animal structure
DESCRIPTION
Animal Structure. & Function. Chapter 40. Anatomy: The study if the structure of an organism Physiology: The study of the function an organism performs. Form relates to function. Physical Laws Constrain Animal Form Hydrodynamics Gas exchange Diffusion (lg s.a. to vol. ratio). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Anatomy:The study if the structure of an organism
Physiology: The study of the function an organism performs
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Form relates to function
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Physical Laws Constrain Animal Form
• Hydrodynamics
• Gas exchange Diffusion (lg s.a. to vol. ratio)
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Fusiform Shape and StreamliningEvolutionary Convergence
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Fig. 40-3
Exchange
0.15 mm
(a) Single cell
1.5 mm
(b) Two layers of cells
Exchange
Exchange
Mouth
Gastrovascularcavity
Exchange within the environment
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Internal exchange surfaces in complex animals
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carbonatom
organ system
DNA molecule
organelle celltissue
organ
organismpopulationcommunity
ecosystem
biosphere
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Major Tissue Types• Epithelial Tissue• Connective Tissue• Muscle Tissue• Nervous Tissue
Tissues are groups of cells with a common function.
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Epithelia comes in 2 forms:1. Glandular epithelia 2. Membranous epithelia
Functions:• Protection• Absorption• Filtration• Excretion• Secretion• Sensory reception
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• Ducted glands • Most have supportive connective tissue,
secretory unit, blood supply, nerves• Ex. pancreas, sweat glands, salivary,
sebaceous, mammary glands
Merocrine gland
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Goblet cells
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Secretes product directly directly in blood• Pituitary• Hypothalamus• Thyroid• Adrenal• Pancreas• Thymus• Pineal
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Mucous
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Serious: pericardium, pleura, viscera
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium
Serous fluid
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Cutaneous
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Synovial
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• Simple Squamous Epithelium• Simple Cuboidal Epithelium• Simple Columnar Epithelium• Stratified Epithelium• Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium• Transitional Epithelium
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• Loose Connective TissueLoose Connective Tissue• Dense Connective TissueDense Connective Tissue• Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue• CartilageCartilage• BoneBone• BloodBlood
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Functions:1. Connects body parts2. Protection3. Insulation4. Transport substances
Common characteristics:1. All originate from mesenchyme2. Well vascularized3. Cells scattered through an
extracellular matrix
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Three main elements:• Ground substance (interstitial fluid
and proteins)
• Fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic)
• Cells (chondrocytes, osteocytes, fibrocytes, blood, macrophages, mast cells)
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Connective Tissues
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• Skeletal Muscle Tissue• Smooth Muscle Tissue• Cardiac Muscle Tissue
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Biology 100Biology 100Human BiologyHuman Biology
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Organ Systems
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Organ Systems
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Fig. 40-7
River otter (temperature regulator)
Largemouth bass(temperature conformer)
Bo
dy
tem
per
atu
re (
°C)
0 10
10
20
20
30
30
40
40
Ambient (environmental) temperature (ºC)
Regulators vs Conformers
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All organisms must maintain a constant internal environment to function properly• Temperature
• pH
• Ions
• Osmolarity
• Hormones
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HomeostasisRelatively stable internal environment
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Negative Feedback vs
Positive Feedback
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Body Temperature RegulationNegative Feedback
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Blood Sugar LevelsNegative Feedback
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Positive Feedback
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Introduction to the Bioenergetics of Animals
Photosynthesis
6H2O + 6CO2 + light C6H12O6 + 6O26H2O + 6CO2 + light C6H12O6 + 6O2
Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 +ATPC6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 +ATP
Autotrophic Nutrition vs Heterotrophic Nutrition
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Metabolic rate provides clues to an animal’s
bioenergetic “strategy”
Metabolic Rate: the rate energy consumed
for metabolic purposes over time (calories).
• Respiration
• Growth
• Repair
• Digestion
• Physical Activities
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Metabolic Rate Measure by :
• Heat loss from
respiration
• O2 consumed
• CO2 produced
• Food consumption
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Manometer- measures CO2 produced
Ghost crab running a treadmill
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Two basic bioenergetic strategies used by animals :
• Endothermy “warm blooded”
• Ectothermy “cold blooded”
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Fig. 40-10Radiation Evaporation
Convection Conduction
Heat Exchange
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Fig. 40-11
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
Adipose tissue
Blood vessels
Hair
Sweatpore
Muscle
Nerve
Sweatgland
Oil glandHair follicle
Thermoregulation
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Fig. 40-12
Canada goose Bottlenosedolphin
Artery
Artery
Vein Vein
Blood flow
33º35ºC
27º30º
18º20º
10º 9º
Countercurrent Heat Exchangers
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Metabolic rate per gram is inversely correlated
to body size among similar animals
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Animals adjust their metabolic rates as
conditions change
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR):• For humans at rest, not stressed, & with empty stomach-
1600-1800 kcal/day
Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR):• Measure met. rate for ectotherm at rest, not stressed, &
with empty stomach• Varies with temperature
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Maximum Metabolic Rates over Different Time Spans
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• Sustained activity depends on the aerobic process of cellular respiration for ATP supply.
– An endotherm’s respiration rate is about 10 times greater than an ectotherm’s.
– Only endotherms are capable of long-duration activities such as distance running.
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Factors influence energy requirements:
• Age
• Sex
• Size
• Body and environmental temperatures
• The quality and quantity of food
• Activity level
• Oxygen availability
• Hormonal balance
• Time of day (nocturnal vs diurnal)
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Energy budgets reveal how animals use
energy and materials
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Endotherms
Ectotherm
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Torpor
Hibernation- a winter torporEstivation- a summer torpor
• Conserves energy• Temperature- hot, cold, dry• Metabolic rate slows• Body temp drops
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TorporAdditional metabolism that would benecessary to stay active in winterActual
metabolism
Arousals
Bodytemperature
Outsidetemperature Burrow
temperature
Met
abo
lic
rate
(kca
l p
er d
ay)
Tem
per
atu
re (
°C)
June August October December February April–15
–10
–5
0
5
15
10
25
20
35
30
0
100
200