AP World History

1750 – 1914 Overview

(Long Century)

Three Things to Remember Industrialization caused true world-wide

interdependence. Intensification of core-periphery concept

Populations grew and people moved from the country into the cities to work in factories.

Women gained some economic opportunities with the rise of factory work, but they did not gain political or economic parity.

Three more things to Remember

Western culture influenced Asia and Africa, especially because of imperialism

Rise of the Proletariat as a social force

Revolutions were inspired because of the Enlightenment ideals of the social contract and natural rights.

The Bookends 1750- beginning of industrialization with

the water frame in Manchester England 1776-First enlightenment revolution. 1800’s nationalism 1800’s Imperialism 1860 Emancipation of serfs and slaves 1914 Eve of World War One

Agrarian Revolution

1701 – Jethro Tull’s

Seed Drill (followed by

tools for reaping and

chemical fertilizers)

1720s Good Weather in England

1600s Enclosure Mvmt. – by 1700s more popular in England

1730 – Townshend suggest clover for crop rotation (no longer fallow)

Food Surplus

Landless Farmers – need new job and

new home (move to cities)

New High Yield

Crops – potatoes,

corn; turnips and

beets

First vs. Second Industrial Revolutions First Industrial Revolution – (1750-1850) new

agricultural methods, textiles, railroads, iron, and coal.

Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914) – steel, chemicals, electricity, telephone, automobile and petroleum (Whitney – standardized parts)

Industrial Revolution Shift from Cottage/Domestic

Industry to Factory System. Started with Textiles Urbanization Rise of new labor system – women

and child labor Rise of new energy source – coal,

steam engine (Watt 1782), electricity

Rise of imperialism Rise of transportation systems –

canals, railroads, automobiles, airplanes

Art – realism/romanticism

Reasons Why Reasons Why England England

Industrialized Industrialized FirstFirst Good Harbors

Natural Supply of Coal and Iron Loose gov’t regulations (laissez-

faire – Wealth of Nations – Adam Smith 1776) with political stability

Population doubles in 18thc. – large body of low-wage workers and steady supply of consumers

Religious toleration – Quakers could not gain political positions but could acquire wealth

Increase in capital due to farming – Central bank since 1694 that encouraged flow of money (lower interest rates than elsewhere in period)

Lots of maritime trade already – 18th century height of Atlantic slave trade (will end in 1807); Ready market in US

Transportation

Suez canal opened in 1869; Erie in 1825)

Stephenson, Stephenson, RocketRocket, 1830, 1830

Fulton, steamboat, 1807Fulton, steamboat, 1807Daimler, internal combustion Daimler, internal combustion engine – 1885 (Ford – engine – 1885 (Ford – assembly assembly lineline 1905 – Model T) 1905 – Model T)Wright, airplane, 1903Wright, airplane, 1903

Labor Changes Combinations Acts in 1799 outlawed labor

unions. Authors like Charles Dickens favored labor

reform – Bleak House Factory Act (1833) – children under age of 9

could not work in textile mills, children under 12 no more than 9 hours

Karl Marx & Frederick Engle – Communist Manifesto 1848 – proletariat rise up against bourgeoisie

Demographic and Environmental Changes End slave labor Population Increases (food/health) 1848 Potato Famine Migrations Pollution – Factories Urbanization

Changes in Social and Gender Structure Emancipation of Serfs

(Alexander II) and Slaves (Lincoln) (1860s)

Founder – Mary Wolstonecraft – English writer - A Vindication of the Rights of Women – 1792

1848 – Seneca Falls, NY – Women Suffragist (Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton) held convention created Declaration of Sentiments

Increased birth control in European world.

Social StructurePost-Industrial Europe

Industrial Tycoons & Bankers

Doctors, lawyers

Artisans, Clerks

Laborers – Factories & Farms

The Spread of Industrialization Germany replaces Britain as industrial leader Russia under guidance of Sergei Witte, after their loss to

combined European powers in Crimean War –technological and military backwardness – especially in railroads (tran-Siberian railroad) link with Asia (completed 1904)

Japan guided by the imperial government – after seeing the “colonization” of nearby China and SE Asia – wants to avoid this – so creates a modernization (Meiji Restoration) – opens up ports, colonizes Chinese and Russian territories (Manchuria and Korea) – highly militarized, technological schools, banks, etc.

Egypt – Muhammad Ali (Ottoman Ruler) – improve communication, factories for cloth, refined sugar, and glass – turns to commercial agriculture – forced village farmers to leave plots to work on commercial plantations = cash crop (hint – never good for the overall economy)

Spain and Austria-Hungary – still left out – due to geographic constraints of mountains – not good for factories or communication.

