preventing silicosis

8/10/2019 Preventing Silicosis

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Pneumoconiosis.Silicosis

Asbestosis

PhD Kulynych-Miskiv M.O.


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What is

Pneumoconiosis?

Pneumoconiosis isan occupational lungdisease and a restrictivelung disease caused by

the inhalation of dust,often in mines.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_lung_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_lung_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictive_lung_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictive_lung_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictive_lung_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictive_lung_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_lung_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_lung_disease


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Types ofpneumoconiosis

Depending upon the type ofdust, the disease is givendifferent names:Coalworker's

pneumoconiosis (also knownas miner's lung, black lungor anthracosis ) -coal, carbon Asbestosis - asbestos
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalworker%27s_pneumoconiosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalworker%27s_pneumoconiosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalworker%27s_pneumoconiosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalworker%27s_pneumoconiosis


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Types of

pneumoconiosis

Silicosis (also known as"grinder's disease" orPotter's rot) - silica Bauxite fibrosis - bauxite

Berylliosis - beryllium Siderosis - iron Byssinosis - cotton Silicosiderosis - mixed dustcontaining silica and iron
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauxite_fibrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauxitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siderosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byssinosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byssinosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siderosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauxitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauxite_fibrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicosis


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What is Silica? Silica is the second most common

mineral in the earth's crust and isa major component of sand, rock,and mineral ores. Overexposure todust that contains microscopicparticles of crystalline silica cancause scar tissue to form in thelungs, which reduces the lungs'ability to extract oxygen fromthe air we breathe. Typical sandfound at the beach does not posea silicosis threat.


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What are the other healtheffects due to Silica?

In addition to silicosis, inhalationof crystalline silica particles hasbeen associated with otherdiseases, such as bronchitis andtuberculosis. Some studies also

indicate an association with lungcancer.

Who Is at Risk?Working in any dusty environmentwhere crystalline silica is presentpotentially can increase a person'schances of getting silicosis. Someexamples of the industries andactivities that pose the greatestpotential risk for workerexposure include:


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What type of occupations are atrisk

construction (sandblasting, rockstone cutting (sawing, abrasivedrilling, masonry work, jack blasting,chipping, grinding) hammering,tunneling)

glass manufacturing mining (cuttingor drilling through sandstone andgranite)

agriculture (dusty conditions fromdisturbing the soil, such as plowingor harvesting)

foundry work (grinding, moldings,shakeout, core room)

shipbuilding (abrasive blasting) ceramics, clay, and pottery railroad (setting and laying track) manufacturing of soaps and manufacturing and use of abrasives

detergents


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Chronic silicosis the most common form of the disease,

may go undetected for years in the earlystages; in fact, a chest X-ray may notreveal an abnormality until after 15 or 20

years of exposure. The body's ability tofight infections may be overwhelmed bysilica dust in the lungs, making workersmore susceptible to certain illnesses,such as tuberculosis. As a result, workersmay exhibit one or more of the followingsymptoms:

shortness of breath following physicalexertion

severe cough fatigue loss of appetite

chest pains fever


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How Can Workers DetermineIf They Have Silicosis?

A medical examination thatincludes a complete work historyand a chest X-ray and lungfunction test is the only sure wayto determine if a person hassilicosis. Workers who believethey are overexposed to silicadust should visit a doctor whoknows about lung diseases. It isrecommended that medicalexaminations occur before jobplacement or upon entering atrade, and at least every 3 yearsthereafter.


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SUBSTITUTIONENGINEERINGWORK PRACTICES

PERSONAL PROTECTIVEEQUIPMENTS

How Can Silicosis BePrevented? .


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SubstitutionSubstituting the silica means using a

different, safer material in place of thesilica-containing substance.

It is true that in some cases it is notpossible to use a substitute in place ofsilica, but for many operations, such asabrasive blasting, there are many possiblesubstitutes, including those below.

Aluminum Oxide Ambient Polycarbonate

Cryogenic PolycarbonateEmeryGarnetGlass BeadsMelamine PlasticNovaculitePolycarbonateSilicon CarbideStainless Cast ShotSteel GritSteel ShotWhite Aluminum OxideZircon


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Engineering Controls

Keep silica out of the air

If silica products must be used, engineering

controls to be used wherever possible. This type ofcontrol involves a mechanical process to eliminateexposure to silica dust. Some of these controlsmay be very simple, as can be seen in theexamples below: Install a water hose to wet down the dust at thepoint of generationInstall local exhaust ventilationDuring rock drilling, flow water through the drill stemInstall dust collection systems onto machines orequipment that generates dustUse concrete/masonry saws that provide water tothe blade


