page 1 of 3

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The following three pages describe the varioussymbols used on the ILO reporting form and visuallyshows what they would look like on chest x-rays.

Frontal (PA) Chest X-Ray; ILOSymbols: Page 2 of 3

See above for description

Frontal (PA) Chest X-Ray; ILOSymbols: Page 3 of 3

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See above for description

Sequential Chest X-Ray ParenchymalChanges in Silicosis plus CWP

This diagram shows sequential changes that canoccur after the inhalation of coal dust and/or freecrystalline silica. Compared with asbestosis, thesetwo disease processes are vastly different.Asbestosis tends to have irregular to linear densitiesin the mid to lower lung zones associated withpleural plaquing or diffuse pleural thickening.Silicosis and CWP tend to have small roundedopacities in the upper to mid-lung zones,which can be associated with central hilarlymph node enlargement having eggshellcalcifications and the absence of diffuse pleuralthickening or pleural plaquing. However,coalescence of subpleural nodules can mimicplaques and these can developcalcifications and occasionally roundedatelectasis. In addition, these diseases developprogressive massive fibrosis usually involvingthe upper lung zones, which eventually causedistortion of the intrathoracic contents and areassociated with resultant emphysematouschanges.

Simple versus ComplicatedParenchymal Findings in Silicosis

plus CWP

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The disease process is separated into two generaltypes, the simple type and the complicatedtype. The main difference being, that thecomplicated type is a more advanced form of thedisease process that is associated withprogressive massive fibrosis. Changes thatcan occur in these two conditions are visuallydemonstrated.

Summary Overview of Chest X-RayFindings in Silicosis

plus CWP

Parenchymal changes identified include smallrounded opacities, coalescence of nodulesand large opacities.

Pleural changes in silicosis are rare, butcoalescence of subpleural nodules can result inpseudoplaques, which can calcify andoccasionally be associated with roundedatelectasis.

Silicosis unlike CWP can have an additional form ofthe disease known as acute silicosis orsilicoproteinosis. There are 3 basicpresentations of silicosis - acute orsilicoproteinosis, accelerated and chronicforms. The accelerated and chronic forms haveboth the simple and complicated types of thedisease process, but the accelerated form obviouslyoccurs at a faster pace.

Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis can havean atypical presentation different fromsilicosis, which mimics asbestosis. This canoften be differentiated from asbestosis by the coalworkers' occupational history, the absence ofpleural plaquing and occasionally by thepresence of some small rounded opacities.

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Enseñanza Diagrama Archivos> Enfermedades asbesto > Enfisema > Silicosis y de Trabajadores del Carbón

Neumoconiosis

IntroducciónEl archivo de la enseñanza se compone de 3 partes. En primer lugar, hay artículos didácticos. En segundo lugar,hay diagramas visuales, que le ayudará a conceptualizar la anatomía del pecho y los resultados asociados con elamianto enfermedad causada en el pecho de rayos X, tomografías computarizadas y TCAR. Muchas personasaprenden mejor a partir de la observación visual de las ideas conceptuales, que esta presentación permite. Lasimágenes individuales se pueden ampliar en dos ocasiones, primero doble clic con la flecha sobre el conjunto deimagen, y al ver el conjunto imagen ampliada, hay una opción más arriba, para ver una versión aún más grande enlínea haciendo clic en esa opción, más la ampliación de la información de la imagen . Si la información de la imagenserá inferior a leer de manera óptima, a continuación, una versión en PDF se pueden imprimir en el equipo, quetambién puede dar detalles más precisos y que puedan ser utilizados como referencia en papel físico. En tercerlugar, el pecho real de rayos X, TC y TCAR imágenes de estos hallazgos se presentan, junto con la TC apiladosbusca a revisar y poner a prueba sus habilidades.

[ parte superior de la página ]

El asbesto es un grupo natural de minerales de silicato de magnesio que se componen de pequeñas fibrasmicroscópicas, con muy buenas propiedades aislantes y resistentes al calor. Las fibras de asbesto se dividen en dosgrupos básicos: Las fibras de serpentina, con fibras largas de rizado, que incluye el crisotilo y las fibras deanfíboles, de base recta, de aguja, como las fibras cortas-, que incluyen la crocidolita y amosita. En general, losmás pequeños y más rectos de fibra, la más profunda que puede presentarse en los pulmones y el másdañino que es. Los anfíboles son más perjudiciales que las serpentinas. Sin embargo, el crisotilo, una fibra de tiposerpentina, fue el producto de amianto más utilizado en los Estados Unidos. Las fibras de asbesto, al inhalarlo hacialos pulmones, puede irritar el revestimiento de la pared torácica y el pulmón (pleura) o el pulmón en sí mismo(parénquima). También se puede tragar y puede penetrar en la cavidad abdominal es irritante, así como los órganosabdominales.

