AMERICAN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS: REVOLUTIONS: 1810 - PRESENT1810 - PRESENT

THE VARIOUS TYPES THE VARIOUS TYPES

OF MODERN REVOLUTIONSOF MODERN REVOLUTIONS

IN THE AMERICASIN THE AMERICAS

REVOLUTIONARY IDEASREVOLUTIONARY IDEAS RevolutionRevolution

A popular idea, means to an endA popular idea, means to an end A way to restructure societyA way to restructure society

Popular sovereigntyPopular sovereignty Relocating sovereignty in the people Relocating sovereignty in the people Traditional monarchsTraditional monarchs

Claimed a "divine right" to ruleClaimed a "divine right" to rule Derived from God, unquestionableDerived from God, unquestionable Monarch unanswerable to people Monarch unanswerable to people

Constitutional LimitationsConstitutional Limitations Aristocracy, Enlightenment challenged kingAristocracy, Enlightenment challenged king Glorious Revolution of 1688Glorious Revolution of 1688

Made the monarch responsible to the people Made the monarch responsible to the people John Locke's theory of contractual governmentJohn Locke's theory of contractual government Authority comes from the consent of the governedAuthority comes from the consent of the governed

Freedom and equalityFreedom and equality Demands for freedom of worship Demands for freedom of worship Freedom of expression, assembly Freedom of expression, assembly Demands for political and legal equality Demands for political and legal equality

Condemned legal, social privileges of aristocrats Condemned legal, social privileges of aristocrats Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social ContractThe Social Contract

Equality not extended to allEquality not extended to all Women, Peasants, laborers, slaves, or people of colorWomen, Peasants, laborers, slaves, or people of color Originally only extended to tax paying males with education Originally only extended to tax paying males with education

Ideals of Enlightenment were significant global influenceIdeals of Enlightenment were significant global influence

TYPES OF REVOLUTIONSTYPES OF REVOLUTIONS Aristocratic RevolutionAristocratic Revolution

Aristocracy fights to preserve privilegesAristocracy fights to preserve privileges Often against royal absolutismOften against royal absolutism Rarely for other classes rightsRarely for other classes rights Usually ends with constitution, limits on monarchyUsually ends with constitution, limits on monarchy

English Glorious Revolution (1688) is an exampleEnglish Glorious Revolution (1688) is an example

Bourgeois (liberal) RevolutionBourgeois (liberal) Revolution Middle class seeks rights equal to nobilityMiddle class seeks rights equal to nobility

Extension of franchise, ability to hold officeExtension of franchise, ability to hold office Issues of taxation often involvedIssues of taxation often involved Reforms limited, rarely radicalReforms limited, rarely radical Franchise limitedFranchise limited

American (1776)American (1776) French (1789)French (1789) Meiji Restoration (1867)Meiji Restoration (1867)

MASS REVOLUTIONSMASS REVOLUTIONS Glorification of the state or a specific classGlorification of the state or a specific class

Radical lower middle, working classesRadical lower middle, working classes Mass Mobilization by Leading EliteMass Mobilization by Leading Elite All citizens join to achieve endAll citizens join to achieve end Often led by revolutionary eliteOften led by revolutionary elite Uses mass media to function, ruleUses mass media to function, rule

Desire to remake society radicallyDesire to remake society radically Often uses violence as means to endOften uses violence as means to end TypesTypes

Right-wing: Nazi, FascistRight-wing: Nazi, Fascist Centre: PopulistsCentre: Populists Left-wing: CommunistLeft-wing: Communist

REFORMREFORM Often system allowed change without radical means, Often system allowed change without radical means,

violenceviolence Reform was a theme of 1750 – 1914Reform was a theme of 1750 – 1914 Reform movementsReform movements

Increased, responsive democratic representation, Increased, responsive democratic representation, institutionsinstitutions

