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Independence For Latin America 1

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Page 1: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Independence For Latin AmericaIndependence For Latin America

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Page 2: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Revolutions in AmericaRevolutions in America Plantation Creoles Mestizos Joseph Bonaparte Cabildos

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Page 3: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Revolutions in AmericaRevolutions in America The United States Revolution paved the way for many other

revolutions Why did the revolutions happen?

Life in the 1700s Rigid social classes

Highest social class born in Europe Enjoyed social privileges and controlled most of the wealth Plantation owners Plantation is a large farm Creoles born in the America Parents born in Spain Rich and well educated, not trusted Jealous of the Spaniards Mestizos Part Indian Part Spanish Crafts People and shop owners Few were rich

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Page 4: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

The Lower ClassesThe Lower Classes Indians

Made up the majority of the population Had little to do with society Personal servants and laborers Poor and had few Rights

Africans—slaves Property of their owners

The three lower classes made up the majority of the people living in Spanish America Poor Few rights Little chance at an education

Class systems varied from colony to colony but the general situation was the same.

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Page 5: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

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Page 6: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

What Events Inspired Spanish America?What Events Inspired Spanish America? Enlightenment

Locke and Voltaire

American Revolution Colonies win

French Revolution

All of these events led the people in Spanish America to demand their own rights

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Page 7: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

French HelpFrench Help 1799 a revolutionary leader came into power

Napoleon Bonaparte 1808 Invades Spain

Joseph Bonaparte is placed on the throne of Spain

This event allowed the Spanish colonies to declare independence with out being disloyal to the king Revolutions broke out in 1810 with local governments

Cabildos—small governments or city councils The time was right to declare independence from Spain Caracas- Venezuela Buenos Aires-Capital of La Plata

Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, Paraguay Bogata-New Grenada Quito-Ecuador Santiago-Chile

All of these revolutions began with Cabildos Mexico is the only exception Started by a Creole Priest

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Page 8: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Baukman and HaitiBaukman and Haiti Hispaniola Mulattos Voodoo Maroons Baukman Machetes Night of Fire

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Page 9: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Haiti Prior to 1791Haiti Prior to 1791 French Colony called St. Domingue

Western third of Hispaniola Richest colony in the Caribbean Taken over in the late 1600’s by the French 18th Century African Slaves were brought to the

colonies Sugar, coffee, cotton and indigo.

Indigo is a deep blue dye used in cotton

The French landowners became very wealthy Need for more land and slaves

700,000 slaves 35,000 French 40,000 mulattos

French fathers, slave mothers10

Page 10: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

HispaniolaHispaniola

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Page 11: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

The beginning of RevolutionThe beginning of Revolution French to Slave Ratio

20-1

Why didn’t the slaves rebel? The French controlled all the guns The slaves didn’t stand a chance

August 1791 Maroons were hiding in the mountains practicing Voodoo

Maroons-escaped slaves

Drums beating celebrating a voodoo rite A revolution was being planned

A priest named Boukman led the ceremony Leaders of the slaves from across Plain du Nord

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Page 12: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

BaukmanBaukman A foreman who ran field crews, worked his way up

to a coachman Boukman was a huge man that commanded

respect He inspired his followers by telling them that if they

die during the rebellion they would wake up in Africa One week later

August 22 50,000 Slaves rose up armed with scythes and machetes

Machetes-a large heavy knife used to cut sugarcane and brush Killed and tortured plantation owners and their families Set fires to everything

The night became as bright as day All plantations in Plain du Nord were destroyed Called the Night of Fire 13

Page 13: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

The Struggle ContinuesThe Struggle Continues Boukman’s uprising surprised the French The French soldiers fought back even harder

Thousands of slaves were killed The rest were chased into hiding

St Domingue is divided into two parts Mountains-slaves Coastal towns- French soldiers and planters and officials

The uprising spread to the western part of the island and was largely controlled

Boukman was killed in “battle” (beheaded) Head publicly displayed

Boukman was replaced by Biassou and Jean Francois

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Page 14: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Toussaint L’Ouverture in HaitiToussaint L’Ouverture in Haiti Toussaint L’Ouverture Guerilla Army Napoleon Bonaparte General Leclerc Dessalines Yellow Fever