Practice Questions 2007 – 26, 28, 29, 55, 58 2002 – 60, 63 New – 24, 25, 26, 43, 52 Old – 24, 27, 58

Rise of “isms” Liberalism vs. Conservatism

American Revolution French Revolution 1848 Revolutions Latin American Revolutions Chinese Revolution Russian Revolution (1905)

Nationalism Creation of Italy Creation of Germany Break-up of Austria-Hungary Balkan – Pan-Slavism Break-up of Ottoman Empire “Sick Man of Europe”

Socialism

Enlightenment vs. Congress of Vienna 1814

American Revolution - 1776 American colonists resisted Britain's new

taxes (Stamp Act) after the French and Indian War ended in 1763 and stopping America’s Manifest Destiny

Declaration of Independence in 1776 – modeled after Locke’s natural rights

Americans assisted by French US Constitution 1781

French Revolution – 1879-1805

Causes – inequality of Estates General (3rd estate had to pay taxes), bread famine, expenses of Louis XVI and Antoinette – Versailles, wars (American Rev), Enlightenment – Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau

Moderate – National Assembly Created (Tennis Court Oath – Declaration of Rights of Man)

Radical – Reign of Terror w/guillotine, Committee of Public Safety w/the Jacobin Robespierre

Moderate – Directory Leader – Napoleon

Bonaparte (Civil Code, education, Grand Empire – stopped by Russian’s scorched earth and Waterloo)

Latin AmericanCause

1. Growing sense of national identity – same as US2. Local resentment of Spanish/Portuguese economic policies – same as US3. Frustration of American born Creole upper and middle class4. Spark/catalyst was Napoleon’s conquest of Spain

Haiti – Toussaint L’Ouverture (1803) – slave uprising

Columbia – Simon Bolivar

Mexico – 1810/1910 (Hidalgo – priest stirred mestizos; Morelos, landed elite led by caudillos abusive under Porfirio Diaz, Emiliano Zapata demands land redistribution – constitution in 1917

To the Barracades

Revolution, Again!!

To the Barracades

Revolution, Again!!

Workers, students and some of the middle class call for a Republic!

1848 Revolutions in France result of worsening economic conditions (like potato famine) – will spark

revolutions in Poland, Switzerland, and Austria

(only England and Russia not touched)

Terrible June DaysOf 1848

3000 People Died

Chinese Revolution - 1912 Causes: discontent of peasants with Qing’s losses in

Opium War and Sino-Japanese (1895) with Taiping and later Boxer Rebellions (1900); spread of reform ideas among Western-educated Chinese

Self-Strengthening Movement Dowager Empress Cixi - Opposed all reform – pro-

Western treason Sun Yat-sen – father of modern China

Three Principles of the People1. Constitutional democracy2. No Foreigners3. State control over essential industries

Results - Chiang Kai-shek leads nationalist republic (Kuomintang) in civil war against communist Mao

Congress of Vienna - 1814 Metternich Maintain

balance of power (buffer state) Concert of Europe

Restrain liberalism (Quadruple Alliance)

German Nationalism Zollverein Frankfort Assembly (1848) Otto von Bismarck (Iron

Chancellor) - 1860s-70s Militarism Favored monarchy Realpolitik – Denmark,

Austrian, Franco-Prussian War (1870 – faked EMS telegram); Triple Alliance

Kulturkampf

Italian Unification Mazzini – Young Italy

(carbonari) Cavour – North Italy

(favored Victor Emmanuel II) w/plebiscites

Garibaldi – Red Shirts

Austrian EmpireMultinational state of 11 ethnically distinct

peoples – Germans, Czechs, Hungarians (Magyars), Slovaks, Romanians, Serbians, and Italians.

Hungary and Bohemia want own legislature and national army

Demand for a liberal constitution

Ottoman Empire Greek Revolution

1820s Crimean War 1854 Independence of

Balkan Region “Powder Keg of Europe” (spreading influence of Austria-Hungary will create WWI) Pan-Slavism

Practice Questions 2007 – 30, 56, 59, 62 2002 – 23, 33, 58, 59, 62, 64 New – 10, 11, 23, 38, 45, 46, 56, 61 Old – 25, 28, 30, 46, 57

IndustrialRevolutionIndustrialRevolution

Source forRaw

Materials

Source forRaw

Materials

Markets forFinishedGoods

Markets forFinishedGoods

EuropeanNationalismEuropean

Nationalism

MissionaryActivity

MissionaryActivity

Military& NavalBases

Military& NavalBases

EuropeanMotives

For Colonization

EuropeanMotives

For Colonization

Places toDump

Unwanted/Excess Popul.

Places toDump

Unwanted/Excess Popul.

Soc. & Eco.Opportunities

Soc. & Eco.Opportunities

HumanitarianReasons

HumanitarianReasons

EuropeanRacism

EuropeanRacism

“WhiteMan’s

Burden”

“WhiteMan’s

Burden”

SocialDarwinism

SocialDarwinism

African Imperialism - Causes “Humanitarian” – Queen Victoria sponsored

Livingstone’s missionary work, Kipling’s White Man’s Burden (social-Darwinian bias)

Raw Materials – gold, rubber (Congo), cotton (Egypt), palm oil

Nationalism – Scramble for Africa (no longer expansion in Europe due to Congress of Vienna)

Military Bases Capabilities – quinine, cartography, maxim

machine gun, steam ships, telegraph

Imperialism & National Rivalries

Imperial ConflictsScramble for Africa Cecil Rhodes – de

Beer’s Mining Company / Cape to Cairo Railroad.

