analysis of in-service pcc pavement responses from … · pavement responses from denver...

Analysis of inAnalysis of in--service PCC service PCC pavement responses from pavement responses from

Denver International AirportDenver International AirportDulce Rufino

ERES Consultants, A Division of ARA, Inc.

Presented at ISU Spring Transportation SeminarFebruary 20, 2004

OverviewOverview

DIA project backgroundPrediction of pavement parameters– Aircraft loading and wander– Pavement layer properties– Pavement temperature– Concrete joint characteristics

Analysis of temperature curlingAnalysis of interface conditionConclusions

The Denver International The Denver International Airport Instrumentation ProjectAirport Instrumentation Project

16 instrumented slabs

75 ft

Runway instrumentationRunway instrumentation

Installed in the takeoff area of runway 34R–16L during constructionStatic and dynamic sensors collecting data under climatic and aircraft loading

80 ft

400 ft400 ft

Pavement structurePavement structure

Cement treated baseLime stabilized subbase

Silty clay subgrade

20.00 ft

18.75 ft

Portland cement concreteBond break layer

8 in

Direction of traffic

±17 in

12 in

5 to 10 ft

Joint designJoint design

Doweled

Run

way

terli

ne

Tie bar

Dowel bar

Aggregateinterlock

Hinged joint

Dummy joint

Doweled joint

Dummy

Hinged Doweled Hinged Doweled

Dummy

Dummy

Doweled

Asp

halt

shou

lder

cen

Position sensorsPosition sensors

Runway Runway C

10’17’

13’6”3’6”P21P38

P1P18

36 position sensors @ 1 ft

A B C D

4

3

2

1

HH--bar sensors bar sensors DCBA

H3H14 H28

H34H27H29

H2 H5

H56H1

H23

H57 H70H75

H69

*H40

H71&H78H15&H81

H6H7

H58

H59

H52

H43H11

H19H42

H79H13H67

H83H86H47

H64

H66

H72H73

HSPR4

H30*

H77

H76

H41H17H49H48

H44 H89H55

H8

H84H82

H21H22 *H10

H62H74

*H53H88H87

*H65

H46

H85*H9

H45H26H25

H16H20

H24

H12

H68 H63

H61H60

H51

H18

H80H54

H50

H36

H93

H59

H36

H95 H99

HB100(T)H33

H90H37

H39H32

H94

H38

H96H

91

H97

H35

H31H98

Runway C

4

3

2

1

MDD1SDD11

MDD2

MDD3

MDD9MDD4MDD5

MDD7MDD10

MDD8

SDD15

SDD20

SDD13

SDD16

MDD6

SDD19

SDD18

SDD17SDD12SDD14

Runway C

Gage: Depth (in)G1: 9G2: 26G3: 38G4: 50

MDDSDD

LVDT sensorsLVDT sensorsDCBA

4

3

2

1

ThermocouplesThermocouples

T1-T8P2

T1-T8P2T1-T22P10T1-T22P10

T1-T8P2

T1-T22P10

DCBA

Runway C

4

3

2

1

Depth of thermocouplesDepth of thermocouples

2.004.006.008.00

10.0012.0014.0016.0018.2120.2122.2124.2126.2128.2130.2132.2134.2136.2138.2140.2142.2144.2146.2148.2150.2152.2154.2156.2158.2160.21

2.004.006.008.0010.0012.0014.0016.0017.6519.6521.6523.6525.6527.6529.6531.6533.6535.6537.6539.6541.6543.6545.6547.6549.6551.6553.6555.6557.6559.65

8 in

17 in

Cement treated base

Lime stabilized subbase

Silty clay subgrade

PCC slab

12 in

20

30

40

50

60

Dep

th (i

n)

0

10

Slab B3Slab C3Slab B3Slab C3

DIA DatabaseDIA DatabaseDIA data is accessible through the Internet at http://www.airtech.tc.faa.gov/DENVER/Aircraft data: event number, triggered sensor, complete record (793.4MB)