La enfermedad causada por el amianto incluye la irritación de la mucosa pulmonar con la acumulación de líquidoconocido como derrame pleural, la cicatrización de las paredes del pecho, el diafragma y el mediastino conocidocomo pleural (circunscrita) plaquing; cicatrización de la mucosa pulmonar, o la fusión del revestimiento del pulmóna la pared torácica a menudo ocurre después de un derrame pleural (s) llama engrosamiento pleural difusa, quecuando se asocia con la extensión de la entrada ya la distorsión de los tejidos de los pulmones que se conoce comocicatrices cicatricial, y cuando invaginación del pulmón en su masa cicatriz se llama atelectasia redonda. Lacicatrización del tejido pulmonar que se conoce como del parénquima o fibrosis intersticial, que en su etapa finalse desarrolla panal de abejas. Los cánceres pueden ocurrir en el revestimiento de la pared torácica conocido comomesotelioma o el tejido pulmonar se conoce como cáncer de pulmón o carcinoma.

En las radiografías de tórax, ha habido un intento por parte de diversas organizaciones nacionales e internacionalespara normalizar las lecturas de las radiografías de tórax en los trabajadores que hayan tenido el polvo de trabajo yexposición a las fibras y las clasifican de manera que puedan ser comparados. Esto se ha convertido en el sistemade la OIT - el sistema de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo de la interpretación de radiografías de

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tórax. Los tipos de sistema de la OIT la calidad del tórax frontal de rayos X, se describe la presencia o ausencia deenfermedad del pulmón que puede ser causada por el polvo o las exposiciones ocupacionales de fibra, y las tasasde cicatrización pulmonar de acuerdo a su tamaño y forma, su ubicación dentro de la pulmonar - superior, media oinferior del pulmón zonas, y la concentración de pulmón visualizar cicatrices por unidad de superficie de laenfermedad, también conocida como la profusión. Además, hay un debate sobre la presencia o ausencia deplaquing pleural - cicatrización de la mucosa de las paredes del pecho, el diafragma y el mediastino o engrosamientopleural difusa - cicatrización de la mucosa de los pulmones, así como una descripción de "otros hallazgos "ambospresentados como casillas de verificación de los símbolos específicos de resultados específicos, o como unelemento de debate de composición abierta. Las siguientes imágenes son para ayudarle a entender lo que estosresultados se parecen y cómo se clasifican, tanto para las radiografías simples, TC helicoidal en posición supina yTCAR en decúbito prono.

Anatomía deFrontal de tórax de rayos X

En primer lugar, es importante que usted entienda laimagen de base que estamos viendo. Estamosviendo una vista frontal del pecho o en la cavidadtorácica, que consiste en el corazón en el centro, lacolumna vertebral en la espalda, las costillas con lascostillas separadas, que forman un revestimientoque rodea los pulmones y el diafragma en la parteinferior que, como fuelles, ayuda a los pulmones seexpanden y contraen. La izquierda-la mayoría deimagen muestra la anatomía del tórax o en el pechoy la cavidad, que poco a poco se desnudaron paradar la imagen más a la derecha, que es un esquemade la anatomía del pecho que tenemos queentender - que es el corazón en el centro, eldiafragma o los músculos que actúan como fuelleen la parte inferior, las paredes del pecho en laperiferia y los pulmones en entre el corazón y lasparedes del pecho.

Frontal de tórax de rayos X;Amianto provocó cambios pleural

Este diagrama muestra los cambios visuales pleuralque cabría esperar en las radiografías simples. Laimagen de la izquierda ahora es un examen normalen la que la pared del pecho no se espesa.depósitos normales de grasa a lo largo de la paredtorácica puede provocar un engrosamiento pleuralque imita plaquing. pleural (circunscrita) plaquingpuede ocurrir a lo largo de la pared torácica (pleuraparietal), tanto en el lado de la pared torácicaconocida como "de perfil" tipo, y la cara -en laconocida como "la cara es" el tipo, a lo largo de laparte frontal o posterior de las paredes del pecho.Las placas también pueden ocurrir en los forros quecubre el diafragma, el corazón y la columnavertebral. Algunas de estas placas se desarrollandepósitos de calcio en su interior a través deltiempo. Además de las placas pleurales, uno puede

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desarrollar la acumulación de líquido irritante / "delíquido en el pulmón", conocido como derramepleural, que suelen ser temporales y con frecuenciano se conoce al paciente, ya que no pueden causardolor o síntomas. Sin embargo, después de underrame pleural, el revestimiento del pulmón (pleuravisceral) y la cicatriz puede espesar. Esto seconoce como engrosamiento pleural difusa. Amenudo tales visceral engrosamiento pleural fusionacon la pared inferior del pecho pleura parietal queresulta en borramiento del ángulo costofrénico.engrosamiento pleural visceral en ocasiones puedeocurrir entre los diferentes lóbulos del pulmón,donde el revestimiento de los dos lóbulos delpulmón y, posteriormente, se convierte en el fusibleirritada y espesar. En raras ocasiones, se puededesarrollar un cáncer de la pared torácica conocidocomo mesotelioma, que es comúnmente asociadocon un derrame pleural maligno.