Expansion of male suffrage was the key issueExpansion of male suffrage was the key issue One of the hallmarks of a democratic societyOne of the hallmarks of a democratic society Very successful in US, Western Europe, British settler colonies, Very successful in US, Western Europe, British settler colonies,

JapanJapan Less so in Latin America, Russia, Eastern Europe, Africa, AsiaLess so in Latin America, Russia, Eastern Europe, Africa, Asia

Abolition of slavery, serfdomAbolition of slavery, serfdom Abolition movement was very successfulAbolition movement was very successful Other forms of coercive labor replaced themOther forms of coercive labor replaced them Racial, social equality did not followRacial, social equality did not follow

Women RightsWomen Rights One goal was full female franchiseOne goal was full female franchise Not achieved until after 1914 but progress Not achieved until after 1914 but progress

Foreign Reform MovementsForeign Reform Movements India Civil Service ActIndia Civil Service Act China Self-StrengtheningChina Self-Strengthening Tanzimat (Turkey)Tanzimat (Turkey) Meiji Reforms (Japan)Meiji Reforms (Japan)

20th CENTURY 20th CENTURY DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONDEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION

Mass Revolution against oppressive Mass Revolution against oppressive statestate

Largely PeacefulLargely Peaceful Mobilizes all classesMobilizes all classes Often religious influenceOften religious influence Opposition often uses violence, terrorOpposition often uses violence, terror Began in India (Gandhi’s non-violence)Began in India (Gandhi’s non-violence) Political philosophy largely democraticPolitical philosophy largely democratic Often not vengeful (no Reign of Terror)Often not vengeful (no Reign of Terror)

HISTORICAL LATIN HISTORICAL LATIN REVOLUTIONSREVOLUTIONS

Aristocratic, BourgeoisAristocratic, Bourgeois Latin American Independence MovementsLatin American Independence Movements Brazil, 1822Brazil, 1822

Mass Mass NationalistNationalist

Haitian, 1800Haitian, 1800 SocialistSocialist

Mexico, 1910Mexico, 1910 Cuba, 1950sCuba, 1950s Nicaragua, 1979Nicaragua, 1979

PopulistPopulist Argentina, 1940sArgentina, 1940s Brazil, 1940sBrazil, 1940s Venezuela, 1990sVenezuela, 1990s

DemocraticDemocratic Argentina, 1980sArgentina, 1980s Chile, 1990sChile, 1990s Mexico, 1990sMexico, 1990s

THE AMERICAN WAR FOR THE AMERICAN WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE:INDEPENDENCE:

DOES IT FIT THE MODEL DOES IT FIT THE MODEL OF A BOURGEOIS OF A BOURGEOIS

REVOLUTION?REVOLUTION?

A CRISIS BUILDS: BRITISH A CRISIS BUILDS: BRITISH ALIENATE AMERICAN COLONIALSALIENATE AMERICAN COLONIALS

French and Indian Wars Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763 Stamp Act; Intolerable Acts Stamp Act; Intolerable Acts The Quebec Act of 1774The Quebec Act of 1774 Mercantilism vs. Free Trade No taxation without representation Enlightenment ideas Sons of Liberty

BRITISH SEEK TO MAINTAIN BRITISH SEEK TO MAINTAIN THE STATUS QUOTHE STATUS QUO

Period lasts from Boston Massacre (1770) through meeting of Continental Congress in Philadelphia and Battles of Lexington and Concord (1775)

New Englanders especially merchants and citizens around Boston are “radicals”

Most of mid-Atlantic states and citizens are moderates/conciliatory.

British colonial bureaucracy and landed aristocracy in the South are conservatives; seek to avert clash by working with Parliament.

British government unwilling to compromise.

COOLER HEADS SEEK TO COOLER HEADS SEEK TO COMPROMISECOMPROMISE

From 1775 to the Declaration of From 1775 to the Declaration of Independence, 1776 through the Independence, 1776 through the Battle of Saratoga, 1777; Battle of Saratoga, 1777;

Colonial moderates attempt Colonial moderates attempt to initiate changes, compromise, to initiate changes, compromise, bargain with the British, Parliament bargain with the British, Parliament

Many colonists, especially in the southern Many colonists, especially in the southern colonies were skeptical about the wisdom colonies were skeptical about the wisdom or potential of success for the revolution.or potential of success for the revolution.

