apwwii
TRANSCRIPT
World War IIWorld War II
Objective:Objective:– To understand the causes of the war.To understand the causes of the war.– To understand the major events that To understand the major events that
occurred during the war.occurred during the war.– To understand the major turning points To understand the major turning points
during the war.during the war.– To understand the events that led to the To understand the events that led to the
end of the war.end of the war.
ACTS OF AGGRESSIONACTS OF AGGRESSION1931 - Japan Invades Manchuria
The League of Nations opposes the attack and said it would deal with the government of the aggressor nation. But how could this
succeed when the government had no control over the army which was the cause of the problem ?
The Japanese army ignored the
Japanese government and launched a full-scale invasion of
Manchuria. Soon, it had occupied the whole of the
province.
ACTS OF AGGRESSION1935 – Italy Invades Ethiopia
On October 3, 1935, Italy attacked Ethiopia from Eritrea and Italian Somaliland without a declaration of war. On October 7, the League of Nations unanimously declared Italy an aggressor
but took no effective action.
Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini
“I refuse to believe that the real people of Great Britain and France, who have never had discords with
Italy, are prepared to run the risk of hurling Europe along the road to
catastrophe for the sake of defending an African country
universally branded as a country without the slightest shadow of
civilization.”
How Does Mussolini justify the attack of Ethiopia?
““It is my duty to inform the Governments It is my duty to inform the Governments assembled in Geneva, responsible as they assembled in Geneva, responsible as they are for the lives of millions of men, women are for the lives of millions of men, women
and children, of the deadly peril which and children, of the deadly peril which threatens them, by describing to them the threatens them, by describing to them the fate which has been suffered by Ethiopia… fate which has been suffered by Ethiopia…
Representatives of the World I have come to Representatives of the World I have come to Geneva to discharge in your midst the most Geneva to discharge in your midst the most painful of the duties of the head of a State. painful of the duties of the head of a State. What reply shall I have to take back to my What reply shall I have to take back to my
people?”people?”
On June 30, Haile Selassie made a powerful speech before the League of
Nations in Geneva in which he set forth two choices--support for collective security
or international lawlessness.
Haile Selassie
What does this incident tell What does this incident tell us about the League of us about the League of
Nations? Nations?
•The League also lost its most powerful member in the Far East and ultimately Japan was to unite with the two other nations that
broke League rules - Germany and Italy.
•The League could not enforce its authority. •A major power could get away with using force
•An issue so far from Europe was not likely to attract the whole-hearted support of the major European powers in the League.
•Other powers would almost certainly see this episode as a sign that they too could get away with
the use of force
AXIS POWERAXIS POWER
Adolf Hitler (right) is considered one of the most brutal dictators in
history. After purging possible rivals for leadership, Hitler
rearmed Germany into a modern war machine. He and Italian
dictator Benito Mussolini (left), both Fascists, became allies in 1936. They are shown here in Munich, Germany, in 1937.
GERMAN AGGRESSIONGERMAN AGGRESSION
Adolf Hitler preached to the Nazi party faithful that they were a superior race
that deserved more than they had, including additional Lebensraum, or living space, and a higher standard of
living. Hitler was an emotional speaker who had a mesmerizing effect on those who listened. By 1938 he had amassed the best-equipped, best-trained army in
the world.
Acts of Aggression Lead to Acts of Aggression Lead to WWIIWWII
CountryCountry Area AttackedArea Attacked ReasonReason Allies ReactionAllies Reaction
Japan Japan 1931 - Manchuria 1931 - Manchuria ChinaChina
1. Need for natural 1. Need for natural resources.resources.
League of Nations League of Nations condemned the action condemned the action but did nothing.but did nothing.
ItalyItaly Ethiopia - AfricaEthiopia - Africa
1. Distract Italians from 1. Distract Italians from depression. depression.
2. Promised to build the 2. Promised to build the new Roman Empirenew Roman Empire
League of Nations did League of Nations did nothing. Other nations nothing. Other nations concerned with their concerned with their own problems.own problems.
1. Austria (1938) 1. Austria (1938)
1. German people lived 1. German people lived there.there.
1. None even though it was 1. None even though it was a direct violation of the a direct violation of the treatytreaty
GermanGermanyy
2.Czechoslovakia/2.Czechoslovakia/Sudeten-land Sudeten-land (1938) (1938)
2. German people lived 2. German people lived there.there.
2. Hitler promised he was 2. Hitler promised he was finished. Britain & finished. Britain & France appeased and France appeased and didn't fight.didn't fight.