Frontal (PA) radiografía de tórax;OIT clasificación de las enfermedades

pleurales

El sistema de la OIT clasifica pleural (circunscrita)plaquing y engrosamiento pleural difusa. Las placaspleurales pueden ser "de perfil" - a lo largo del ladode la pared torácica o "la cara es" estar de frente,ya sea en el frente o la pared posterior de lacavidad torácica. También puede ocurrir a lo largode las paredes de las membranas, la columnavertebral, o adyacentes al corazón. Si ha habido underrame pleural, engrosamiento pleural difusa quecausa el engrosamiento del revestimiento delpulmón, a menudo con el revestimiento de lospulmones se peguen entre sí con el revestimientode la pared torácica puede ocurrir. La extensión dela de perfil y en la cara pleural plaquing estáclasificado como "1", "2", o "3" - en función de sise trata de hasta una cuarta parte de la paredlateral del tórax, de más de un cuarto hasta la mitadde la pared lateral del tórax, o más de la mitad de lapared lateral del tórax. clasificación similar seproduce con engrosamiento pleural difuso. Además,tanto el perfil de plaquing pleural difusa y en el perfilengrosamiento pleural puede ser calificada entérminos de su espesor "a" de 3 a 5 mm, "b" pormás de 5 a 10 mm, y "c" durante más de 10 mm deespesor.

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Frontal (PA) radiografía de tórax;Pleural más Revestimientos pericárdico

La cavidad torácica se compone principalmente delos pulmones en ambos lados con el corazón en elcentro, la columna vertebral en la espalda y losdiafragmas en la parte inferior. La propia cavidad,se alinea en la parte superior, laterales, inferior y enla mitad de la porción adyacente al corazón por unamembrana contigua, que tiene diferentes nombresdependiendo de la ubicación. La pleura parietal - laparte de la membrana que rodea la cavidad delpecho, pero no implica el propio pulmón, es decir,las líneas de la caja torácica, el diafragma y lasestructuras de la línea media como el corazón. Estose denomina la pleura cervical en la parte superior,la pleura mediastínica en el medio, la pleuracostal a lo largo de las paredes lateral del tórax yla pleura diafragmática en los diafragmas. Además,el propio pulmón está revestido o recubiertos poruna membrana llamada pleura visceral. El corazóntambién está recubierto de profundidad a la pleuramediastínica por otra membrana conocida como elpericardio. Por lo tanto, una placa a lo largo de losmárgenes del corazón es la cicatrización de lapleura parietal mediastínica y no el pericardio o eltejido cardíaco por debajo.

Tomografía computarizada del tórax;Pleural más Revestimientos pericárdico

De sección vista de la Cruz de la cavidad torácicarevelar la misma información que necesita serconocido en la radiografía de tórax, pero desde unaperspectiva diferente. El corazón está rodeado poruna membrana llamada pericardio. Esto es, a su vezrodeada por una membrana llamada la porciónmediastínica de la pleura parietal. La pleura parietalcontinúa a lo largo de los lados de la paredtorácica, donde se le llama la pleura costal, asícomo por arriba sobre la parte superior de la paredtorácica, conocida como la pleura cervical y en laparte inferior de la cavidad torácica por eldiafragma, conocido como la pleura diafragmática.El propio pulmón también está recubierto por unamembrana conocida como la pleura visceral. Entrela pared torácica y la pleura parietal revestimientode la misma, es la grasa. Aquí es donde losdepósitos de grasa en algunas personas imitandoplaquing pleural en la radiografía de tórax. La grasaes por lo tanto, extra-pleural (fuera de la pleura) y,por tanto, la deposición de grasa-pleural extratérmino se utiliza para describir la ubicación de estagrasa. En realidad, desplaza el parietal pleuracostal hacia adentro en vez de representar el

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engrosamiento de la pleura parietal costal. Lafascia profunda endotorácica se encuentra a lapleura parietal y que también tiene diferentesnombres en diferentes lugares.

Frontal (PA) radiografía de tórax;OIT Clasificación de la cantidad de cicatrices

de pulmón: la profusión

La Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT)grados cicatrización del tejido pulmonar (elintersticio o parénquima) visto en la radiografía detórax en una escala de 12 puntos. El amiantoprovoca pequeñas irregulares (y algo lineal)opacidades. El número de estas opacidadesirregulares por unidad de área visual se llama laprofusión, es decir, la intensidad de la cicatrizacióno el importe de la tormenta de nieve visual que seidentifica. La profesión está bien consideradaanatómicamente insignificante / normal, que sele asigna una puntuación de "0", de una cantidadmoderada le asigna una puntuación de "1", de unacantidad moderada le asigna una puntuación de"2", y de un importe determinado graves unacalificación de "3". Porque los médicos siemprepuede no ponerse de acuerdo sobre la cantidadpresente exacto, un fudge factor se añade que,básicamente, permite una más o menos un enrelación con el número, como un B-, B o B + gradode que un estudiante puede obtener en la clase. Porlo tanto, a / 2 profusión 2 representa una moderadacantidad definida visualmente de la enfermedadpulmonar o profusión visual. A 2 - sería una / unsignificado 2 que el lector piensa que estaradiografía de tórax es principalmente de una odos-profusión de tipo moderado, con unpensamiento secundario que es de una leve o unacantidad de abundancia. A 2 + sería un 2.3, dondeel observador cree que se trata fundamentalmentede una profusión moderada, pero en segundo lugar,teniendo en cuenta la profusión grave.