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Page 15: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Toussaint l’ouvertureToussaint l’ouverture Francois Dominique Toussaint

Added l’Ouverture to the end of his last name

Born 1743 on a plantation in Northern St. Domingue His father was an African chief captured

Legend Taught him that knowledge is power

Step-Father taught him how to get power Taught him how to read and write in French and Latin How to use herbs and plants for healing

Did not participate in the Night of Fire When the rebellion reached his plantation

Family first Family of the plantation manager

Joined the revolution

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Page 16: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Early in the revolutionEarly in the revolution Toussaint was a doctor

Then began giving military advise and medical care Toussaint urged leaders to teach the troops discipline

Stop destroying everything Use the things to help themselves

Toussaint is made a commander Taught the soldiers discipline Trained them like professional soldiers

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Page 17: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Toussaint Leads the revolutionToussaint Leads the revolution Biassou and Jean Francois were poor leaders

They were disloyal to the cause of freedom 1791 French looked to be putting down the revolt

Biassou and Jean Fran 腔 is agreed to turn over the former slaves in exchange for their own freedom

Toussaint organized the slaves into a guerilla army Guerilla army- a group of soldiers that are not well

trained They attacked the French when they least expected it Attack- and retreat into the mountains

Very fast and in unexpected directions The French could never relax 19

Page 18: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

ToussaintToussaint Memorable figure

as he rode Rode without a

saddle Dressed in a

French uniform Handkerchief on his

head Odd shape under

his coat Hunchback

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Page 19: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Victories (triumphs)Victories (triumphs) Won several victories over the French

Promised the townspeople that he would treat them well if they surrendered

The French refused to free the slaves Spain and Great Britain were at war with the French

Toussaint joined the Spanish forces in Santo Domingo Named a general an won battles for the Spanish

Still felt some loyalty to France

1794 France passed a law freeing all slaves Toussaint joined the French and drove the Spanish from

the island

1795 most important man in St. Domingue21

Page 20: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

The most important manThe most important man Concerned about the economy of the island

Most of the plantations were destroyed Asked the former slaves to come back to work and share

in the profits

Toussaint began to create a separate government Constitution was written

Declared slavery ended forever

Negotiated treaties with Great Britain and the United States

Traded sugar for arms

1801 Ruler of Hispaniola

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Page 21: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

NapoleonNapoleon Napoleon needed the wealth of St. Domingue to

fund his wars Economy could only be brought back through slavery

The invasion of St. Domingue Led by his brother-in-law General Victor Leclerc

43000 soldiers—largest invasion force in France history

Spies reported Napoleon’s plans to Toussaint “I have known they would come and that the reason

behind it would be that one and only goal: reinstatement of slavery. However, we will never again submit to that.”

Preparations for war Imported weapons from the US, reinforced forts Dug pits and trenches in the forest Drafted all men over 12

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Page 22: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

The invasion of St. DomingueThe invasion of St. Domingue “The people are besides themselves with fury. They

never withdraw or give up. They sing as they are facing death and they still encourage each other while they are dying. They seem to not know pain…

…send reinforcements” Leclerc knew that he didn’t stand a chance

“Meeting” with one of his officers Toussaint and his family are captured and sent back to France “In overthrowing me you have cut down in St. Domingue only the

trunk of the tree liberty. It will spring up again from the roots, for they are many and they are deep.”

Toussaint and his family are separated Sent to Switzerland

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Page 23: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

France Loses St. DomingueFrance Loses St. Domingue The French were having a new problem

The guerilla war continued Thousands of black people were killed The more that were killed the greater the resistance

Jacques Dessalines No loyalty to France Wanted to end slavery Make St. Domingue independent

Burning of plantations continued French had superior weapons Only a matter of time

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Page 24: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Yellow FeverYellow Fever Deadly disease spread by mosquitoes

Thousands of French Soldiers died Unable to conquer the epidemic 8000 soldiers lived to sail back home Why didn’t the Slaves get Yellow fever?

