AP World HistoryAP World HistoryPOD #20 – Revolutions POD #20 – Revolutions & Independence in the & Independence in the

AmericasAmericas

Latin American Latin American

Independence MovementsIndependence Movements

Class Discussion Class Discussion NotesNotes

Bulliet – “Revolution Spreads, Bulliet – “Revolution Spreads, Conservatives Respond, 1789-1850”, Conservatives Respond, 1789-1850”,

pp. 598-602pp. 598-602

Bulliet – “Independence in Latin Bulliet – “Independence in Latin America, 1800-1830”, pp. 632-637America, 1800-1830”, pp. 632-637

Historical SettingHistorical Setting ““Even as the dictatorship of Napoleon tamed the Even as the dictatorship of Napoleon tamed the

democratic legacy of the French Revolution, democratic legacy of the French Revolution, revolutionary ideology was spreading and taking hold revolutionary ideology was spreading and taking hold in Europe and the Americas. In Europe the French in Europe and the Americas. In Europe the French Revolution promoted nationalism and republicanism. Revolution promoted nationalism and republicanism. In the Americas the legacies of the American and In the Americas the legacies of the American and French Revolutions led to a new round of struggles French Revolutions led to a new round of struggles for independence. News of revolutionary events in for independence. News of revolutionary events in France destabilized the colonial regime in Saint France destabilized the colonial regime in Saint Domingue (present-day Haiti), a small French colony Domingue (present-day Haiti), a small French colony on the western half of the island of Hispaniola, and on the western half of the island of Hispaniola, and helped initiate the first successful slave rebellion. In helped initiate the first successful slave rebellion. In Europe, however, the spread of revolutionary fervor Europe, however, the spread of revolutionary fervor was met by the concerted reaction of an alliance of was met by the concerted reaction of an alliance of conservative monarchs committed to extinguishing conservative monarchs committed to extinguishing further revolutionary outbreaks.” (Bulliet, p. 598)further revolutionary outbreaks.” (Bulliet, p. 598)

Haiti SlaveryHaiti Slavery French colony of Saint Domingue (Haiti) was one French colony of Saint Domingue (Haiti) was one

of the richest colonies in the Americasof the richest colonies in the Americas Sugar, cotton, indigo, and coffee accounted for Sugar, cotton, indigo, and coffee accounted for

2/3 of France’s tropical imports and generated 2/3 of France’s tropical imports and generated nearly 1/3 of all French foreign tradenearly 1/3 of all French foreign trade

Wealth depended on brutal slave regime – with its Wealth depended on brutal slave regime – with its harsh punishments and poor living conditionsharsh punishments and poor living conditions

High slave mortality rates combined with low High slave mortality rates combined with low fertility rates created a high demand for new fertility rates created a high demand for new African slavesAfrican slaves

A majority of the 500,000 slaves were African-A majority of the 500,000 slaves were African-bornborn

Haitian RevolutionHaitian Revolution

After the calling of the Estates After the calling of the Estates General in 1789 the wealthy General in 1789 the wealthy plantation owners sent a delegation plantation owners sent a delegation to Paris to seek more home rule for to Paris to seek more home rule for the island and greater economic the island and greater economic freedom and autonomyfreedom and autonomy

The free mixed-race population (gens The free mixed-race population (gens de couleur) also sent representatives de couleur) also sent representatives seeking to limit race discrimination, seeking to limit race discrimination, but not an end to slaverybut not an end to slavery

Outbreak of Revolution Outbreak of Revolution ““The political turmoil in France weakened the The political turmoil in France weakened the

authority of colonial administrators in Saint authority of colonial administrators in Saint Domingue. In the vacuum that resulted, rich Domingue. In the vacuum that resulted, rich planters, poor whites, and the gens de couleur all planters, poor whites, and the gens de couleur all pursued their narrow interests, engendering an pursued their narrow interests, engendering an increasingly bitter and confrontational struggle. increasingly bitter and confrontational struggle. Given the slaves’ hatred of the brutal regime that Given the slaves’ hatred of the brutal regime that oppressed them and the accumulated grievances oppressed them and the accumulated grievances of the free people of color, there was no way to of the free people of color, there was no way to limit the violence once the control of the slave limit the violence once the control of the slave owners slipped. When Vincent Oge, leader of the owners slipped. When Vincent Oge, leader of the gens de couleur mission to France, returned to gens de couleur mission to France, returned to Saint Domingue in 1790, the planters captured him Saint Domingue in 1790, the planters captured him and ordered his torture and execution. The free and ordered his torture and execution. The free black and slave populations soon repaid this black and slave populations soon repaid this cruelty in kind.” (Bulliet, p. 599)cruelty in kind.” (Bulliet, p. 599)