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Frontal (PA) radiografía de tórax;OIT parénquima Clasificaciones

La cicatrización del pulmón se clasifica también enel tamaño y la forma de las densidades - por serde "s", "t" o "U" tipo "para la asbestosis, laubicación de la cicatriz - de ser media o inferiordel pulmón zonas, superior, la cantidad de lacicatrización - leve, moderada o grave, y lapresencia o ausencia de cicatrices conglomeradomás grande, conocido como "grandesopacidades", que generalmente ocurren en lasenfermedades tales como "pistolas de carbón delos trabajadores negro (neumoconiosis enfermedadpulmonar) o (silicosis, enfermedad de arena ).

Frontal (PA) radiografía de tórax Símbolos dela OIT: 1 de 3

Las siguientes tres páginas describen los diferentessímbolos utilizados en el formulario de presentaciónde informes de la OIT y visualmente muestra lo quevería en la radiografía de tórax.

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Frontal (PA) radiografía de tórax Símbolos dela OIT: 2 de 3

Ver arriba para la descripción

Frontal (PA) radiografía de tórax Símbolos dela OIT: 3 de 3

Ver arriba para la descripción

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La tomografía computarizada espiral supinocomputarizada del tórax, la pared del pecho

Vistas -Amianto provocó resultados

Este diagrama muestra los resultados que elradiólogo de diagnóstico se identifican en la TC detórax en la pared torácica se espesa. -Pleural grasaextra puede imitar las placas pleurales y no escausado por la enfermedad del amianto. La TC esmuy útil en comparación con la radiografía de tórax,ya que, en la radiografía de tórax, uno no puededecir la diferencia entre una placa de amiantocausada pleural y que se debe a la grasa variantede la normalidad, mientras que en la TC se puedediferenciar la grasa de las placas. La TC tambiénes útil para identificar la presencia o ausencia de underrame pleural (líquido), que puede ser transitorioy puede o no estar relacionado con el asbestoproblemas causados en función de lascircunstancias clínicas del paciente. Por ejemplo, siel paciente estuviera en la insuficiencia cardíaca, escomún para obtener el líquido. Sin embargo, en laclínica ajuste apropiado, en los que un pacientetiene una historia de exposición al amianto su caso,un derrame pleural en ausencia de otras causasmédicas es, probablemente secundaria a unaetiología amianto. Las placas pleurales sonfocales (reglada) de las zonas adyacentes acicatrices localizadas la pared torácica, el corazón,la columna vertebral, o los diafragmas (la pleuraparietal) se describen y visto. engrosamientopleural difusa (la pleura visceral) a menudo seproduce después de los derrames pleurales ytambién se identifica. La mayoría de las veces, seembota el ángulo costofrénico en el ladoafectado. TC es excelente y mejor que laradiografía de tórax en la exhibición decalcificaciones en las placas. La presencia decalcio en las placas es definitiva prueba más de supresencia, sobre todo si son delgadas y planas.

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TCAR Prono exploración de parénquimapulmonar Vistas en el pecho:Amianto provocó resultados

En la enfermedad del amianto, la mayoría de laparénquima pulmonar (tejido o intersticial) hallazgosimplican el medio y las zonas más bajas de pulmónposterior. Debido a esto, lo mejor es obtener unestudio en decúbito prono. La posición pronaelimina la atelectasia dependiente / gravitacionalcausado por el colapso localizadas del pulmón yla acumulación de sangre densidades de la caraposterior del pulmón, que pueden imitar laasbestosis. El asbesto-causa la enfermedadintersticial denominada asbestosis puede aparecercomo un engrosamiento intersticialintralobulares, engrosamiento del septointerlobular, subpleurales línea de formacióndependiente de lucro, las bandas de parénquimay panal de abejas. Además, los cambios pleuraltambién pueden ser identificados, incluyendoderrame pleural (s), (circunscrita, parietal)plaquing pleural difusa (visceral) engrosamientopleural, masas cicatricial y atelectasia redonda.

Uno puede preguntarse, ¿por qué obtener tanto losestudios? La razón es que la TC helicoidal enposición supina es un análisis continuo de laparte superior de la parte inferior de los pulmonesincluyendo las paredes del pecho. Muestra todaslas áreas que no salta y es excelente para laidentificación de los cambios pleural, así como lapresencia o ausencia de un cáncer de pulmón. Sinembargo, los cortes son gruesos y con frecuenciadependiente de la densidad que cubre la caraposterior de las bases pulmonares, donde amenudo aparece la asbestosis. La TCAR espropensa para parénquima pulmonar (tejido ointersticial) la información, con cortes más delgados.El detalle es mucho mayor en la TCAR (1 a 1,5 mmde espesor en rodajas TCAR propensos frente a 5a 7 mm rebanadas gruesas en la TC espiral endecúbito supino) y la posición prona limpia lospulmones posterior de atelectasia dependientes y laacumulación de sangre, para permitir una mejorvisualización de pulmón la enfermedad delparénquima. Para limitar la exposición a laradiación, las imágenes de TCAR se obtienen aintervalos - salta resultado de áreas y, por tanto,las porciones de los pulmones y las paredes delpecho no se escanean. cánceres de pulmónpequeño o placas pleurales pueden pasardesapercibidas (situados en las zonas no seanalizan - en que se ha saltado las áreas).