Temperature data: date, time, and temperature profile (14.5 MB)

Aircraft Number Size (MB) B-727 2937 165.0 B-737 8168 426.0 B-747 144 7.6 B-757 1843 103.0 B-767 320 18.5 B-777 172 9.8 DC-10 389 23.0 MD-80 735 40.5

Displacement and strain data: event number, number of peaks, interval time, start and end time, offset right and left, peak value and time

• Displacement: 50 LVDT’s (77.1 MB)10 SDD’s and 40 MDD’s

Total: ≈ 1 GB• Strain: 23 Carlson (45.2 MB)92 H-Bars (91.7 MB)

Aircraft Location and Aircraft Location and Wander AnalysisWander Analysis

Position sensorsPosition sensors

Runway Runway C

10’17’

13’6”3’6”P21P38

P1P18

36 position sensors @ 1 ft

A B C D

4

3

2

1

Number of position sensors triggeredMain gear

Case

0

1

2

3

2

4

5

Body or nose gear

1

2

3

5

4

6

7

68

Methodology

Undefined wheel position

Defined wheel position

Triggered position sensor

Non-triggered position sensor

Methodology (cont.)Methodology (cont.)

bxay +⋅=

( )

12

12112

121

yy

xxxxxyyyy

x−

−⋅

⋅

−−

+−

=

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

37.5x (ft)

y (ft

)

DC

4

3

2

1

(x2,y2)

Row 2

(x1,y1)

Row 1

(x,y)(xs,ys)∆X

Runway C

12

12

xxyya

−−

=

112

121 x

xxyyyb ⋅

−−

−=

Number of passesNumber of passesBefore filtering

location

After filtering location Aircraft

All W/ weight All W/ weight

B-727 2937 1266 1241 523 B-737 8168 2234 1647 382 B-747 144 4 34 1 B-757 1843 585 522 132 B-767 320 18 45 5 B-777 172 23 57 10 DC-10 389 114 218 54 MD-80 735 − 57 −

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 25 5

10

20

24

19

11

0 00

5

10

15

20

25

30

15.25 16.25 17.25 18.25 19.25 20.25 21.25 22.25 23.25 24.25 25.25 26.25 27.25 28.25 29.25 30.25 31.25 32.25

0 0 1 0 1 1 13 3

5

912

24 24

13

4

0 00

5

10

15

20

25

30

P38 P37 P36 P35 P34 P33 P32 P31 P30 P29 P28 P27 P26 P25 P24 P23 P22 P21

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 25

3

10

19

24

15 15

1 00

5

10

15

20

25

30

P18 P17 P16 P15 P14 P13 P12 P11 P10 P9 P8 P7 P6 P5 P4 P3 P2 P1

Runway C

13’6”3’6”

17’

ROW 1

ROW 2

MIDDLE

Sensor

Freq

uenc

y (%

)

x-coordinate

Freq

uenc

y (%

)

Sensor

Freq

uenc

y (%

)

28.1 ft 8.4 ftNose gear

Center of main gear

S=34.0 in (2’10”)

xy

Average: 27.3 ftStd deviation: 2.5 ft



BB--727 events727 eventsC D

18 Position sensors @ 1’

Runway offset Runway offset

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5Runway average offset (ft)

Long

itudi

nal d

ista

nce

(ft)

MD-80 B-737 B-727

B-757

B-777 B-747

DC-10

B-767

ROW 1

ROW 2

Wander and Pavement DesignWander and Pavement Design

Aircraft path distribution

Load location relative to the joints

2x5.0e

21)x(f

σµ−

−

πσ=

Single axleSingle axle

450 225 0 225 4500

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025W

heel

pat

h di

strib

utio

n pe

r in

x-coordinate (in)

Longitudinal joint

B727B737MD80

Runway CRunway CRunway CCRunway CRunway CRunway CC

Tandem axleTandem axle

450 225 0 225 4500

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025W

heel

pat

h di

strib

utio

n pe

r in

x-coordinate (in)