American success at Saratoga, British American success at Saratoga, British actions emboldens patriots; war spreads.actions emboldens patriots; war spreads.

COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE BECOMES COLONIAL GOALBECOMES COLONIAL GOAL

France enters the war (1778) until the end Battle of Yorktown (1783)

Moderate colonials struggling against the more radical elements within the revolutionaries.

British move south into Middle Atlantic and later Deep South; commit many atrocities

War spreads as other Europeans attack UK.

PATRIOTS WIN!PATRIOTS WIN! Look upon Articles of Confederation as

moderate constitution, with which some were not happy. Radicals are represented by people such as Thomas Paine, Sons of Liberty and to a lesser extent Thomas Jefferson. Even federalist ideas are radical.

The radical victories are the Battle of Yorktown and the Treaty of Paris, breaking all ties with England.

AMERICAN REIGN OF TERRORAMERICAN REIGN OF TERROR The radical reign of terror was the

expulsion of the Loyalists to Canada, and the confiscation of their property.

Americans war on pro-British Indians and open western lands to settlement. Begin resettlement of Indians.

Proportionally to French émigrés, who fled/were guillotined, loyalist expulsions and resettlements were greater.

AMERICAN MODERATES AMERICAN MODERATES PREDOMINATEPREDOMINATE

The period from 1781-1789 “United States” governed

by Articles of Confederation. States re-establish many

precolonial social, economic patterns.

Ruling elites based on landed, property wealth, not nobility

Episcopalians predominate (old Church of England)

Many states openly trade with British Radical ideas unpopular

STRONG INSTITUTIONS STRONG INSTITUTIONS STABILIZE REVOLUTIONSTABILIZE REVOLUTION

Calling of the Constitution Convention in Calling of the Constitution Convention in 1787 was reaction to weaknesses in 1787 was reaction to weaknesses in Articles of Confederation. Many people Articles of Confederation. Many people upset by moderate restoration because it upset by moderate restoration because it was not working. US Constitution was was not working. US Constitution was coup d’etat.coup d’etat.

Rise of federalist idea with strong central Rise of federalist idea with strong central government instead of a confederation is government instead of a confederation is the consolidation of a “strong leader”the consolidation of a “strong leader”

George Washington as a national military George Washington as a national military leader, who can calm rebellions and leader, who can calm rebellions and unite the people, are the synthesis unite the people, are the synthesis period of the revolution represented in period of the revolution represented in one man.one man.

THE FIRST LATIN THE FIRST LATIN AMERICAN AMERICAN

REVOLUTIONSREVOLUTIONS What model does each revolution fit?What model does each revolution fit?

HAITIAN REVOLUTIONHAITIAN REVOLUTION Saint-DomingueSaint-Domingue

Rich French colony on western Hispaniola Rich French colony on western Hispaniola Society dominated by small white planter class Society dominated by small white planter class 90 percent of population were slaves 90 percent of population were slaves Horrendous working conditions Horrendous working conditions Large communities of escaped slaves (maroons) Large communities of escaped slaves (maroons) Ideas of Enlightenment reached educated blacksIdeas of Enlightenment reached educated blacks Free blacks fought in American warFree blacks fought in American war

Widespread discontentWidespread discontent White settlers sought self-governanceWhite settlers sought self-governance Gens de couleurGens de couleur sought political rights sought political rights Slaves wanted freedomSlaves wanted freedom

Slave revolt began in 1791 Slave revolt began in 1791 Factions of white settlers, Factions of white settlers, gens de couleurgens de couleur, slaves battled each other , slaves battled each other French troops arrived in 1792; British, Spanish intervened in 1793French troops arrived in 1792; British, Spanish intervened in 1793 Slaves conquer whole island including Spanish partSlaves conquer whole island including Spanish part Whites driven into exile, executedWhites driven into exile, executed