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Overcalling (imitadores de) también conocidocomo enfermedad de falsos positivos:

Página 1 de 2

Hay muchos hallazgos que pueden aparecer comola enfermedad del amianto, cuando en realidad no loson. El experto radiólogo de diagnóstico o de lectorde la imagen es capaz de separar estas cabo sobretodo cuando se administran los diversos tipos deexámenes de imagen al mismo tiempo. Lasradiografías de tórax pueden tener unengrosamiento de la pared torácica debido a lagrasa en lugar de placas. Las radiografías detórax pueden tener densidades dentro de lospulmones imitando la asbestosis, cuando enrealidad esto es debido al enfisema. La radiografíade tórax puede mostrar lo que parece ser unengrosamiento pleural difuso, que puedanrepresentar un derrame pleural transitoria.nódulos calcificados-no puede ser común y sedebe a cosas tales como cicatrices de lasinfecciones antes conocido como granulomas envez de estrictamente representa un cáncer depulmón o carcinoma. Dependiendo del tamaño y laapariencia de la lesión, y la presencia o ausencia deestudios de imagen anteriores, estas masas /nódulos / sombras a menudo necesitan secuencial ode seguimiento de imágenes seguir para determinarsi el cambio de tamaño o forma, es decir, si crecenmás tiempo. A menudo, una masa calcificada queaparecen no en la radiografía de tórax puede serevaluado por TCAR rebanada fina en el nódulo pararevelar el calcio en su interior para justificarla comoconsecuencia de una cicatriz benigna previa. Sinembargo, los nódulos calcificados-no puede ser decrecimiento lento tipos de cáncer y, como tal, unnódulo desconocido en un paciente de alto riesgodebe ser seguido por 3 a 5 años para excluir uncáncer de crecimiento lento.

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Overcalling (imitadores de) también conocidocomo enfermedad de falsos positivos:

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gravitatoria depende de la presión puede causar elcolapso localizado el de aspecto más posterior delos pulmones, llamada atelectasia dependientes oresulta en la acumulación de gravedad depende dela sangre, conocida como la acumulación desangre. Que significa un mal definidas brumadependientes o densidad, que se ve comúnmenteen la espiral en decúbito supino o en decúbitosupino TCAR, a lo largo de la espalda o caraposterior de los pulmones, al lado de la paredtorácica posterior. Al colocar el paciente endecúbito prono (sobre el estómago), si estorepresenta depende gravitacionalmente atelectasiay / o la acumulación de sangre, se desplaza ensentido anterior y posterior de las basespulmonares claros, si libre de enfermedad visible.Enfisema y panal de abeja puede confundirse.enfisema paraseptal tiende a ser una hilera deorificios localizados en el pulmón adyacente a lasparedes del pecho, el corazón, o fisuras y confrecuencia común que en las zonas pulmonaressuperiores también. Panal de abeja, por elcontrario, tiende a apilar múltiples agujeros congruesas cicatrices irregulares alrededores. Hay querecordar, sin embargo, que muchos pacientes quefuman también tienen la enfermedad del amianto y,por tanto, uno puede tener una combinación deambos procesos simultáneamente. Curvilínealíneas A veces se ven en paralelo a la paredtorácica. Estos pueden representar áreas deatelectasia gravitatoria depende, si el pacienteestá en decúbito supino o incluso puede representarlinfáticos distendido. Al girar el paciente endecúbito prono, esta dependencia gravitatoriaborra, o el drenaje linfático.

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Undercalling (Missing) Enfermedad:También conocido como falsos negativos

Un tórax normal de rayos X puede ser evidente enuna persona que realmente tiene pruebas para laenfermedad del amianto en la TC o TC TCAR.TCAR y son más sensibles a recoger las placaspleurales sobre todo aquellos con pequeñascalcificaciones, y las personas que han profusiónbaja (enfermedad leve) no tienen una densidadsuficiente en las radiografías de tórax paravisualizar este proceso de la enfermedad, mientrasque en TCAR en decúbito prono, conclusiones quese identifican. Hay que recordar que los individuoscon la cara o en la cara-en las placas pleuralestambién puede tener un cáncer de pulmónsuperpuestos. Por eso es muy importantecomparar el pecho antes de los rayos X en losindividuos con plaquing como hasta el presente losrayos X para asegurarse de que no existen ocambiar la densidad de nuevo o para obtener unaposición supina a la TC helicoidal de seguirexploración, que es capaz de separar lasdensidades a lo largo de la pared del pecho de losque están en el pulmón. La mera presencia decalcificaciones asociadas con un nódulo no garantizaque es una cicatriz benigno o granuloma. Si eldepósito de calcio es mucho en la periferia, estoes menudo una señal de advertencia de que elnódulo debe ser seguido con imágenessecuenciales de excluir crecimiento desde loscánceres pueden ocurrir junto a una zona deanomalías en los tejidos calcificados.

Los resultados en el pecho causado porLa exposición al amianto

Esto representa un sumario general en la páginaúnica de la radiografía de tórax, la TC helicoidal enposición supina y TCAR conclusiones expuestasasociadas a la exposición al asbesto.