Touissant L’OuvertureTouissant L’Ouverture A former domestic slaveA former domestic slave Created a disciplined military forceCreated a disciplined military force 1794 – the radical French National Convention 1794 – the radical French National Convention

abolished slavery in all French possessionsabolished slavery in all French possessions He led an attack defeating both his local He led an attack defeating both his local

rivals, as well as a British expeditionary force rivals, as well as a British expeditionary force and took on the Spanish in the colony of and took on the Spanish in the colony of Santo DomingoSanto Domingo

Freed the slaves of HaitiFreed the slaves of Haiti Asserted his loyalty to France but gave the Asserted his loyalty to France but gave the

French no role in local governmental affairsFrench no role in local governmental affairs

Haitian IndependenceHaitian Independence ““In 1802 Napoleon sent a large military In 1802 Napoleon sent a large military

force to reestablish both French colonial force to reestablish both French colonial authority and slavery in Saint Domingue. At authority and slavery in Saint Domingue. At first the French forces were successful, first the French forces were successful, capturing Toussaint and sending him to capturing Toussaint and sending him to France, where he died in prison. Eventually, France, where he died in prison. Eventually, however, the loss of thousands of lives to however, the loss of thousands of lives to yellow fever and the resistance of the yellow fever and the resistance of the revolutionaries turned the tide. In 1804 revolutionaries turned the tide. In 1804 Touissant’s successors declared Touissant’s successors declared independence, and the free republic of Haiti independence, and the free republic of Haiti joined the United States as the second joined the United States as the second independent nation in the Western independent nation in the Western Hemisphere.” (Bulliet, p. 601)Hemisphere.” (Bulliet, p. 601)

Roots of Latin American Roots of Latin American RevolutionRevolution

Enlightenment ideologyEnlightenment ideology American Revolution (Declaration of American Revolution (Declaration of

Independence)Independence) French Revolution (Declaration of the French Revolution (Declaration of the

Rights of Man and Citizen)Rights of Man and Citizen) Napoleon’s decision to invade Portugal Napoleon’s decision to invade Portugal

(1807) and Spain (1808), not revolutionary (1807) and Spain (1808), not revolutionary ideas, created a crisis of legitimacy that ideas, created a crisis of legitimacy that undermined the authority of colonial undermined the authority of colonial officials and ignited Latin America’s officials and ignited Latin America’s struggle for independencestruggle for independence

Simon BolivarSimon Bolivar

Son of wealthy Venezuelan plantersSon of wealthy Venezuelan planters Traveled to Europe to study the works Traveled to Europe to study the works

of the Enlightenmentof the Enlightenment Initially opposed to the abolition of Initially opposed to the abolition of

slavery, but he embraced the concept slavery, but he embraced the concept seeing it as means to gain the support seeing it as means to gain the support slaves and freemen to the causeslaves and freemen to the cause

Enlisted demobilized English veterans Enlisted demobilized English veterans of the Napoleonic Wars of the Napoleonic Wars

Jose De San MartinJose De San Martin

Led a mixed force of Chileans and Led a mixed force of Chileans and Argentinians Argentinians

Crossed the Andes Mountains to Crossed the Andes Mountains to attack Spanish forces in Chile and attack Spanish forces in Chile and Peru (his most effective troops were Peru (his most effective troops were former slaves)former slaves)

Gained victory in Chile, but had to Gained victory in Chile, but had to turn over command of his troops to turn over command of his troops to Simon Bolivar in Peru who used them Simon Bolivar in Peru who used them to help defeat the Spanish to help defeat the Spanish

Gran ColumbiaGran Columbia ““After liberating present-day Venezuela, After liberating present-day Venezuela,