Toussaint Louverture (1744-1803) Toussaint Louverture (1744-1803) Son of slaves, literate, son of EnlightenmentSon of slaves, literate, son of Enlightenment Skilled organizer, built strong, disciplined army Skilled organizer, built strong, disciplined army

Controlled most of Saint-Domingue by 1797Controlled most of Saint-Domingue by 1797 Created a constitution in 1801 Created a constitution in 1801

Arrested by French troops; died in jail, 1803Arrested by French troops; died in jail, 1803 Haiti Haiti

Yellow fever ravaged French troops; defeated, driven out by slave armies Yellow fever ravaged French troops; defeated, driven out by slave armies Declared independence in 1803; republic established in 1804Declared independence in 1803; republic established in 1804 Civil War followed until 1810; kingdom to 1820Civil War followed until 1810; kingdom to 1820 Dominican Republic independent in 1844Dominican Republic independent in 1844

INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICAINDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA Latin American society rigidly hierarchical Latin American society rigidly hierarchical

Social classes: Social classes: peninsularespeninsulares, creoles, mestizos, slaves, indigenous peoples , creoles, mestizos, slaves, indigenous peoples Creoles sought to displace the Creoles sought to displace the peninsularespeninsulares but retain their privileged position but retain their privileged position Mestizos form the largest part of population, wanted rights Mestizos form the largest part of population, wanted rights

Mexican independence Mexican independence Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1807 weakened royal control of colonies Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1807 weakened royal control of colonies 1810: peasant revolt in Mexico led by Hidalgo, defeated by conservative creoles 1810: peasant revolt in Mexico led by Hidalgo, defeated by conservative creoles 1821: Mexico briefly a military dictatorship, then in 1822 a republic 1821: Mexico briefly a military dictatorship, then in 1822 a republic

Southern Viceroyalty of New Spain split into several independent states in Southern Viceroyalty of New Spain split into several independent states in 1830s1830s

Simon Bolivar to 1822Simon Bolivar to 1822 Led independence movement in South America Led independence movement in South America Inspired by George Washington, took arms against Spanish rule in 1811 Inspired by George Washington, took arms against Spanish rule in 1811 Creole forces overcame Spanish armies throughout South America, 1824 Creole forces overcame Spanish armies throughout South America, 1824 Bolivar's effort of creating the Gran Colombia failed in 1830sBolivar's effort of creating the Gran Colombia failed in 1830s

Jose de San Martin to 1825Jose de San Martin to 1825 Led independence movements in Bolivia, Argentina, ChileLed independence movements in Bolivia, Argentina, Chile United efforts with BolivarUnited efforts with Bolivar

Brazilian independence Brazilian independence Portuguese royal court fled to Rio de Janeiro, 1807Portuguese royal court fled to Rio de Janeiro, 1807 Brazil declared a separate kingdom during exilel Brazil declared a separate kingdom during exilel The king's son, Pedro, agreed to Brazilian independence, 1821 The king's son, Pedro, agreed to Brazilian independence, 1821 Became Emperor Pedro I in the independent Brazil (reigned 1822-1834)Became Emperor Pedro I in the independent Brazil (reigned 1822-1834)

Creole dominance in Latin America Creole dominance in Latin America Independence brought little social change in Latin America Independence brought little social change in Latin America Principal beneficiaries were creole elitesPrincipal beneficiaries were creole elites Creole elite merged with peninsulares to rule Latin AmericaCreole elite merged with peninsulares to rule Latin America Mestizos acquired some benefits, Indians/blacks marginalizedMestizos acquired some benefits, Indians/blacks marginalized

Caribbean remained largely under European controlCaribbean remained largely under European control

THE NEW AMERICAN MAPTHE NEW AMERICAN MAP

LATIN AMERICALATIN AMERICA Old Problems confront new realitiesOld Problems confront new realities