Longitudinal joint

B757

B767

DC10


B747 and B777B747 and B777

450 225 0 225 4500

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025W

heel

pat

h di

strib

utio

n pe

r in

x-coordinate (in)

Longitudinal joint

B747

B777


Backcalculation of Pavement Backcalculation of Pavement Layer PropertiesLayer Properties

Pavement evaluation at DIAPavement evaluation at DIA

Runway C

A B C D

4 70 ft

Date:05/03/9509/15/95 03/02/9604/08/9707/31/9706/06/00

3 50 ft

2 30 ft

10 ft1

BackcalculationBackcalculation

HWD plate

D0 D1D2 D3 D412 inDeflection basin

x5.9 in

D5 D6

Comparison between different modelsComparison between different models

PCC slab (elastic layer and plate)

Bonded and unbonded

CTB (elastic layer and plate)

PCC slab (elastic layer and plate)

Factorial run performed with DIPLOMATFactorial run performed with DIPLOMATPCC slab

(elastic layer and plate) µ = 0.15E = 1,000 to 15,000 ksi (at 250 ksi) 18 in

PCC slab (elastic layer)

µ = 0.15

CTB (elastic layer) µ = 0.15

E = 3,000 to 15,000 ksi (at 250 ksi)

E = 1,000 to 3,000 ksi (at 200 ksi)

Bonded and Unbonded

SubgradeTotal of 2 × 48,576 cases

8 in

18 in

k = 50 to 1,300 psi/in (at 2 psi/in)Total of 2 × 35,682 cases

Subgrade

k = 50 to 1,300 psi/in (at 2 psi/in)

Slab modulus of elasticity for different Slab modulus of elasticity for different models based on DIAmodels based on DIA

0.0E+00

2.0E+06

4.0E+06

6.0E+06

8.0E+06

1.0E+07

1.2E+07

1.4E+07

1.6E+07

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

1PL

1EL

2EL-B

2EL-U

Cumulative frequency distribution (%)

Slab

mod

ulus

of e

last

icity

(psi

)

Modulus of subgrade reaction for different Modulus of subgrade reaction for different models based on DIAmodels based on DIA

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

1PL

1EL

2EL-B

2EL-U

k-va

lue

(psi

/in)


Prediction of Pavement Prediction of Pavement Temperature and Its Effect Temperature and Its Effect

on Joint Behavioron Joint Behavior

ThermocouplesThermocouples

T1-T8P2

T1-T8P2T1-T22P10T1-T22P10

T1-T8P2

T1-T22P10

DCBA

Runway C

4

3

2

1

Data collectionData collection

Sensor Slab 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 B3 2016 2200 842 2690 1086 T1-T8P2 C3 2016 2409 376 2690 1086 B3 2016 2200 842 2690 1086 T1-T22P10 C3 2016 2409 376 2690 1086

Collected combined data: 9,057Annual data: 8,760Total data: 43,800

Prediction of pavement temperature Prediction of pavement temperature using Integratedusing Integrated--Climatic Model (ICM)Climatic Model (ICM)

Thermal conductivity

Heat capacityMaterial properties Emissivity factor

Surface short-wave absorptivity

Air temperature

PrecipitationClimatic data

Percent sunshineObtained from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA)

Wind speed

Radiation

Depth of thermocouples and ICM nodesDepth of thermocouples and ICM nodes

60 in

8 in

18 in

12 in

2.004.006.008.00

10.0012.0014.0016.0018.2120.2122.2124.2126.2128.2130.2132.2134.2136.2138.2140.2142.2144.2146.2148.2150.2152.2154.2156.2158.2160.21

2.004.006.008.0010.0012.0014.0016.0017.6519.6521.6523.6525.6527.6529.6531.6533.6535.6537.6539.6541.6543.6545.6547.6549.6551.6553.6555.6557.6559.65