3. Poland (1939)3. Poland (1939) 3. Desire for land.3. Desire for land. 3. Britain and France 3. Britain and France declare war.declare war.
The Munich ConferenceThe Munich Conference
After Germany invaded the Sudetenland, the British and French
met with Hitler in Munich on September 30, 1938. They agreed
to allow the Nazi leader to seize the Sudeten districts of Czechoslovakia in return for an assurance from him
that he had no further territorial claims in Europe. Their
appeasement policy once again gave in to the _____________________.
The Policy Of AppeasementThe Policy Of Appeasement
Based on what you have learned, and these Dr. Seuss cartoons, what does ‘appeasement’ mean?
PEACE FOR OUR TIME!PEACE FOR OUR TIME!
“An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile, hoping it will eat him last.”
- Winston Churchill
On 15 March 1939, the German army occupied the remainder of Czechoslovakia.
“My good friends… I have returned from Germany bringing peace with honor. I believe it is
peace for our time… Go home and get a nice quiet sleep.”
Peace For Our TimePeace For Our Time
"We, the German Führer and Chancellor, and the British Prime Minister, have had a further meeting today and are agreed in recognizing that the question of Anglo-German relations is of the first importance for our two countries and for
Europe. We regard the agreement signed last night and the Anglo-German Naval Agreement as symbolic of the desire of our two peoples never to go to war with one another again. We are resolved that the method of consultation shall be the
method adopted to deal with any other questions that may concern our two countries, and we are determined to continue our efforts to remove possible
sources of difference, and thus to contribute to assure the peace of Europe. My good friends, for the second time in our history, a British Prime Minister
has returned from Germany bringing peace with honor. I believe it is peace for our time... Go home and get a nice quiet sleep."
The following is the wording of the printed statement that Neville Chamberlain waved as he stepped off the plane on September 30, 1938 after
the Munich Conference had ended the day before:
Nazi-Soviet PactNazi-Soviet Pact
On August 23, 1939, the world was shocked when, suddenly, Russia and Germany signed a non-aggression pact. In addition, the two
countries had a secret agreement to invade and divide ______________ between them.
GERMANY INVADES POLANDGERMANY INVADES POLANDOn September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. Hitler introduced a
new kind of war called a blitzkrieg, which means “lightning war.”
German bombers targeted railroads, shown here, which crippled Polish military mobilization. Hundreds of tanks smashed through Polish defenses and rolled deep into the country. The Poles fought hard, but on September 17, the Soviet Union invaded their country from the east. By the end of the month, Poland had fallen.
Chamberlain Declares WarChamberlain Declares War
Listen to the speech by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain.
1. What is the tone of the speech?
2. Is there anything Chamberlain could have done to prevent war?
French RefugeesFrench Refugees
Taking only what they could carry, civilians flee Paris in 1940 in anticipation of the German invasion.
France Falls!France Falls!
In May 1940, the Germans attacked France. the French army was caught off guard. Although both armies were about equal in strength in terms of troops and
tanks, the Germans had superior numbers of aircraft and an invasion
plan.
The blitzkrieg sent French forces into a confused retreat, and as the Germans marched into Paris on June 14, the
French government collapsed.
Evacuation - "miracle" of Dunkirk
The German army quickly pushed into France. However, they inexplicably waited around the
perimeter of Dunkirk. Maybe the Panzer tanks and armored divisions were short of fuel and supplies after their successful but frantic dash into France.
Whatever the reason, this gave the Allies a window of opportunity to save as many troops as possible-
though all their equipment and weapons had to be left behind.
Navy ships were hastily gathered and sent to the port of Dunkirk. Troops waited their turn to be evacuated
on the surrounding sandy beaches.At the port, ships and beaches came under increasing aerial attack, civilian small boats were sent across to
help take men directly off the beaches.
The Bombing of BritainThe Bombing of Britain
In Summer of 1940, the German Luftwaffe hit London with the Blitz, with bombing raids on the capital and dog-fights in its sky
during the Battle of Britain.
Turning Point: Pearl Turning Point: Pearl HarborHarbor
On Sunday, December 7, 1941, Japanese aircraft initiated a surprise attack on the United States Pacific Fleet at Hawaii’s Pearl Harbor. The Japanese hoped to cripple the American fleet, which they perceived as the principal threat to victory in a war against the United States. Within a few hours the Japanese had destroyed four battleships and
damaged four more, including the USS Arizona (pictured), destroyed other naval vessels and a large number of combat aircraft, and killed and wounded many American
naval and military personnel.
United States Declares United States Declares WarWar
On December 8, 1941, the day after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt addressed a joint session of Congress and asked for a
declaration of war against Japan. Roosevelt called December 7th “a date which will live in infamy.”