Leaders came from Enlightenment: spoke of equality, freedomLeaders came from Enlightenment: spoke of equality, freedom No allowance freedom of religionNo allowance freedom of religion Slavery ended but not exploitation of poor, IndiansSlavery ended but not exploitation of poor, Indians Equality was too threatening to eliteEquality was too threatening to elite Democracy uncommon, rich men votedDemocracy uncommon, rich men voted Old color distinctions did not disappear rapidly, easily, or at allOld color distinctions did not disappear rapidly, easily, or at all

Political fragmentation Political fragmentation Political instability after independence Political instability after independence

Creole leaders ruled but had little experience with self-government Creole leaders ruled but had little experience with self-government White minority dominated politicsWhite minority dominated politics Peasant majority was without power Peasant majority was without power

Political instability aggravated by division among elitesPolitical instability aggravated by division among elites Constant argument between centralizing and federalizing pressuresConstant argument between centralizing and federalizing pressures

Conflicts between farmers, ranchers, indigenous peoples common Conflicts between farmers, ranchers, indigenous peoples common Intense fighting in Argentina, Chile; modern weapons against native peoples Intense fighting in Argentina, Chile; modern weapons against native peoples Colonists had pacified most productive land by 1870sColonists had pacified most productive land by 1870s

Caudillos, Caudillism, Caudillos, Caudillism, Politics and the ChurchPolitics and the Church Military leaders who held power after revolutionary eraMilitary leaders who held power after revolutionary era

Used military to seize power, stay in control; interested only in power for own sakeUsed military to seize power, stay in control; interested only in power for own sake Opposed liberalizing effects; often made alliances with aristocratic elites, land ownersOpposed liberalizing effects; often made alliances with aristocratic elites, land owners

Ruled through the church and opposed an secularization, reform of society Ruled through the church and opposed an secularization, reform of society Mexico: war and reform from 1821-1911 Mexico: war and reform from 1821-1911

Shifted from monarchy to republic to Shifted from monarchy to republic to caudillocaudillo rule rule La Reforma: La Reforma: liberal movement in 1850s led by President Benito Juarez liberal movement in 1850s led by President Benito Juarez Granted universal male suffrage; limited power of priests and military Granted universal male suffrage; limited power of priests and military Reforms strongly opposed by landowning elitesReforms strongly opposed by landowning elites

MEXICAN REVOLUTION MEXICAN REVOLUTION WAS IT BOURGEOIS OR WAS IT BOURGEOIS OR

AN EXAMPLE OF A MASS AN EXAMPLE OF A MASS 2020THTH REVOLUTION? REVOLUTION?

DIAZ LOSES CONTROLDIAZ LOSES CONTROL Porfirio Diaz’s Dictatorship

President for life Centralized bureaucracy Conciliatory towards church Appropriated Indian communal lands Favored large landowners Impoverished peasants, debt peonage Limited participation by small middle

class Many rebellions by peasants, Indians

Encouraged foreign investment Development of wealth for export Resources owned by foreigners

DIAZ SEEKS TO MAINTAIN DIAZ SEEKS TO MAINTAIN

THE STATUS QUOTHE STATUS QUO Many Opponents to Rule

Parties organized to oppose Diaz Workers protest labor conditions Madero runs for presidency

Diaz negates election Imprisons Madero Opposes changes Reaffirms status quo

EARLY REVOLUTIONEARLY REVOLUTION 1907 Economic Depression1907 Economic Depression 1910 Revolt1910 Revolt

Country run by elitesCountry run by elites Corrupt governmentCorrupt government Weakened militaryWeakened military Prosperity benefits small middle classProsperity benefits small middle class Modern economy but few own mostModern economy but few own most Impoverished countryside, revoltsImpoverished countryside, revolts Discontent among elite, middle classDiscontent among elite, middle class

Massive social revolutionMassive social revolution Madero revolt overthrews DiazMadero revolt overthrews Diaz