Cement treated base

Lime stabilized subbase

Silty clay subgrade

PCC slab

ICM nodes at 1 in. interval

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

98

Dep

th (i

n)

0

10

Slab B3Slab C3ICM

Slab B3Slab C3ICM

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50

Measured versus predicted Measured versus predicted temperature differentialtemperature differential

Sorted measured temperature

Concrete thermal conductivity (CTC): 0.40 BTU/hr⋅ft⋅FHeat capacity: 0.20 BTU/lb⋅FEmissivity factor: 0.65Surface short-wave absorvity: 0.65C

umul

ativ

e fr

eque

ncy

dist

ribut

ion

(%)

Paired predicted temperature

N=9,057

Temperature differential (oF)

Differential pavement temperature distributionDifferential pavement temperature distribution

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50

Concrete thermal conductivity (CTC): 0.40 BTU/hr⋅ft⋅FHeat capacity: 0.20 BTU/lb⋅FEmissivity factor: 0.65Surface short-wave absorvity: 0.65

Measured

PredictedCum

ulat

ive

freq

uenc

y di

strib

utio

n (%

)


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Measured versus predicted Measured versus predicted average pavement temperatureaverage pavement temperature

Average pavement temperature (oF)

Cum

ulat

ive

freq

uenc

y di

strib

utio

n (%

) Concrete thermal conductivity (CTC): 0.40 BTU/hr⋅ft⋅FHeat capacity: 0.20 BTU/lb⋅FEmissivity factor: 0.65Surface short-wave absorvity: 0.65

Sorted measured temperature

Paired predicted temperatureN=9,057

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Average pavement temperature (oF)

Average pavement temperature distributionAverage pavement temperature distribution


Measured

Predicted

Cum

ulat

ive

freq

uenc

y di

strib

utio

n (%

)

Joint gagesJoint gages

J897_R (17.1 in)J902_R (3.4 in)

Gage (Depth)Slab east, north (ft)

J898_R (16.8 in)J905_R (9.7 in)

J899_R (17.5 in)J901_R (10.3 in)

J900_R (17.5 in)

(13,20)

0,2 (ft)0,6 (ft)2,0 (ft)

J903_R (17.7 in)J904_R (9.6 in)

12,20 (ft)

J906_R (17.7 in)

12,0 (ft)

Dummy

Dummy

Dummy

HingedHinged Doweled

A B C D

4

3

2

1

Runway C

-90-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-10

010203040506070

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

-90-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-10

010203040506070

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

-90-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-10

010203040506070

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

pg

()

-90-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-10

010203040506070

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Dummy joint opening by seasonDummy joint opening by seasonSummerSpring

WinterFall

Rel

ativ

e jo

int o

peni

ng (m

ils)


Rel

ativ

e jo

int o

peni

ng (m

ils)


Rel

ativ

e jo

int o

peni

ng (m

ils)


Rel

ativ

e jo

int o

peni

ng (m

ils)


Hinged joint opening by seasonHinged joint opening by season

-90-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-10

010203040506070

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Rel

ativ

e jo

int o

peni

ng (m

ils)


Spring Summer Fall Winter

Load transfer efficiencyLoad transfer efficiency

10.5 ft

4.5 ft

6.0 ft41.0 ft40.5 ft

9.0 ft

48.5 ft50.0 ft

1 in. from the edge

1 in. from the edge

Dummy

Dummy

Dummy

HingedHinged Doweled

T1T2

T3T4 TS-1

TS-2T5

T7T6

TS-3

A B C D

4

60.5 ftDate: Test #

05/03/95: 9, 3209/16/95: 3303/03/96: 10, 3404/12/97: 3108/01/97: 83

3

2 31.5 ft

19.5 ft20.5 ft

1

0Note. 5 tests were performed for test # 9 at each position (total of 80). Runway C

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

T5-E T5-W

LTE for doweled jointsLTE for doweled jointsLT

E (%

)