January 1, 1804 St. Domingue declared independent New name Haiti

Indian name before Europeans settled there. Haiti is Rebuilt

Dessalines becomes dictator October 1806 he is murdered

Haiti has been ruled by dictators since and is now one of the poorest countries of the world

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Page 25: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Mexico’s Fight for independenceMexico’s Fight for independence

HaciendaPadre Miguel Hidalgo y CastillaGrito De DoloresJose Maria MorelosAgustin de Iturbide

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Page 26: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Mexico’s Fight for independenceMexico’s Fight for independence The Revolution for Independence began with a group of men called the

Literary and Social Club of Queretaro Not really a social club, they were plotting the revolution against Spain

The Indians were unhappy Not enough land Forced to work on haciendas or farms

Little or no pay Owed money to the landowners Couldn’t leave until their debts were paid

The Mestizos were unhappy Poor and didn’t have good jobs Looked down upon Hoped that independence would bring more power power

The Creoles were unhappy Shut off from the power

Professionals and landowners (owned the haciendas) No Spaniards, the Creoles could control the government

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Page 27: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Padre Miguel hidalgo y CastillaPadre Miguel hidalgo y Castilla The leading member of the Literary and Social Club of

Queretaro Priest in the village of Dolores Creole who lived on a hacienda until he was 12 Sent to school at 12 and studied for 12 years Became a priest and a teacher Eventually became the head of the Catholic college at

Valladolid He was a success, Paid well, well respected, did important work

He had become a trouble maker Spent his time teaching about how to improve the government Put the college in debt

Forced to quit his job and became a priest in a very small village

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Page 28: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

A good PriestA good Priest Spent 10 years in a small village before moving on

to a larger church in Delores There he helped the Otomi Indians plant grape

vines and mulberry trees Wine and silk worms Illegal

He went to Queretaro to meet with his friends Juan Aldema,

Military officer opposed to Spanish rule

Ignacio Allende Captain and commander in a local army post

Talked about the problems of the country

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Page 29: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Revolutionary TimesRevolutionary Times 1810 Mexico had been under Spanish control for

300 years Spanish king is dethroned

Joseph Bonaparte The revolutionaries were now fighting against France

The members of the LSCQ began to plot the revolution Wanted to improve people’s lives Wanted more power for themselves

They were Creoles

The LSCQ had been plotting for a year and decided that October 2 was the date for the uprising to begin

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Page 30: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

September 15thSeptember 15th The revolution begins Their plot had been discovered

What should be done? Hidalgo “In action everything is accomplished, we must not lose time;

you will see the oppressor’s yoke broken and beaten to the ground”

Hidalgo rang the church bell and the people gathered in front of the church

Hidalgo told them now was the time to throw out the Spaniards No more haciendas “Independence and Death to the Spaniards! Long live the Virgin of

Guadalupe” Called the Grito de Dolores

News spread quickly within a week 25000 people had joined the rebellion

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Page 31: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Padre Miguel Hidalgo y CastillaPadre Miguel Hidalgo y Castilla 57 years old when the

revolution began No military experience Medium height, dark

complexion, rounded shoulders

Green eyes Slow movements Head drooped over his

chest Nearly bald

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Page 32: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

The beginning of the RevolutionThe beginning of the Revolution The army quickly captured several towns

Guanajauto Hundreds versus thousands 500-2000 The town was defenseless and the army looted

Hidalgo ordered them to stop but they ignored

Lack of discipline was a problem Hidalgo felt that soldiers should be allowed to loot as a reward for

helping the rebellion They continued to win battles

More people joined October—on to Mexico City

Few people along the way joined Hidalgo changes his mind

On to Guadalajara Time to plant crops The army dwindled

Down to 7000 soldiers35

Page 33: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

GuadalajaraGuadalajara Hidalgo was greeted like a hero Time used to train the army, make cannons and

weapons Spain was also preparing The battle lasted 6 hours

A lucky shot The survivors fled to Saltillo

Led into an ambush and captured Leaders were tried and sentenced to death Hidalgo is shot by a firing squad on July 31, 1811

Hidalgo failed to win the revolution He is still the main hero of Mexico’s struggle for

independence36

Page 34: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Jose Maria MorelosJose Maria Morelos After Hidalgo the army broke up but the revolution continued

Guerilla attacks Lots of leaders

Jose Maria Morelos Friend of Hidalgo Didn’t think they could win by fighting the Spaniards in open battle