Japanese Aggression in Japanese Aggression in PacificPacific
After Pearl Harbor, the Japanese took over the Philippines, Indochina, Taiwan, and many other Pacific islands.
Turning Points: Africa and Turning Points: Africa and ItalyItaly
Operation Torch, 1942-43 El Alamein,
1942-43
Invasion of Sicily and Italy, 1943
Operation Overlord (D-Day), 1944
Invasion of Invasion of AfricaAfrica
German Forces had been moving across the North African desert under the command of _____________________
(nicknamed the “Desert Fox”). North Africa was considered the gateway to Italy.
1. Allies launch “_____________________________” - a surprise attack on German troops. Led by American
_____________________________Results: ________________________Rommel’s troops defeated
and pushed out of Northern Africa
Operation Torch
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Erwin Rommel
Turning Point: StalingradTurning Point: StalingradDuring the fall and early winter of 1941, German armored divisions had advanced toward Moscow at a rapid pace, capturing hundreds of thousands of Soviet troops in
the process.
But by the first week of December, snow began falling, and temperatures plunged to -40° C (-40° F). The German soldiers, not dressed for winter weather, were freezing
and losing their will to fight. Their equipment also froze, becoming useless.
The Russian winter finally accomplished what its military had failed to do: It halted
the German offensive.
Results: 90% of the city was in ruins
90,000 German soldiers surrender – Germans push back for first time!
Invasion of ItalyInvasion of Italy
Patton (farthest left) comes ashore after the 1st Divison saved the beachead on
Sicily from a massive German
counterattack
At the Casablanca Conference held in January 1943, Winston
Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt decided to launch an invasion of Sicily. It was hoped that if the island was taken Italy might withdraw from the war. It was also argued that a successful
invasion would force Adolf Hitler to send troops from the
Eastern Front and help to relieve pressure on the Red Army in the
Soviet Union .
PattonPatton"No bastard ever won a war by dying for his country.
He won it by making the other poor dumb bastard die for
his country."
Liberation of Sicily!Liberation of Sicily!
On 17th August 1943, General George Patton and his troops marched into Messina. The capture of the island made it possible to clear the way for Allied shipping in the Mediterranean. It also helped to undermine the power of Benito
Mussolini and Victor Emmanuel III forced him to resign.
The The “Big “Big
Three”Three”
A meeting in Tehrān, Iran, in 1943 was held to discuss the military strategy and post-World War II policy for Europe. The leaders decided to invade France in
1944, against Churchill’s recommendations. The meeting marked the apex of the East-West wartime alliance.
Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and
Winston Churchill
Operation OverlordOperation OverlordBy the spring of 1944 an By the spring of 1944 an elaborate plan--code-elaborate plan--code-named Operation named Operation Overlord --was secretly in Overlord --was secretly in place to launch the place to launch the attack. attack.
The Allies, led by The Allies, led by American General Dwight American General Dwight Eisenhower faced an Eisenhower faced an enemy determined to enemy determined to keep them from landing keep them from landing successfully anywhere successfully anywhere along the western along the western European coastline. European coastline.
To ensure against such a landing, Hitler ordered Field Marshal Erwin Rommel to complete the Atlantic Wall --2,400 miles of fortifications made up of concrete bunkers, barbed wire, tank ditches, landmines,
fixed gun emplacements, and beach and underwater obstacles.
These obstacles were specially designed to rip out the bottoms of landing craft or blow them up before they reached the shore.
More than 150,000 men, a fleet of 5,000 ships and landing craft, 50,000 vehicles, and 11,000 planes were ready to secretly cross the
English Channel. This force was the largest armada in history!
D-Day: D-Day: Operation Operation OverlordOverlord
On June 6, 1944, a force of about 152,000 Allied soldiers On June 6, 1944, a force of about 152,000 Allied soldiers from the United States, Britain, and Canada stormed the from the United States, Britain, and Canada stormed the
beaches of Normandy in northern France, where they were beaches of Normandy in northern France, where they were supported by about 23,000 paratroopers. supported by about 23,000 paratroopers.
"In wartime, truth is so precious that "In wartime, truth is so precious that she must always be attended by a she must always be attended by a
bodyguard of lies." Winston Churchill, bodyguard of lies." Winston Churchill, 19431943
The main objective of the Allied deception strategy was to convince the Germans that an invasion would indeed take place-but not at Normandy. The most obvious choice for an invasion site was Calais, located at the
narrowest part of the English Channel, only 22 miles from Britain. Hitler was almost certain that the Allies would attack here.