Columbia, and Equador, Bolivar’s army Columbia, and Equador, Bolivar’s army entered Peru and Bolivia (colonial Alto Peru) entered Peru and Bolivia (colonial Alto Peru) and defeated the last Spanish armies in and defeated the last Spanish armies in 1824. Bolivar and his supporters then 1824. Bolivar and his supporters then attempted to create a confederation of the attempted to create a confederation of the former Spanish colonies. The first steps former Spanish colonies. The first steps were the creation of Gran Columbia (now were the creation of Gran Columbia (now Venezuela, Columbia, and Equador) and the Venezuela, Columbia, and Equador) and the unification of Peru and Bolivia, but these unification of Peru and Bolivia, but these initiatives had failed by 1830.” (Bulliet, p. initiatives had failed by 1830.” (Bulliet, p. 634)634)

MexicoMexico ““In 1810 Mexico was Spain’s wealthiest and most In 1810 Mexico was Spain’s wealthiest and most

populous colony. Its silver mines were the richest populous colony. Its silver mines were the richest in the world and the colony’s capital, Mexico City, in the world and the colony’s capital, Mexico City, was larger than any city in Spain. Mexico also was larger than any city in Spain. Mexico also had the largest population of Spanish immigrants had the largest population of Spanish immigrants among the colonies. When news of Napoleon’s among the colonies. When news of Napoleon’s invasion of Spain reached Mexico, conservative invasion of Spain reached Mexico, conservative Spaniards in Mexico City overthrew the local Spaniards in Mexico City overthrew the local viceroy because he was too sympathetic to the viceroy because he was too sympathetic to the creoles. This action by Spanish loyalists creoles. This action by Spanish loyalists underlined the new reality: with the king removed underlined the new reality: with the king removed from his throne by the French, colonial authority from his throne by the French, colonial authority rested on brute force.” (Bulliet, p. 634)rested on brute force.” (Bulliet, p. 634)

Mexican IndependenceMexican Independence Miguel Hidalgo – (September 16, 1810) – rang church bells in the Miguel Hidalgo – (September 16, 1810) – rang church bells in the

town of Dolores attracting a crowd in which he called for rebellion town of Dolores attracting a crowd in which he called for rebellion against the oppression of Spanish officials – he was joined by tens against the oppression of Spanish officials – he was joined by tens of thousands of rural and urban poorof thousands of rural and urban poor

Most conservative, wealthy Mexicans continued to support the Most conservative, wealthy Mexicans continued to support the Spanish Spanish

Jose Maria Morelos – a former student of Hidalgo, he was more Jose Maria Morelos – a former student of Hidalgo, he was more adept at creating a strong fighting forceadept at creating a strong fighting force

1813 - Morelos convened a congress, declared independence and 1813 - Morelos convened a congress, declared independence and drafted a constitution (he was defeated by loyalist forcesdrafted a constitution (he was defeated by loyalist forces

1821 - Colonel Agustin de Iturbide and other loyalist commanders 1821 - Colonel Agustin de Iturbide and other loyalist commanders forged and alliance with the rebel forces and declared the forged and alliance with the rebel forces and declared the independence of Mexicoindependence of Mexico

Iturbide became the emperor of a conservative monarchical Iturbide became the emperor of a conservative monarchical governmentgovernment

1823 – Iturbide was overthrown by the army and Mexico became 1823 – Iturbide was overthrown by the army and Mexico became a republica republic

Iturbide, Morelos and Hidalgo were all executed by firing squadIturbide, Morelos and Hidalgo were all executed by firing squad

Pedro I of BrazilPedro I of Brazil

1822 – Pedro declared Brazilian 1822 – Pedro declared Brazilian independence from Portugalindependence from Portugal

Committed to both monarchy and liberal Committed to both monarchy and liberal principlesprinciples

Constitution of 1824 – elected assembly, Constitution of 1824 – elected assembly, political rights to the oppositionpolitical rights to the opposition

Opposed slavery, even though the nation Opposed slavery, even though the nation was dominated by the slave-owning class – was dominated by the slave-owning class – ended the slave trade in 1831 provoking ended the slave trade in 1831 provoking political oppositionpolitical opposition