Guerilla tactics Continued the guerilla war for 5 years

Well disciplined and well equipped He had a specific plan for the revolution

Governments should treat everyone as equals Only people born in Mexico should be allowed to hold political office Take land away for hacienda owners

Captured on Nov 15 1815 Shot

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Page 35: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

The Long Road to VictoryThe Long Road to Victory The country had been at war for 5 years

Crops failed Landowners driven from land or run away Indians were fighting Bandits Poor business

The Spanish could not defeat the rebels, The rebels could not beat the Spanish

1821 Agustin de Iturbide joins the rebels Spanish army officer accused of misusing funds Brought his army unit into the war on the side of the rebels The tide turned in favor of the rebels September 27, 1821 Mexico becomes a free and independent nation

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Page 36: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Simon Bolívar the LiberatorSimon Bolívar the Liberator Francisco de Miranda Simon Bolívar Liberator Conspirator Royalist Sucre

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Page 37: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Simon Bolívar The LiberatorSimon Bolívar The Liberator Born in Spain

Met Maria Teresa at the age of 17 Fell in love immediately, got married at 18

Moved to Venezuela Maria dies one year later from yellow fever If he had stayed in Spain she would not have died If he stayed South America would be much different

Simon Bolívar was the most famous liberator of South America Liberator- a person who frees a country from an

enemy.

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Page 38: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

After the Death of MariaAfter the Death of Maria Bolívar returns to Spain

Read books by Locke, Voltaire and Montesquieu Venezuela must become independent

1805 Visits Italy Climbs to a Religious shrine above Rome

“I swear by the God of my fathers and the honor of my country. I will not rest, not in body or soul, till I have broken the chains of Spain.”

“My wife’s death led me early in my career onto the road of politics.”

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Page 39: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Failed RebellionFailed Rebellion

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1806 Francisco de Miranda tries to liberate Venezuela Miranda fought in the French Revolution Been to the US. GW, BF, TJ 150 Men 3 ships 1 from Saint Domingo one from

Britain Stopped before he could land on Venezuelan soil

Went to Barbados more ships and men from the British Could not get local support

The Creoles Enjoyed being 2nd and thought Miranda was a troublemaker

Page 40: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Return to VenezuelaReturn to Venezuela 1807 Bolívar returns to Venezuela

Returned to his family hacienda and became a wealthy Creole farmer

1808 Napoleon overthrows the Spanish King and places Joseph on the throne

1810 the Creoles begin to think that Miranda was right Simon Bolívar was one of the conspirators

Conspirator-someone who secretly plans an unlawful action

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Page 41: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

The BeginningThe Beginning The Creoles removed the Highest ranking

Spanish officer in Venezuela Loyalty to the king

Bolívar went to get help from Great Britain Failed but was able to get Miranda (60) to come

back July 5 1811 Venezuelan independence is

declared Spanish forces were organizing

Some Creoles still opposed independence (royalists)

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Page 42: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

The Earth ShakesThe Earth Shakes The revolution army gained important victories

No support for a new government Bolívar and Miranda began to argue

Bolívar- Creoles Miranda- Mestizos and Indians Both were strong willed and proud.

The both wanted the glory and power of being a leader Gave the royalists the upper hand

Earthquake 20000 casualties Royalist controlled towns spared (God)

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Page 43: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

AftershocksAftershocks Miranda tried to negotiate letting the rebels

leave Bolívar turned him over to Spanish authorities

Miranda dies four years later in prison Bolívar and his allies leave the country

Bolívar goes to Bogota, New Grenada Joins rebels in Cucuta as a commander

Promoted to general

Back to Venezuela Fight became very bloody

Rebels were executed Executioners were exterminated Both sides committed acts of terror and cruelty 46

Page 44: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

On to CaracasOn to Caracas Bolívar reached Caracas within 3 months

The people began to call him “The Liberator” Quick victory but the war was far from over

More bloody and brutal

Llaneros (cowboys) were supportive of the royalists and drove Bolívar back to New Grenada Led by Boves--very blood thirsty

King Ferdinand Returned to power and sent 11000 men to regain Venezuela and New Grenada Spanish commanders were ruthless in attacking

Bolívar Escapes to Haiti 47

Page 45: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Bolívar’s Daring PlanBolívar’s Daring Plan Bolívar never gave up and asks Pétion (leader

of Haiti for help Recognize the Haitian government Free all slaves

Bolívar leaves with 200 soldiers on 7 small ships Could not land

The llaneros had become unhappy with the spanish

Up the Orinoco River to Angostura The llaneros joined along with 4000 British

volunteers48

Page 46: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

On to BogotáOn to Bogotá Bolívar decided to go on to Bogotá

Crossing the Llanos was horrible Clothing Mildewed Saddles and boots fell apart Horses hooves rotted

By the time they reached the mountains the horses were dead.