This 25-pound gun and its
carriage were made from plywood
The Allies encouraged Hitler's belief by employing an ingenious
ruse. Throughout southeastern England they built phony armies,
complete with dummy planes, ships, tanks, and jeeps. With the
help of British and American motion picture crews, they created entire army bases that would look
authentic to German reconnaissance aircraft. These "bases" gave the impression of a massive Allied buildup in preparations for an invasion of France at Calais.
The ruse worked. Hitler ordered a heavy concentration of troops and artillery in the Pas de Calais region. In doing so he left Normandy less
heavily defended.
A Sherman tank made from
inflatable rubber
General General Eisenhower Eisenhower addresses addresses American American
paratroopers on paratroopers on D-Day.D-Day.
D-Day was the largest seaborne invasion in history. The invasion at Normandy took the Germans by surprise, because they expected an invasion
from the narrowest part of the English Channel. The Germans fought the invasion fiercely, but by the end of the day, all five beaches were secured by
the Allies.
What if it Failed?What if it Failed?The invasion at Normandy brought on the
beginning of the end for Hitler and his Nazis.
Had the invasion failed:
• Hitler would have been able to pull troops from France to strengthen his Eastern Front against the encroaching Soviet Union.
• A second Allied invasion into France would have taken more than a year to plan, supply, and assemble.
• Hitler, meanwhile, would have further strengthened his Atlantic Wall, his newly developed V-1 flying bombs and V-2 rockets would have continued to rain down on England from launching pads across the Channel,
•The Nazis' Final Solution against European Jews might well have succeeded completely.
Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge The Battle of the Bulge The Battle of the Bulge
which lasted from which lasted from December 16, 1944 to December 16, 1944 to
January 28, 1945 was theJanuary 28, 1945 was the largest landlargest land battle of battle of
World War II in which theWorld War II in which the United States United States
participated. More than a participated. More than a million men fought in this million men fought in this
battle including some battle including some 600,000 Germans, 600,000 Germans,
500,000 Americans, and 500,000 Americans, and 55,000 British. 55,000 British.
At the conclusion of the At the conclusion of the battle the casualties were battle the casualties were
as follows: 81,000 U.S. as follows: 81,000 U.S. with 19,000 killed, 1400 with 19,000 killed, 1400 British with 200 killed, British with 200 killed, and 100,000 Germans and 100,000 Germans
killed, wounded or killed, wounded or captured. captured.
The Yalta ConferenceThe Yalta Conference
In February 1945 the leaders of the Allied powers, known as the Big Three, met at Yalta on the Crimean Peninsula to discuss Allied military strategy in the final months
of World War II.
VE-DAY, May 8, 1945VE-DAY, May 8, 1945
Winston Churchill acknowledges crowd on VE-Day.
VE Day marks the day of the Allies’ victory in Europe during World War II. After 3½ years of war, Nazi Germany surrendered
unconditionally in 1945.
Island Hopping Strategy Island Hopping Strategy SuccessfulSuccessful
Led by Douglas McArthur, the United States began an island-hopping campaign that would push the Japanese back to Japan.
Midway, 1942
Iwo Jima, 1944-45
Guadalcanal, 1942-43
Philippines, 1944
Okinawa, 1945
Turning Point: MidwayTurning Point: Midway
The Battle of Midway was a victory for American forces and marked a turning point in the Pacific theater
during World War II. The battle was fought in the waters off the Midway Islands in June 1942 between United States land-and carrier-based planes and Japanese carrier-based planes.
The Japanese lost four aircraft carriers, two cruisers, and three
destroyers. The Americans lost the aircraft carrier Yorktown and one
destroyer.
Battle of Iwo JimaBattle of Iwo JimaIn March of 1945, American marines
gained control of the tiny, but strategically
located, island of Iwo Jima. Iwo Jima
is just 660 miles from Tokyo. This victory came after losing more than
20,000 more soldiers than they had ever
lost in a single battle.
Pacific War Battles On!Pacific War Battles On!
Kamikaze, which in Japanese means “divine wind,” were suicide squadrons organized by the Japanese air force in the last months of World War II. Pilots flew their aircraft, loaded with explosives, directly into U.S. naval vessels.
Kamikaze pilots, sacrificing their lives in a last-ditch effort to stop the American advance, sank about 40 U.S. ships.
Harry TrumanHarry Truman
When Franklin Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945, Harry Truman came into office. The European war was coming to an end, and he was left to concentrate on the war in the Pacific. The only obstacle that the United States needed
to overcome was _________________________. Although much of the Japanese naval fleet and air force
had been destroyed by Allied raids, their ancient _________________ tradition prevented a surrender.