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Visión general de la radiografía de tórax y TC/ TCAR, los cambios provocados

por la exposición del asbesto

Este diagrama muestra los cambios secuencial yprogresivo causado por la inhalación de amianto dela normal al estado anormal, y de leve a moderadaa grave.

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El enfisema es una enfermedad pulmonar por el que la unidad de cáncer de pulmón se destruye el sistemarespiratorio. Es un anormal ampliación permanente de los espacios aéreos distales a los bronquiolosterminales acompañada de la destrucción de sus paredes. El enfisema puede tener varias presentaciones y serde varios tipos, los cuatro tipos principales son la, paraseptal, panlobulillar y paracicatricial tiposcentrolobulillar.

Frontal (PA) en el pecho de rayos XEn el enfisema

El enfisema se puede deducir en el pecho de rayosX por los resultados de varios, algunos de loscuales se puede medir. Este diagrama muestraalgunos de los hallazgos asociados con enfisemaque le hace a uno sospechoso en un PA) laradiografía de tórax (frontal que el paciente tieneenfisema pulmonar subyacente. Hyper o inflandemasiado es el hallazgo más fiable. Eldiagnóstico tiene que ser probado, sin embargo,sobre la base de la historia del paciente, laexploración clínica, pruebas de función pulmonar, ysi es necesario o TC TCAR. Hay algunas personasque tienen un chasis alargado, que estándesnutridos, que son muy atléticos con plena ypulmones muy alargada, como en los corredores, oque tienen la enfermedad de otros procesos comoel asma que pueden imitar el enfisema.

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Lateral de la radiografía de tórax cambiosEn el enfisema

Los hallazgos normales y anormales en laradiografía simple lateral están documentados,algunos de los cuales se puede medir, si así lodesea.

Frontal (PA) Radiografía de TóraxCambios en el Enfisema

Varios otros cambios se pueden identificar enradiografías de tórax incluidos los cambios en lavasculatura, como la disminución del tamaño yel número de los vasos pulmonares y susramas, los vasos distorsionados con el aumentode los ángulos de ramificación, y las áreas detransparencia avascular o regiones dentro de lospulmones. En la etapa final de la enfermedad, carade insuficiencia cardíaca derecha puede ocurrir decor pulmonale secundario asociado con lahipertensión arterial pulmonar. Otros hallazgosasociados con enfisema vez en cuando se ve en laradiografía de tórax incluyen agujeros grandesconocidas como ampollas o mayor, lo queparecen ser, marcas intersticial.

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TC / TCAR en el enfisema

Los cuatro tipos principales de enfisema sedemuestra con la apariencia visual de los resultadosde dicha muestra;. Los tipos diferentes deenfisema implican diferentes partes de lasunidades de las vías respiratorias de lospulmones, aunque, una superposición ocombinación de varios tipos es frecuente.

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Silicosis y de trabajadores del carbón neumoconiosis (CWP ") son dos formas de la enfermedad de polvoprofesionales que dan imágenes de apariencia similar, pero son causados por cambios patológicos diferentesa los pulmones. Silicosis es la fibrosis más de las dos entidades y puede ser una enfermedad aislada proceso ose superponen y ser parte de CWP. cambios de imágenes comienzan con el tipo simple del proceso de laenfermedad en la que los cambios intersticiales aparecen opacidades redondeadas pequeñas como(micronódulos) principalmente en el mayor centro de pulmón zonas superior posterior. Con la progresión, elpaciente desarrolla el tipo complicado del proceso de la enfermedad, que consiste en la fibrosis masivaprogresiva o opacidades grandes debido a la coalescencia de las micronódulos. El sistema de la OIT se haaplicado a este proceso de la enfermedad así, y los esquemas visuales de tal se muestran a continuación.

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Frontal (PA) radiografía de tórax;Clasificación de la OIT para Silicosis y CWP

de la cantidad de cicatrices de pulmón:Profesion

Este utiliza un sistema de 12 puntos, en los quehay 4 categorías generales de aparición de laenfermedad - "0" para la negativa, "1" para loscasos leves, "2" de moderado, y "3" para laenfermedad severa. Porque no puede habervariaciones en la cantidad de enfermedad presente,más o menos categorías se incluyen. Un ejemplopodría ser un / 2 profusión 2 se considera unamoderada cantidad definitiva de proceso de laenfermedad. A 2 - sería un 1.2, lo que significa queel médico consideró que se trataba de un 2 omoderada cantidad de enfermedad por primera vezcon una segunda consideración que era un pocomenos, que tiende a una cantidad moderada de laenfermedad. A 2 + categoría se llama 2 / 3, lo quesignifica que esta fue definitivamente una cantidadmoderada de la enfermedad como una primeraconsideración, sino como una segundaconsideración que había más avanzados para laenfermedad severa.

OIT parénquima Clasificación para Silicosismás CWP

Las opacidades redondeadas pequeñas seclasifican en función de su tamaño - "p", "q" o "r";su ubicación - si están en el medio o inferior delpulmón zonas, superior, la cantidad decicatrices como leve, moderada o grave que estámás relacionado con el punto de la OIT sistema declasificación-12, y si hay "grandes opacidades" -masas que miden más de 1 cm de diámetro.