All the soldiers had left were their guns The battle of Boyaca

Surprised the Spanish troops and won easily Marched on to Bogatá without resistance

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Page 47: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Bolívar returns to Angostura

Joins forces with Páez The Battle of Carababo

Surprised the royalists and ended most Spanish resistance

June 28, 1821 Bolívar marches into Caracas again Independence had finally been won

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Bolívar’s DreamBolívar’s Dream Bolívar wanted South America to be united like

the United States Gran Colombia’s constitution written in 1821 Bolívar becomes the first president

Lima was next Quito was along the way

1821 Bolívar sent Sucre to Guayaquil to gather an army 1822 the Spanish are defeated in Quito Ecuador had been liberated and Peru was left

Someone was already there51

Page 49: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

San MartinSan Martin San Martin and Bolívar met up in July of 1822

Neither one of them were willing to give up power San Martin went to Chile Bolívar went to Lima, Peru

The Peruvians didn’t trust him They didn’t want to be part of Gran Colombia

Asks Sucre to lead the army of liberation Sucre met and defeated the Spanish Army Peru was freed from Spanish rule Sucre frees upper Peru who wanted to become independent

They became Bolivia in honor of Bolívar Sucre Became the first president

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Page 50: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

The End of Bolívars DreamThe End of Bolívars Dream Bolívar had liberated most of South America

Things turned against him Returned to Lima

The Peruvians were plotting against him They wanted to become independent

Conflicts arose in Gran Columbia Bolívar had tuberculosis Bolívar was a better general than president His dream had failed

Sucre had been killed by political rivals He died in December 1830

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Page 51: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Revolution in the SouthRevolution in the South

ViceroySantiago de LiniersLa PlataJose de San Martin

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Page 52: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Trouble in Buenos AiresTrouble in Buenos Aires One morning in 1806

10 large British warships anchored in the bay10 large British warships anchored in the bay

The people waited to see what the viceroy would do Viceroy- a rule of a colony or territory

Packed up his bags and fled

British defeated the Spanish army easily Stole all of the money from the treasury and sent it back

to Great Britain

The people organized a militia to resist the invasion Led by Santiago de Liniers

Commander of the Spanish fleet that was away during the invasion

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The MilitiaThe Militia Made up mostly of Creoles

8000 + 1000 Spanish from Montevideo

Drove off the British and their fleet The Cabildo refused to let the old viceroy back

Santiago de Liniers was elected as the new Viceroy Revolutionary Act

Great Britain sends a larger fleet 12000 men were defeated Everyone helped in the defeat

Why do we need the Spanish Government? Santiago de Liniers is appointed as the temporary viceroy

Allowed British ships to come in and trade Replacement came and began to enforce the old trade rules People began to make less money

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Independence in La PlataIndependence in La Plata Joseph Bonaparte The people of Buenos Aires were unhappy Mariano Moreno becomes the leader of the cabildo

Convinces the city council to exile the viceroy Wanted La Plata to be independent

Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia

The people knew they could run their own affairs Died in 1811

People in La Plata refused to accept the rule of Buenos Aires Upper Peru was still under Spanish rule

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Page 55: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Jose de San Martin ReturnsJose de San Martin Returns Born in La Plata—returned to Spain at 6 Officer in the Spanish Navy that fought in many

wars 1811 Retired and met with Miranda in London 1812 returned to La Plata The leaders in Buenos Aires wanted to go through

Upper Peru to get to Lima Martin said that it would be easier to liberate Chile First

and then attack Lima by sea.