Therefore, an Allied victory would create extremely high casualties; military advisors predicted that an invasion of
Japan would cost over ____________________ American lives. This fact put Truman in a very difficult
position.
Japan
Shinto
250,000
Although much of the Japanese naval fleet and air force Although much of the Japanese naval fleet and air force had been destroyed by Allied raids, their ancient had been destroyed by Allied raids, their ancient
BushidoBushido tradition prevented a surrender. Therefore, an tradition prevented a surrender. Therefore, an Allied victory would create extremely high casualties; Allied victory would create extremely high casualties; military advisors predicted that an invasion of Japan military advisors predicted that an invasion of Japan
would cost over would cost over 1 million1 million American lives. This fact put American lives. This fact put Truman in a very difficult position. He had to choose Truman in a very difficult position. He had to choose
between the massive destruction the bomb would between the massive destruction the bomb would cause Japan and saving the lives of his American cause Japan and saving the lives of his American
soldiers. soldiers.
What would you do? Use the Atomic Bomb to make the Japanese
surrender, invade Japan, or find another
solution?
Atomic Atomic BombBomb
On August 6, 1945, during World War II, the United States dropped the first
atomic bomb on Hiroshima, a Japanese city and military center. The blast
destroyed 68 percent of the city and damaged another 24 percent. An
estimated 60,000 to 70,000 people were killed or reported missing, according to U.S. estimates, and
thousands more were made homeless. Sixteen hours after the attack, U.S.
President Harry S. Truman’s report of the event was broadcast to radio
listeners.
NagasakiNagasakiThree days later, on August 9th, a second bomb was dropped on the city of
Nagasaki. Over 20,000 people died instantly. In the successive weeks, thousands more Japanese died from the after effects of the
_______________ exposure of the blast.
The Atomic Age Begins!The Atomic Age Begins!
The first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6, 1945, during World War II. The blast destroyed 68 percent of the city and damaged another 24
percent, and an estimated 60,000 to 70,000 people were killed or reported missing, according to United States estimates.
VJ-Day: The War is Over!VJ-Day: The War is Over!
Japanese officials formally surrendered to the Allies on September 2, 1945, aboard the United States battleship Missouri. Japan's surrender brought an end to World War II
(1939-1945).
Costs of the WarCosts of the War Mass DestructionMass Destruction 40 Million dead – 25 million wounded40 Million dead – 25 million wounded Europe, USSR, North Africa, East Africa were Europe, USSR, North Africa, East Africa were
destroyeddestroyed Major cities in ruins – Berlin, Paris, London, TokyoMajor cities in ruins – Berlin, Paris, London, Tokyo Holocaust and Atomic Bomb – Civilian casualtiesHolocaust and Atomic Bomb – Civilian casualties
Creation and Restructuring of Creation and Restructuring of New NationsNew Nations
Germany Split: East – Germany Split: East – controlled by USSRcontrolled by USSR West – USA, France, Britain West – USA, France, Britain
Japan occupied by the U.S. – Japan occupied by the U.S. – Led by MacArthur - Created a Led by MacArthur - Created a constitutionconstitution
Israel Declared a sovereign Israel Declared a sovereign nationnation
Decolonization begins in India and Decolonization begins in India and AfricaAfrica
Development of Development of SuperpowersSuperpowers
U.S. and USSR become world SuperpowersU.S. and USSR become world Superpowers US – Democracy and capitalismUS – Democracy and capitalism USSR – Totalitarian and CommunismUSSR – Totalitarian and Communism Yalta Conference – Division of Europe led Yalta Conference – Division of Europe led
to USSR control of Eastern Europe and the to USSR control of Eastern Europe and the “Iron Curtain”“Iron Curtain”
New TechnologyNew Technology Atomic BombsAtomic Bombs Improved tanks, planes, submarines, Improved tanks, planes, submarines,
weaponsweapons Aircraft Carrier, walkie talkie, Radar, SonarAircraft Carrier, walkie talkie, Radar, Sonar Leads to arms race and space race between Leads to arms race and space race between
USA and USSRUSA and USSR
United NationsUnited Nations 1945 - Replaces League of 1945 - Replaces League of
NationsNations Goal – Maintain peace, Goal – Maintain peace,
promote cooperation promote cooperation between nations, fight between nations, fight world hunger, disease, world hunger, disease, ignoranceignorance
Most nations joined – Most nations joined – General AssemblyGeneral Assembly
Security Council – USA, Security Council – USA, USSR, Britain, France, USSR, Britain, France, ChinaChina