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Frontal (PA) radiografía de tórax Símbolos dela OIT: Página 1 de 3

Las siguientes tres páginas describen los diferentessímbolos utilizados en el formulario de presentaciónde informes de la OIT y visualmente muestra lo quevería en la radiografía de tórax.

Frontal (PA) radiografía de tórax; Símbolosde la OIT: Página 2 de 3

Ver arriba para la descripción

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Frontal (PA) radiografía de tórax; Símbolosde la OIT: Página 3 de 3

Ver arriba para la descripción

Secuencial en el pecho de rayos X delparénquima Cambios en Silicosis más CWP

Este diagrama muestra los cambios secuencialesque pueden ocurrir después de la inhalación depolvo de carbón y / o la sílice cristalina. Encomparación con la asbestosis, estos dos procesosde la enfermedad son muy diferentes. Asbestosistiende a tener irregulares a las densidades linealesen la segunda mitad de las zonas más bajas depulmón asociado con plaquing pleural oengrosamiento pleural difusa. Silicosis y CWPtienden a tener pequeñas opacidadesredondeadas en la parte alta a mediados depulmón zonas, lo que puede estar asociado con elcentro de adenopatías hiliares tenercalcificaciones cáscara de huevo y la ausencia deengrosamiento pleural difusa o plaquing pleural. Sinembargo, la coalescencia de nódulossubpleurales pueden imitar las placas y estospueden desarrollar calcificaciones y,ocasionalmente, atelectasia redonda. Además,estas enfermedades se desarrollan fibrosis masivaprogresiva generalmente afectan a las zonassuperiores del pulmón, que con el tiempo provocaruna distorsión de los contenidos intratorácica y seasocian con los consiguientes cambiosenfisematosa.

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Simple versus complicado Apreciación delparénquima en Silicosis más CWP

El proceso de la enfermedad se divide en dos tiposgenerales, del tipo simple y el tipo complicado. Laprincipal diferencia es, que el tipo de complicada esuna forma más avanzada de la enfermedad que seasocia con fibrosis masiva progresiva. Loscambios que pueden ocurrir en estas doscondiciones son visualmente demostrado.

Resumen general de pecho de rayos X. Losresultados de la Silicosis

además de CWP

cambios del parénquima identificados sonpequeñas opacidades redondeadas,coalescencia de nódulos y opacidades de grantamaño.

cambios pleural en la silicosis son raras, perocoalescencia de nódulos subpleurales puede darlugar a pseudoplaques, que puede calcificarse yen ocasiones se asocia con atelectasia redonda.

La silicosis a diferencia de CWP puede tener unaforma adicional de la enfermedad conocida comosilicosis aguda o silicoproteinosis. Hay trespresentaciones básicas de la silicosis - osilicoproteinosis, acelerado y crónico formasagudas. La crónica y acelerada de las formastienen tanto la complicada y los tipos simples de laenfermedad, pero la forma acelerada, obviamente,se produce a un ritmo más rápido.

Trabajadores del carbón neumoconiosis puedetener una presentación atípica diferente de lasilicosis, que imita la asbestosis. Esto a menudo

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puede ser diferenciado de asbestosis por el carbónde trabajadores profesionales de la historia, laausencia de plaquing pleural y en ocasiones porla presencia de algunas pequeñas opacidadesredondeadas.

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Frontal (PA) Chest X-R ay ILO Classif ic ation for Si l icosis and CWP of the

Amount of Lung Sc arring: Profusion

0/- 0/0

Negat ive

M i ld Profus ion

Moderate Profus ion

Severe Profus ion

0/1

1/0 1/1 1/2

2/1 2/2 2/3

3/2 3/3 3/+

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Frontal (PA) Chest X-R ay ILO Parenchymal Classif ic ationfor Si l icosis + CWP

M ild Profus ion (Low Amount)of Interst i t ia l Changes Moderate Profus ion of Interst i t ia l Changes

Severe/Advanced Profus ion of Interst i t ia l Changeswith Progress ive Mass ive Fibros is

ULZ

MLZ

LLZ

Lo c ation of Parenchymal Sc arring

<1.5 mm 1.5 mm to 3 mm 3 mm - 10 mm

p q r

a b c

L arge Opacit ies

Size + Shap e of Parenchymal Sc arring

Smal l Rounded Opacit ies

UpperLungZone

M iddleLungZone

LowerLungZone

Divide lungs into thi rds f rom top of apex to dome of d iaphrams

Smal l Rounded Opacit ies Class ica l ly : S i l icos is/CWP

Upp er 1 3 / M iddle

Areas of coalescence of nodules.

Also have lower lung zonecentr i lobular emphysema, which

of ten coalesces as bul lae ; not smok ing re lated andis a s igni f icant contr ibutor to c l in ical symptoms.