Average pavement temperature (F)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Prediction of LTE for dummy jointsPrediction of LTE for dummy jointsLT

E (%

)


LTE = 0.0112xAPT2 + 0.0185xAPT + 6.3972R2 = 0.9354

185 points

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Frequency of predicted dummy joint LTE Frequency of predicted dummy joint LTE for seven yearsfor seven years


LTE (%)

Cum

ulat

ive

freq

uenc

y di

strib

utio

n (%

)


LTE

(%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

T3-E T3-W T4-E T4-W T5-E T5-W T7-E T7-W

LTE for hinged jointsLTE for hinged joints

Effects of Temperature Effects of Temperature Curling on Airfield Curling on Airfield

Pavement ResponsesPavement Responses

Theoretical analysisTheoretical analysisLoad:– 36,000-lb single wheel– Size: 15-in. by 15-in.– Tire pressure: 160 psi

Temperature:– Linear and nonlinear – 523 randomly selected cases

Ly = 20 ft

E=5,000,000 psiα=5.5x10-6 in/in/oF

µ = 0.15Lx =

20 ft x

y

18 in

k= 450 (psi/in)

CHANGE in stressTOTAL stress

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

Temperature differential (oF)In

terio

r bot

tom

stre

ss (p

si)

Edg

e bo

ttom

stre

ss (p

si)

Cor

ner c

ritic

al s

tress

(psi

)




Inte

rior b

otto

m s

tress

(psi

)E

dge

botto

m s

tress

(psi

)C

orne

r top

stre

ss (p

si)



bottomtop

LinearNonLinearOnly Load

Theoretical Theoretical effect on effect on

stressstress

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

()

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30


Inte

rior d

efle

ctio

n (m

ils)

Edg

e de

flect

ion

(mils

)C

orne

r def

lect

ion

(mils

)



-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30


Inte

rior b

otto

m s

tress

(psi

)E

dge

botto

m s

tress

(psi

)

CHANGE in stress

Cor

ner t

op s

tress

(psi

)



CHANGE in deflection

LinearNonLinearOnly Load

Theoretical Theoretical effect on effect on deflection deflection and stress and stress

Aircraft weight used to normalize pavement Aircraft weight used to normalize pavement responseresponse

Aircraft type Number of events

Average total weight (kips)

Std dev totalweight (kips)

Average wheel weight (kips)

B-727 523 160.5 10.9 38.1

B-737 382 109.8 9.0 26.1

B-757 132 192.3 11.6 45.7

DC-10 54 355.9 18.3 42.3

DC

MDD9MDD4

MDD5

MDD7 MDD10

MDD8

SDD15

SDD20

SDD13SDD16 MDD6

SDD19

SDD18

SDD17SDD14

Dummy joint

Hinged joint

Doweled joint

Selected Selected LVDTsLVDTs for a detailed measured for a detailed measured deflection analysisdeflection analysis

3

Aircraft travel

2

Runway C

Measured BMeasured B--727 interior deflection727 interior deflectionTemperature differential (oF)

Def

lect

ion

(mils

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

MDD7 MDD8 MDD10 SDD18

Measured BMeasured B--727 727 dummy TJdummy TJ deflectiondeflectionTemperature differential (oF)

Def

lect

ion

(mils

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

MDD6 MDD9 SDD16 SDD17 SDD19

Measured BMeasured B--727 727 hinged LJ hinged LJ deflectiondeflectionTemperature differential (oF)

Def

lect

ion

(mils

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

MDD5 SDD15 SDD20

Measured BMeasured B--727 727 corner corner deflectiondeflectionTemperature differential (oF)