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Page 56: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

Independence come to ChileIndependence come to Chile San Martin was a tricky man

Pretended to be sick as an excuse to be governor in the province of Cuyo

On the border of Chile Spent two getting troops ready

Sent spies to Chile to find out where the Spanish camps were, how many soldiers, to spread rumors, and try to gain support

Invited the Pehuenche Indians to a meeting Gave them gifts and asked for permission to cross their territory

into Chile

He would cross the Andes over the highest pass and attack from the east

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Page 57: Independence For Latin America 1. Revolutions in America  Plantation  Creoles  Mestizos  Joseph Bonaparte  Cabildos 2

AttackAttack January 18 1817

4000 soldiers, 1000 men, 10600 Mules, 1600 horses, 700 cattle One of the greatest military accomplishments in historyOne of the greatest military accomplishments in history

Crossed the Andes in the shadow of Mt. Aconcagua 4300 mules, 511 horses Had enough supplies to press the attack

The Spanish leaders knew that the attack was coming The didn’t know where though Divided their armies to cover different routes Surprise! Chacabuco

600 men and supplies captured Easy road to Santiago Chile Declares independence on February 12, 1818

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Failure in PeruFailure in Peru Peru was where Spain had its strongest forces

4000 vs 23000 San Martin Hoped the Peruvians would rise up and revolt Peru declares independence July 28, 1821

Bolívar and San Martin Get together San Martin returns to Lima disappointed Resigns and returns to Chile Bolívar completes Peru’s independence

Returned home to find his wife dead Took his young daughter back to Europe Dies in 1850

He and Bolívar both hoped to unite all of Spain’s South American provinces; neither realized achieved dream 62

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Brazil Finds Another WayBrazil Finds Another Way

JoãoExportsImportsPedro

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Brazil Finds Another WayBrazil Finds Another Way Napoleon had begun to conquer Europe.

Marching through Spain tells Portugal to break ties with Great Britain

Told to close their ports to British ships Take all property from British citizens Arrest all British citizens

João didn’t like taking orders from Napoleon João was the king of Portugal Closed the ports but did nothing more

Napoleon invades Portugal When he reaches Lisbon, João boards a British ship and

goes to South America

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The JourneyThe Journey 36 ships All of the royal treasures

Jewels, papers, books, paintings and statues

10,000 people Members of the court

Terrible voyage Ships filled with fleas, rats, and lice Quarters were cramped and smelly

Some of the ships carried 3 times their capacity

Sailing took 2 months Storm

Some of the ships are separated Kings first stop was Salvador da Bahai The people were surprised

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In BahaiIn Bahai No paved streets No hotels or places fit for a king

The king had to stay in the homes of citizens Carlota Lost her hair

Visit by the governor of Bahai Asked him to open Brazil’s ports to international trade João could see that restricting trade was bad for the

economy He immediately opened the ports

Exports increased by 15% Exports—goods that leave a country Imports increased by 50% Imports—goods that come into a country

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Rio becomes an imperial CityRio becomes an imperial City João travels on to Rio de Janeiro.

Made the capital of the Portuguese Empire All Portuguese colonies were ruled from Rio All taxes came to Rio

People came to Rio to be near the court and to do business Population of Rio doubles in 10 years

João ordered that buildings be built to hold the treasures that he had brought with him

Naval and military academy Medical school Fine arts Primary and Secondary schools Printing presses

João encouraged the people to develop industry and agriculture

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Other Changes for BrazilOther Changes for Brazil Government offices were located in Rio

They became familiar with government structure They found that it was easier to get the government

to listen to them and hear what they needed They were also under close observation Many people in João’s court thought that this was a

temporary situation Thought they would return as soon as Europe as soon as

Napoleon was gone Napoleon withdraws in 1808

João loved Rio and had no intentions of leaving 1815 Napoleon suffers defeat at _______

João continued to rule from Rio

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Brazil becomes an empireBrazil becomes an empire João could have stayed in Rio forever

Portugal was undergoing a revolution Wanted to write a new constitution and limit the power of the monarch Demanded the return of João

João takes his court and returns leaving Pedro to rule in his place

Meanwhile the Brazilians were well aware of the other revolutions taking place in Spanish America

Some of the leaders wanted to make Brazil free João knew this and told his son “If Brazil demands independence,

proclaim it yourself, and put the crown on your own head.”

Portugal’s Revolutionary leaders worried that Pedro might make Brazil independent and wanted him to return as well

Pedro tore the Portuguese flag off of his uniform and declared “Independence or Death!”