1 3 / Lower

> 5 cm up to RUL Zone Maximum length of a s ingle or

mult iple opacit ies tota l ing greater than 5 cm and not to exceed RUL Zone in area

> RUL Zone Maximum length of a s ingle or

mult iple opacit ies tota l ing more than the r ight upper lung zone in area

>1 cm and <5 cm An opacit y of a minimum

longest length exceeding 1cm or mult iple opacit ies, the sum of

their longest dimensions, less than 5 cm

Si l ios is + CWP - caused inters i t ia l f ibros is usual ly i s

nodular (smal l rounded opacit ies) and involves the upper and middle lung zones.

Amount of Parenchymal Sc arring

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Frontal (PA) Chest X-R ay ILO Symb ols

Coalescence of Small Rounded Opacit ies

The margins of the opacit ies remain v is ible, whereas a Large Opacit y,

appears as a homogeneous sol id mass.

Apic al Pleural Thickening Usual ly symmetr ic and non-speci f ic or

age-re lated, but i f asymmetr ic r /o tuberculos is or a Pancoast tumor.

The mass may be smooth, lobulated, i r regular or spiculated.

cpcocn

axataa

cgc abu

efdicv

Atherosclerotic Aor ta Uncoi l ing of the aor ta with or without a ca lc i f ied arch.

Bulla(e) Holes in lungs > 1cm

Cal led when the margins of the bul lae ident i f ied.

Calcif ied No dules

Punc tate centra l ca lc i f icat ions

in smal l pneumoconiot ic opacit ies .

Cavit y of ten associated with fungal infec t ion but, a lso can

be a centra l ly necrot ic lung cancer.

D istor ted Intra-Thoracic Contents

such as h i lar e levat ion f rom Progress ive Mass ive Fibros is or d istor t ion

f rom other causes of p leural/parenchymal scarr ing.

Pleural Effusion(s) O f ten secondar y to conget ive

hear t fa i lure (with enlarged hear t ) , but can be due to the cancer, k idney fa i lure or

asbestos-re lated disease (with noraml s ize hear t ) .

Abnormalit y in Cardiac Size or Shap e

Most of ten cardiac enlargement (Cardiomegaly) .

Cor Pulmonale R ight-s ided hear t fa i lure

of ten due to advanced COPD. Enlargement of vessels in a l l zones gives the appearance of p lethora .

Cancer of LungCalcif ied

G ranulomatous D isease Calc i f ied hi lar and/or mediast inal

lymph nodes and/or di f fusely ca lc i f ied granulomas.

Cancer Cavit ywith Centra l

Necrosis

Hyperaerat ion

Enlargement of h i lar and intermediate s ize lung vessels

Calc i f ied Paratracheal/

Mediast inal Lymph Nodes

Calc i f ied Hi lar Lymph Nodes

Calc i f ied Granuloma

Enlarged Hear t Diameter

Flattening or Concavit y of Diaphrams

Fluid

FungusCavit y

Fungus Bal l

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Frontal (PA) Chest X-R ay ILO Symb ols

Rounded Atelec tasis ( Infolding of lung into scar mass

of ten or iginat ing f rom di f fuse pleural th ick ening; associated with local ized volume loss)

Can be at ypical with an or igin f rom par ieta l p leural th ick ening or separated f rom the pleura by normal lung

R heumatoid Pneumo coniosis

( Interst i t ia l changes + pulmonar y R heumatoid nodules)

Pneumothorax (a i r leak between lung and

chest wal l f rom break in lung - of ten re lated to rupture of an apical bul la)

rp*rapx

tb ODtb

*

Suspec t Ac tive Tub erculosis

(Apical p leural th ick ening and parenchymal changes)

(Def ini t ion a lso includes inac t ive tb where f indings go beyond cg)

O ther D isease(s) or S igni f icant Abnormal i t y( ies)

with explanator y statement - eg. thyroid goiter or large hiata l her ina with an a i r - f lu id level

M iliar y Tub erculosis

Inf i l t rate/Scarr ing

I r regularApical Pleural Thick ening

or

Comet-Tai l S ign ( infolding and cur vingof Pulmonar y Vessels or Bronchi into Edge of Les ion)

Coal workers with R heumatoid ar thrit is, having been exposed

to coal dust with s igni f icant f ree s i l ica , can develop Caplan’s

Syndrome which has mult iple per ipheral , usual ly 1-2 cm (can

be 0 .5 to 5 cm) rounded Caplan’s no dules , usual ly bi latera l , at

the junc t ion of the middle and outer 1/3 of the lungs, of ten

look ing l ik e metastat ic d isease. 20% are uni latera l . Prevalence

is low in the USA, but has been higher for UK pat ients with

pneumoconiosis . 10% develop calc i f icat ions or cavitat ion.

S imple CWP, when v isual ized, i s of ten of low profus ion. These

nodules occur pr ior to the development of PMF. Cl in ical

R heumatoid disease may occur before, dur ing or af ter the

pulmonar y changes. Tuberculos is ( tuberculomas) , at ypical

mycobac ter ia , nodular sarcoidosis and metastat ic d isease are

par t of the di f ferent ia l d iagnosis .

S imi lar, but h istological ly d i f ferent necrobiotic no dules are

found in pat ients with R heumatoid lung disease, but without

pneumoconiosis or a coal work er ’s h istor y, of ten associated

with bronchiec tas is and bronchia l wal l th ick ening.

VolumeLoss

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