Def

lect

ion

(mils

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

MDD4 SDD13 SDD14

Summary of normalized mean deflectionsSummary of normalized mean deflections

AircraftLocation or load level B727 B737 B757 DC-10

Interior (mils) 6.9 4.9 7.1 11.3

TJ (mils) 13.6 10.8 13.7 21.5

LJ (mils) 8.3 6.6 10.3 17.3

Corner (mils) 15.7 12.5 15.5 23.9

Wheel Load (kips) 38.1 26.1 22.8 42.3

Gear Load (kips) 76.2 52.9 91.3 169.1

Run

way

C

Selected strain gagesSelected strain gages

HB

82

HB

8H

B41

HB

84

HB

51

C3

D3

(265

4)(1

0565

)

(287

3)

(118

0)(2

363) H

B56

HB

23

HB

81H

B71

HB

58

HB

19

HB

52

C2

D2(783

6)

(108

1)(1

923)

(375

4)(5

117)

(648

8)(4

420)

HB

3H

B29

HB

5

C1

D1

(907

7)(6

742)

(115

97)

HB

26

HB

21

HB

24H

B25

C4

D4 (1

1417

)

(405

2)(9

669)

(976

5)

Hin

ged

join

t

Dow

eled

join

t

Dum

my

join

t

Dum

my

join

t

Dum

my

join

t t

Dow

eled

join

t

Dow

eled

join

Measured BMeasured B--727 interior strain727 interior strainTemperature differential (oF)

Tens

ile s

trai

n (µε)

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

HB71 HB81 HB41

Measured BMeasured B--727 TJ dummy strain727 TJ dummy strainTe

nsile

str

ain

(µε)


-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

HB19 HB84 HB21 HB5

Measured BMeasured B--727 doweled TJ strain727 doweled TJ strainTe

nsile

str

ain

(µε)


-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

HB3 HB29 HB25 HB26

Summary of measured strains Summary of measured strains

AircraftLocation

B727 B737 B757 DC10

Interior (microns) -14.8 -9.9 -11.9 -19.3

TJ dummy (microns) -28.2 -21.4 -25.6 -30.9

TJ doweled (microns) -23.2 -17.2 -21.4 -29.4

LJ (microns) -26.3 -20.4 -17.8 -21.9

Wheel Load (kips) 38.1 26.1 22.8 42.3

Gear Load (kips) 76.2 52.9 91.3 169.1

Analysis of SlabAnalysis of Slab--base base Interface InteractionInterface Interaction

Sliding frictionSliding frictionFH

FRH

Concrete slab

Foundation

Contact frictionContact frictionFW

FRW

Concrete slab

Foundation

After wheel load Before wheel load

Sliding frictionSliding frictionMany theoretical and experimental studiesTraditionally long slabsRecently short slabs

Contact frictionContact frictionComposite plate conceptIntermediate levels of contact friction (Rollings, 1988)Design of UTWISLAB2000Limited field studies

MultiMulti--depth LVDT sensorsdepth LVDT sensors

MDD2

MDD3

MDD9MDD4

MDD5

MDD7

MDD8

MDD6

Gage: Depth (in)G1: 9G2: 26

C D

3

2

Runway C

Daytime conditionDaytime condition

Subgrade

G1

G2

G1

G1-G2

CTB

PCC slab

SubbaseG2

G1-G2

Anchorage

Nighttime conditionNighttime condition

G1

G2

G1

G2

G1-G2

Subgrade

CTB

PCC slab

Subbase

G1-G2

Anchorage

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40Temperature differential (oF)

G1

(mils

)

MDD4

Corner deflection versus temperature Corner deflection versus temperature differentialdifferential

Interface corner deflection versus Interface corner deflection versus temperature differential temperature differential

G1-

G2

(mils

)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

()

MDD4

Interface TJ deflection versus temperature Interface TJ deflection versus temperature differential differential

G1-

G2

(mils

)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

()

MDD6MDD9

Interface LJ deflection versus temperature Interface LJ deflection versus temperature differential differential

G1-

G2

(mils

)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

()

MDD5

Interface interior deflection versus Interface interior deflection versus temperature differential temperature differential