Boer War – 1899-1902 (established apartheid to appease Dutch farmers)

Moroccan Resistance to France

King Leopold’s abuse of natives in Congo

Berlin Conference - 1885 Called for

by Otto von Bismarck

Threat of King Leopold’s Congo

No Natives

British East India Company

•Took advantage of religious conflicts of Hindus and Muslims.•Founded in 1600 to sell Indian products such as cotton, silk, sugar and jute•1756 – Robert Clive raised an army of native soldiers (sepoys) to support gov’ts favorable to British East India Company.

•“Commercial Colonialism” – controlled foreign trade and used native army to keep local rulers in power.

Sepoy Mutiny - 1857

Rumor Started: The rifle cartridges that were distributed to the Sepoys (bitten to remove a cover before being inserted into a gun) had been greased with beef and pork fat.

Muslim Sepoys who were not supposed to consume pork, and the Hindu Sepoys who were not supposed to eat beef.

Direct Colony –•Modern system of progressive secondary education (to train Indian civil servants), •Improved health care•economic reforms (irrigation, railroads, tea and jute plantations),•creation of unified and powerful state.•End suttees

Raj—term for British rule over India, lasts from 1757to 1947

Negative Impacts of colonization on India

British hold much of political and economic power Cash crops result in loss of self-sufficiency,

famine Indian life disrupted by missionaries and racist

attitudes British textile industry puts out of work native

industry Zamindar system of tax collection is corrupt Fails to bring benefits of modern science and

technology

Reforms – INC by Nehru and Gandhi – 1885; Muslim League 1905

Spheres of Influence in China 1700s – unfavorable

balance of trade, one city Canton open, 1793 Lord Macartney attempted open

Imported Opium, Manchus forbid it

1839 – Opium War – British won due to better technology

1842 Treat of Nanjing (unequal) – open ports, extraterritoriality, Hong Kong to England, reparations

Warlords negotiate spheres of influence

American – Open Door Policy

Resistance – Taiping and Boxer Rebellion

Japan’s Reaction Commodore Matthew Perry – 1853 Treaty of Kanagawa Meiji Restoration - (1868-1912);

Sat-Cho Alliance removes shogun, restores emperor Westernizes – Bismarckian Diet

established, abolish feudalism and caste

Modernizes – zaibatsu, militarism

Colonizes – Sino-Japanese & Russo-Japanese War (1905)

Red – EnglandPink – FrenchGreen – DutchYellow - US

US Imperialism- Monroe Doctrine- Manifest Destiny (Gold Rush)- Dollar Diplomacy- Spanish American War - 1898

Comparisons Industrial revolution in western Europe and Japan

(causes and early phases) Revolutions (American, French, Haitian,

Mexican, and Chinese) Reaction to foreign domination in Ottomans

empire, China, India and Japan.

Comparisons Nationalism

Forms of intervention in 19th century Latin America and Africa

Roles and conditions of upper/ middle versus working/ peasant class women in western Europe

Conclusions What are the global processes that are at

play? Which have intensified? Diminished? Predict how the events of the 19th century

are a natural culmination of earlier developments.

Speculate what historical events in the 19th century would have most surprised historians of earlier eras.

Practice Questions 2007 – 25, 27, 31, 57, 60, 61, 63 2002 – 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 61 New – 51, 55, 57, 59, 63, 64 Old – 29, 47, 59, 60, 68

Details- Cultural and Intellectual expressions

African and Asian influences of European art.

Western intellectual thought- especially science and the enlightenment- were highly influential to Asian and African areas.

Traditional religious teachings continue to be influential and often form the backbone to anti-imperial activities.

Details- Function and Structures of States

Enlightenment said that the government was needed to be responsive to the people (at least to males with property)

Some new nation states experimented with democratic ideals (U.S. France, Britain)

Land-based empires (coercive tribute states) continued to enforce absolute rule and resisted enlightenment ideas.

Latin America co-opted the ideas, but usually just as justification for maintaining Creole power.

Core-Periphery Again! European states- especially Britain,

Germany, France and the Netherlands become cores. They conquer colonies

Old Core regions fall to the semi-periphery (China) or the periphery(India and West Asia) as they become suppliers of raw materials

Russia and Japan rise to semi-peripheral regions

Latin America and Africa remain Peripheral areas

Changes and Continuities Change: Industrialization changed almost

everything- the way people worked, lived, traveled, related to their families and communicated.

Change: rise of the middle class and new governmental structures

Continuity: Religion continues to be a force for conservatism

Continuity: Patriarchal gender structure remains