REACTION TO MODERATESREACTION TO MODERATES Liberal Madero as president, 1910 – 1913

Opposes land reform Political reforms antagonize military, US

Zapata’s Plan de Ayala All land, waters, woods back to the hacendados In regions he controls, returns lands

1913 Military Rebellion Attacks National Palace Military with US support arrests Madero murdered Installs Huerta as president

RADICAL REACTIONRADICAL REACTION Revolutionary Forces unite

Zapata, Villa, Carranza, Obregon Revolt against Huerta

1914: Vera Cruz Incident Mexicans arrest US sailors US bombards Veracruz Huerta resigns after election due to US pressure

Constitutionalist army takes Mexico City Carranza becomes president

Zapata, Villa depose president Institute a radical system of changes

MEXICAN CIVIL WARMEXICAN CIVIL WAR 1915 Civil War as Reign of Terror

Country divided into warring provincesCountry divided into warring provinces Competing policiesCompeting policies Murders, assassinations, brutalityMurders, assassinations, brutality

Constitutionalists under Carranza Constitutionalists under Carranza Army seizes Mexico CityArmy seizes Mexico City Constitutionalists occupy YucatanConstitutionalists occupy Yucatan

Ends debt peonageEnds debt peonage Mobilized workers, peasants for revolutionMobilized workers, peasants for revolution

Villa defeated by Constitutionalist ArmyVilla defeated by Constitutionalist Army Villa raids US after US supports CarranzaVilla raids US after US supports Carranza

MODERATES PREDOMINATEMODERATES PREDOMINATE End of War as Moderate victory

1917 Constitution Advanced nationalist, radical views Universal male suffrage (hostile to women) Power, property of Church restricted Free, secular, obligatory primary education Returned lands seized illegally Curbed foreign ownership 8 hour work day Minimum wage Strikes legal

STABILIZED REVOLUTIONSTABILIZED REVOLUTION Carranza elected president

Swung revolution to far-right Nationalist favoring elite ideologies

Opposed education Opposed land reform Suppressed workers’ unions, revolts

1919 – 1924 Zapata captured, killed New leaders oppose Carranza Generals stage coup, kill Carranza Frequent revolts, assassinations

Rise of Calles as strong man Ruled Mexico directly, indirectly for a decade Ruled through military, provincial allies He picked presidential candidates Put down Catholic revolt (Cristeros) Nationalized Church property Institutes some reforms

2020thth CENTURY MASS CENTURY MASS REVOLUTIONSREVOLUTIONS

Where these revolutions examples Where these revolutions examples of mass, nationalist revolutions or of mass, nationalist revolutions or Communist revolutions?Communist revolutions?

ANTECEDENTSANTECEDENTS The Foreign FactorThe Foreign Factor

Europeans, Americans heavily invested in AmericasEuropeans, Americans heavily invested in Americas Foreigners controlled much of the investments, developmentsForeigners controlled much of the investments, developments US, UK were the two biggest sources of export capitalUS, UK were the two biggest sources of export capital

Marxism in Latin AmericaMarxism in Latin America Traditionally arises in an urban, industrialized societyTraditionally arises in an urban, industrialized society 1919thth Century Latin America Century Latin America

Did not industrialized until 20Did not industrialized until 20thth century century Did not strongly urbanize until the 20Did not strongly urbanize until the 20thth century century

Industrialization and the Working ClassesIndustrialization and the Working Classes Export industries led to rise of working classExport industries led to rise of working class Commercial export farming increasingly mechanizedCommercial export farming increasingly mechanized Mexico under Diaz was first to really changeMexico under Diaz was first to really change World Wars I and II saw rise of modern industries, working classesWorld Wars I and II saw rise of modern industries, working classes

Local SocietiesLocal Societies Local elites controlled countries’ political structuresLocal elites controlled countries’ political structures Military repression used to maintain controlMilitary repression used to maintain control Existing governments failed to reformExisting governments failed to reform Working class, urban poor, peasants, farmers marginalizedWorking class, urban poor, peasants, farmers marginalized

POPULISMPOPULISM Defined Defined

Political doctrine that aims to defend the interests of the common people Political doctrine that aims to defend the interests of the common people against an entrenched, self-serving or corrupt elite. against an entrenched, self-serving or corrupt elite.