G1-

G2

(mils

)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

MDD7MDD8

Selected paired strain gagesSelected paired strain gages

HB5

0H

B51

HB1

HB5

6

HB7

8H

B81

HB1

5H

B71

HB5

9H

B58

HB4

2H

B19

HB1

4H

B3H

B27

HB2

9

HB4

5H

B26

HB2

2H

B21

HB1

0

HB2

0H

B24

HB1

6H

B25

HB1

8H

B12

HB4

1H

B7

C3

D3

C2

D2

C1

D1

C4

D4

Dow

eled

join

t

Dum

my

join

t

Dum

my

join

t

Dum

my

join

t t

Dow

eled

join

t

Run

way

C

Dow

eled

join

Interface conditionInterface conditionPεT corrected

x

PεT

PεB

PεB corrected

dT dB

hPCC NA

If Pε <0 Then:

( ) CSPDdPP TTcorrectedT ×−ε=ε ( ) CSPDdPP TTcorrectedT ×+ε=ε

( ) CSPDxPP BcorrectedB ×+ε=ε( ) CSPDxPP BcorrectedB ×+ε=ε

TB

TB

ddPP

CSPD−

ε+ε=

If Pε >0 Then:

Comparison between top and bottom slab at Comparison between top and bottom slab at the slab interiorthe slab interior

-100

-75

-50

-25

0

25

50

75

100

-100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100

HB71 - Strain at the bottom (µε)

HB

15 -

Stra

in a

t the

top

(µε)

Comparison between top and bottom slab at Comparison between top and bottom slab at the slab longitudinal hinged joint the slab longitudinal hinged joint


HB

59 -

Stra

in a

t the

top

(µε)

-100

-75

-50

-25

0

25

50

75

100

-100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100

Comparison between top and bottom slab at Comparison between top and bottom slab at the slab dummy transverse joint the slab dummy transverse joint


HB

42 -

Stra

in a

t the

top

(µε)

-100

-75

-50

-25

0

25

50

75

100

-100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100

Comparison between top and bottom slab at Comparison between top and bottom slab at the slab doweled transverse joint the slab doweled transverse joint H

B16

-St

rain

at t

he to

p (µε)

-100

-75

-50

-25

0

25

50

75

100

-100 -50 0 50 100


Comparison between strain at the bottom of Comparison between strain at the bottom of the slab and at the top of the basethe slab and at the top of the base

-100

-75

-50

-25

0

25

50

75

100

-100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100

-100

-75

-50

-25

0

25

50

75

100

-100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100

Interior

HB

7 -S

trai

n at

the

top

(µε)

HB

10 -

Stra

in a

t the

top

(µε) Dummy joint

HB41 - Strain at the bottom (µε) HB21 - Strain at the bottom (µε)

Summary of temperature differential effect on Summary of temperature differential effect on measured interface parameter measured interface parameter

2εB/

(|εB|+

|εT|)

-0.92-0.91-0.90-0.89-0.88-0.87-0.86-0.85-0.84-0.83-0.82-0.81-0.80

Interior (15-71) Hinged (59-58) Dummy (42-19) Doweled (16-25)

negative combined positive

Effect of load location on measured Effect of load location on measured interface parameterinterface parameter

-1.00

-0.98

-0.96

-0.94

-0.92

-0.90

-0.88

-0.86

-0.84

-0.82

-0.800 20 40 60 80 100

Hinged Doweled Dummy Interior


Dummy joint

Hinged jointDoweled joint

Interior

2εB/(|ε B

|+|ε

T|)

Measured versus predicted responsesMeasured versus predicted responses

Runway C

LTEy=f(T)

x

y

LTEx=85%

DoweledHinged

Dummy

Dummy

C D

4

3

Linen

2

Selected gages for a detailed analysis Selected gages for a detailed analysis

HB82

HB8

HB41

HB84

MDD4

MDD10MDD7MDD5

MDD9MDD6SDD16

D3

Measured and predicted BMeasured and predicted B--727 interior strain 727 interior strain (HB41)(HB41)