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Work PracticesWhat employees can do to reducesilica intake

If workers know about silica and understand the severityof its health hazard, they will be more likely to do thefollowing:

Know which work operations can lead to silicaexposure

Participate in any air monitoring or training programsoffered by the employerIf possible, change into disposable or washable workclothes at the worksite; shower (where available) andchange into clean clothing before leaving the worksite.Do not eat, drink, use tobacco, products, or apply

cosmetics in areas where there is dust containingcrystalline silica.Wash your hands and face before eating, drinking,smoking, or applying cosmetics outside of theexposure area.If using respirators, do not alter the respirator in any

way.For other operations where respirators may berequired, use a respirator approved for protectionagainst crystalline silica-containing dust.If using tight-fitting respirators do not grow beards ormustaches


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PPE against silica includesrespirators and masks. Respiratorsshould be used only when the dustcontrols cannot keep dust levelsbelow the Recommended ExposureLevel.There are many types ofrespirators, from air-purifying to air-

supplying and from a nose andmouth covering to a full bodyrespirator.

Personal Protective

Equipment


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What is asbestos?

asbestos is the name of agroup of differentnaturally occurring mineralsasbestos is fibrous silicate.Fibers are very strong andresistent to heat andchemicalsserpentines chrysotile(white asbestos)

amphiboles

crocidolite(blue), amosite (brown),anthophyllite, tremolite,actinolite.


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Asbestos materialsspray coating of steel work,concrete walls and ceilingfor fire protection andinsulationinsulation lagging inbuildings, on pipework, for

boilers and ductsasbestos cement products:walls, roofs, tiles

asbestos used also inbitumen, paints, plastic,resin, rubber products


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Effects of asbestos

exposurepleural plaques (pleuraparietale)pleuritisfibrosis of visceral pleura

asbestosislung cancer andmesotheliomaretroperitoneal fibrosis


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Pleural plaques

benign hyaline plaques ofparietal pleuralatency time 20-40 yearsno effect on respirationalready little exposure isenough, even purelyenvironmental exposuredifferential diagnosissubpleural fat, muscularinsertions, technical faultand tumors


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Asbestosis

diffuse fibrosis of lungs

caused by asbestos dust.moderate or heavyexposure is neededaverage latency period is20-30 yearssymptoms: shortness ofbreath and coughlung functions: restrictionand lowered diffusingcapacity


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Fibrosis of visceral

pleura

not so specific to asbestosexposureacute pleuritis or pleuraleffusion precedes the

pelural fibrosis, latency canbe even under 10 yearstypical complications are

adhesions and roundedatelectasisdifferential diagnosis:other pleurites


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WORK HISTORYPossible exposure:Transport, railways, shipengine crew, firefighting,

mining and quarrying, oilrefining, chemical, paper andmetal industries, car repair,

general maintenance jobsUnlikely exposure: Officework, agriculture andforestry, health care andeducation,telecommunication,textile industry


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Work history

life long cumulative workhistoryexposure to asebstos askedabout for all work tasks

quantification of cumulativeasbestos exposure as none,slight, moderate, heavy

fiber years = exposuretime (years) x exposurelevel (fibers/cm 3


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HELSINKI CRITERIA 1997ERS TASK FORCE 1998 1/2

For clinical purposes, thefollowing guidelines arerecommended for identifyingpeople who have highly probablybeen exposed to asbestos dustat work:- over 0.1 million amphibole

fibers (>5 m)/g dry lung tissueor- over 1 million asbestos fibers(>1 m)/g dry lung tissue or

- over 1000 asbestos bodies/gdry tissue (100 asbestosbodies/g wet tissue) or- over 1 asbestos body/ml in

bronchoalveolar lavage fluid


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HELSINKI CRITERIA 1997ERS TASK FORCE 1998 2/2

- An increased risk ofmesothelioma and pleural

plaques may occur below,at or above (1/2) thementioned concentrations.

- A twofold risk of lungcancer is related toretained fiber levels of 2million amphibole fibers

(>5 m)/g dry lung tissueor 5 million asbestosfibers (>1 m)/g dry lungtissue.


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Diagnosing asbestos

diseaseanamnesis (work history,smoking, resp. symptoms,

lung diseases, thoracictraumas)status, auscultation oflungsthorax X-ray, highresolution computedtomography, HRCT

spirometer, diffusioncapacitydifferential dg

(bronchoscopia, lavage,etc.


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Guidance of patient

STOP SMOKING!guidance of diseasediagnosed (prognosis etc.)advisory opinion andstatement of occupationaldisease, if neededfollow-up

preventing silicosis

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