Some Portuguese tried to defend Brazil for Portugal and they were quickly defeated

Brazil was independent in a nearly bloodless revolution. 70

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Mexico after independenceMexico after independence Caudillo Antonio Lòpez de Santa Anna Benito Juárez Cinco de Mayo Pancho Villa Emiliano Zapata

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Mexico after independenceMexico after independence Independence didn’t solve all of the problems facing

the people in Latin America It was also easier to achieve than stability The countries had trouble establishing stable, trustworthy

governments to replace the Spanish governments Many of the countries had strongmen in power

called caudillos Caudillo-a military dictator in Latin American countries They would fight among themselves until a clear victor

emerged Each Caudillo would rule until another caudillo replaced him.

Class issues also persisted The Creoles refused to treat the Mestizos and Indians as

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Mexico’s Violent HistoryMexico’s Violent History Iturbide

Became the emperor of Mexico and spent all of Mexico’s money

Overthrown Told if he ever returned he would be shot 1824 he returns

The Creoles take over the government The Spanish were gone but the class system still existed The Indians and Mestizos felt like the revolution was only

half complete They wanted equality

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General Santa AnnaGeneral Santa Anna The Creoles were vulnerable to attacks by Caudillos One of the most famous was General Santa Anna

President and ruler of Mexico 11 different times in 30 years.

Santa Anna was a proud man Statues of himself “your most serene highness.” Dishonest and unprincipled

American settlers in Texas demanded independence in 1836 Remember the Alamo

At war with the United States Mexican-Indian War 1846-2848

Lost California, New Mexico and Arizona Weakens Santa Anna and he is overthrown for the last time

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Benito JuárezBenito Juárez Indian Lawyer from southeast Mexico

Very honest, and had sympathy for the poor Strong belief in democracy and freedom of speech

Helped to create Mexico’s constitution of 1857 Became President

Began to work toward reform Forced to leave, returns later Mexico is in serious financial difficulties Mexico stopped paying their debts in 1862 to France,

Great Britain, and Spain France and Britain left Napoleon III ordered his troops to conquer Mexico

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Cinco de mayoCinco de mayo French Troops marched onto Mexico City.

May 5 1862 a small Mexican force won a glorious victory over the much larger French Army near the city of Puebla

One of Mexico’s festive holidays

France still occupied Mexico City Juarez fled to the north

Napoleon III left Maximilian as the emperor of Mexico for three years Pulled the troops out Maximilian is captured, convicted of treason and

executed Constitutional government is restored

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Juárez worked hard to rebuild the country Built schools and roads Did what he could for the poor

Juárez is remembered as a great lawmaker and patriot and as the man who saved Mexico’s independence

Porfirio Diaz 1876-1911 Modernized Mexico Foreigners and wealthy Mexicans benefited from it. Indians sank back into poverty

In the 1910s more revolutions swept through Mexico Revolutionaries wanted to complete the revolution Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata

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Pancho VillaPancho Villa Violent and Brave Helped to topple Diaz from power

Lost faith in the new government Believed that it betrayed the cause of the poor

Became an outlaw and waged war on the new government

Villa’s success is attributed to his amazing knowledge of the land and his use of guerilla tactics

He and his men would stage lightning raids and disappear into the hills

Staged a raid across the border and killed 16 Americans Woodrow Wilson sent out a search expedition Villa was able to disappear into the night

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Emiliano ZapataEmiliano Zapata Guerilla leader from the South of Mexico Mestizo that joined the revolution against Diaz Gave land from the rich and gave it to the poor indians Zapata was an amazing guerilla leader Fought for the revolution and then fought against it when it

didn’t do what it was suppose to do Supported by Pancho Villa Both of them agreed to fight together until their plan was

established They were successful because the fought for the causes of

the poor Land freedom and justice

Zapata was tricked into a meeting with enemies Ambushed and killed 80

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Toward EqualityToward Equality 1920 a new government established law and order

2 million Mexicans died in fighting Deadliest revolution in the Americas

Convinced Pancho Villa to retire His enemies shot him to death

Mexico settled down in the middle of the 20th century

Most Latin American Countries continue to experience the cycle of caudillos, revolution, civil war, and violence

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