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

00 20 40 60 80 100 120

Cumulative frequency distribution (number of events)

Stra

in (µ

ε)

MeasuredUnbondedBonded

Measured and predicted BMeasured and predicted B--727 transverse 727 transverse joint strain (HB84) joint strain (HB84)


Stra

in (µ

ε)

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

00 100 200 300 400


Measured and predicted DCMeasured and predicted DC--10 longitudinal 10 longitudinal joint strain (HB8) joint strain (HB8)


Stra

in (µ

ε)

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

0 10 20 30 40 50


-45-40-35-30-25-20-15-10

-50

B-727 B-737 B-757 DC-10

-45-40-35-30-25-20-15-10

-50

B-727 B-737 B-757 DC-10

LJ (HB8)Interior (HB41)

Summary of comparison between measured Summary of comparison between measured and predicted tensile strains (and predicted tensile strains (µεµε))

-45-40-35-30-25-20-15-10

-50

B-727 B-737 B-757 DC-10

-45-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-50

B-727 B-737 B-757 DC-10

TJ (HB84)TJ (HB82)

bonded measured unbonded

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 100 200 300 400

Measured and predicted BMeasured and predicted B--727 interior 727 interior deflection (MDD10)deflection (MDD10)

Def

lect

ion

(mils

)



Measured and predicted BMeasured and predicted B--727 TJ dummy 727 TJ dummy deflection (MDD6)deflection (MDD6)

Def

lect

ion

(mils

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 50 100 150 200 250



Measured and predicted DCMeasured and predicted DC--10 hinged LJ 10 hinged LJ (MDD5) (MDD5)

Def

lect

ion

(mils

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 10 20 30 40 50 60



Measured and predicted DCMeasured and predicted DC--10 corner 10 corner deflection (MDD4)deflection (MDD4)

Def

lect

ion

(mils

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 10 20 30 40 50 60



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

B-727 B-737 B-757 DC-100

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

B-727 B-737 B-757 DC-10

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

B-727 B-737 B-757 DC-100

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

B-727 B-737 B-757 DC-10

LJ (MDD5)Interior (MDD10)

TJ (MDD6)

Summary of comparison between Summary of comparison between measured and predicted deflection (mils)measured and predicted deflection (mils)

Corner (MDD4)

bonded measured unbonded

ConclusionsConclusions

Wander AnalysisWander AnalysisNormal distributionB-777 and DC-10 had similar distributionsGear path distributionInteraction between gear type and joint location

BackcalculationBackcalculationAdequate properties

ICM evaluation Joint openingLTE

Pavement TemperaturePavement Temperature

Temperature versus pavement responseTemperature versus pavement responseTheoretical analysis– Effect of temperature distribution and type of response

Analysis of measured responses– Change in strain

• Interior (strong correlation)• TJ dummy joint (strong correlation)• TJ doweled joint (some correlation)• LJ hinged joint (no correlation)

– Deflection• Interior (some correlation)• TJ dummy joint (strong correlation)• LJ hinged joint (no correlation)• Corner (some correlation)

– Effect of load magnitudeDesign implications– Total or stress range? – Which stress component causes failure?

Interface conditionInterface condition

Gap analysis– Temperature differential and location– EBITD

Paired strain analysis– Location: interior, TJ and LJ– Interface parameter and slab-base contact

Measured versus predicted responses– Strain

• Interior (bonded)• TJ dummy joint (partial)• LJ hinged joint (unbonded)

– Deflection• Interior (bonded)• TJ dummy joint (bonded)• LJ hinged joint (bonded)• Corner (partial)

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments

Iowa State UniversityCenter for Transportation Research and EducationMidwest Transportation Consortium David PlazakFederal Aviation Administration, Airport Technology R&D Branch, at the FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center.

analysis of in-service pcc pavement responses from … · pavement responses from denver...

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