The two types are agrarian and political populismThe two types are agrarian and political populism Opposed toOpposed to

CorporationsCorporations Foreign control of country’s economyForeign control of country’s economy CorruptionCorruption Traditional elites including the churchTraditional elites including the church

SupportSupport Poor people of the countryPoor people of the country Support often regionalSupport often regional Support limited to one classSupport limited to one class

TacticsTactics Anti-regimeAnti-regime Sometimes turns right-wingSometimes turns right-wing Sometimes becomes nationalisticSometimes becomes nationalistic Often led by a charismatic leaderOften led by a charismatic leader Support massive industrialization, land reformSupport massive industrialization, land reform Tend to tax wealth, nationalize industries, and borrow heavilyTend to tax wealth, nationalize industries, and borrow heavily

EXAMPLES OF POPULISMEXAMPLES OF POPULISM Paraguay’s Paraguay’s

De Francia, 1820s – 1840sDe Francia, 1820s – 1840s Mexico’s Mexico’s

Cardenas, 1930s – 1940sCardenas, 1930s – 1940s Brazil’s Brazil’s

Vargas 1930s to 1960sVargas 1930s to 1960s Argentina’s Argentina’s

Peron 1940s – 1950s Peron 1940s – 1950s Guatemala’s Guatemala’s

Albeniz, 1954Albeniz, 1954 Venezuela’s Venezuela’s

Hugo Chavez 1990s – PresentHugo Chavez 1990s – Present Mexico’s Mexico’s

Obrador, 2006Obrador, 2006

CUBACUBA Cuba 1898 to 1959Cuba 1898 to 1959

Independent but clearly under US controlIndependent but clearly under US control Platt Amendment makes it a US ProtectoratePlatt Amendment makes it a US Protectorate Run by Cuba landed, propertied elitesRun by Cuba landed, propertied elites US monitors constantlyUS monitors constantly US base in GuantanamoUS base in Guantanamo

Bautista Bautista American supported dictatorAmerican supported dictator Reform failedReform failed Wealth concentrated in a few handsWealth concentrated in a few hands Majority of population young, rural, poorMajority of population young, rural, poor 40% of population African descent and marginalized40% of population African descent and marginalized

Fidel CastroFidel Castro Leads guerrilla movement in the Sierra Madre MountainsLeads guerrilla movement in the Sierra Madre Mountains Eventually wins civil war and enters Havana in 1959Eventually wins civil war and enters Havana in 1959

Leads Leads Cancels promised electionsCancels promised elections Expropriates foreign propertiesExpropriates foreign properties Kills or exiles political enemiesKills or exiles political enemies US imposes trade embargoUS imposes trade embargo

Soviets step in with massive aid, gain foothold off US shoresSoviets step in with massive aid, gain foothold off US shores

CUBA & THE COMMUNISTSCUBA & THE COMMUNISTS Castro and USSRCastro and USSR

Declares allegiance to Soviet foreign policy, 1960Declares allegiance to Soviet foreign policy, 1960 Russian advisors arriveRussian advisors arrive Troops arm, train Cuban armed forcesTroops arm, train Cuban armed forces

Bay of PigsBay of Pigs CIA works to topple Castro’s regimeCIA works to topple Castro’s regime

CIA send 1,500 Cubans into Bay of Pigs CIA send 1,500 Cubans into Bay of Pigs Hopes to spur revolutionHopes to spur revolution American Air support does not appearAmerican Air support does not appear Force destroyed in 3 daysForce destroyed in 3 days

US embarrassmentUS embarrassment Castro begins to align economy, society with Castro begins to align economy, society with

USSRUSSR

CUBA & THE WORLDCUBA & THE WORLD Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

October 1962October 1962 Soviets assemble missiles in CubaSoviets assemble missiles in Cuba Missles can reach USMissles can reach US

Kennedy publicly challenges USSRKennedy publicly challenges USSR Imposes naval blockade around CubaImposes naval blockade around Cuba Quarantines CubaQuarantines Cuba

Soviets concedeSoviets concede US guarantees non-interferenceUS guarantees non-interference

Cuba outside of CubaCuba outside of Cuba Supports revolutionary movements in AfricaSupports revolutionary movements in Africa Supports revolutionary movements in Latin Supports revolutionary movements in Latin

AmericaAmerica

NICARAGUAN REVOLUTIONNICARAGUAN REVOLUTION Civil war in Nicaragua, 1920sCivil war in Nicaragua, 1920s

US supports Anastacio Somoza Garcia (1896-1956)US supports Anastacio Somoza Garcia (1896-1956) Augusto César Sandino leads opposition to USAugusto César Sandino leads opposition to US Somoza assassinates Sandino in 1934Somoza assassinates Sandino in 1934 Maintains good relations with USMaintains good relations with US Rules country as US puppet, caudilloRules country as US puppet, caudillo Owns all means of productionOwns all means of production

1970s1970s Sandinista Guerrilla movementSandinista Guerrilla movement Influenced by Castro, communismInfluenced by Castro, communism Wins newest civil war and established Sandinista Wins newest civil war and established Sandinista

rulerule Marxist Nicaragua 1980sMarxist Nicaragua 1980s

USA supports Contras, anti-communist forcesUSA supports Contras, anti-communist forces Country supports land reform but not totalitarianCountry supports land reform but not totalitarian

DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONSDEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS Military Rule vs. Constitutional RuleMilitary Rule vs. Constitutional Rule

Latin America tended to rely on military ruleLatin America tended to rely on military rule Often anti-communist, anti-reform, pro-ChurchOften anti-communist, anti-reform, pro-Church Strongly supported by USA, American businessesStrongly supported by USA, American businesses

1980s1980s Democratic movements strong, activeDemocratic movements strong, active Middle class increasingly involved Middle class increasingly involved Poorer elements radicalizePoorer elements radicalize Active opposition to dictators in Chile, ArgentinaActive opposition to dictators in Chile, Argentina Opposition to ChurchOpposition to Church

Liberation Theology, PentecostalsLiberation Theology, Pentecostals Opposition to the USOpposition to the US

Peru, Guatemala, Venezuela, EcuadorPeru, Guatemala, Venezuela, Ecuador VictoriesVictories

Free elections in MexicoFree elections in Mexico Peaceful revolutions oust dictators in Chile, ArgentinaPeaceful revolutions oust dictators in Chile, Argentina Today Democratic regimes strong in regionToday Democratic regimes strong in region

Democracy not always pro-US, but often pro-business, reformDemocracy not always pro-US, but often pro-business, reform

OTHER REVOLUTIONSOTHER REVOLUTIONS Application and Evaluation LevelApplication and Evaluation Level

Does the Industrial Revolution conform Does the Industrial Revolution conform to the model? If so, how?to the model? If so, how?

Should the Industrial Revolution be Should the Industrial Revolution be studied with political revolutions?studied with political revolutions?

What other 19What other 19thth and 20 and 20thth century century revolutions should we include in our revolutions should we include in our study?study?

Synthesis LevelSynthesis Level Create eight slides based on this format Create eight slides based on this format

on one of the revolutions in your packet. on one of the revolutions in your packet.

ELECTRONIC LINKSELECTRONIC LINKS Internet History Sourcebooks Internet History Sourcebooks

ProjectProject http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/

Latin American RevolutionsLatin American Revolutions http://www.uoregon.edu/~caguirre/revolhttp://www.uoregon.edu/~caguirre/revol

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