the future of asphalt pavement structural & mixture designspave/old/technical info... ·...
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The Future of Asphalt The Future of Asphalt Pavement Structural & Pavement Structural &
Mixture DesignMixture DesignComplex Modulus, E* Complex Modulus, E* ΦΦDynamic Modulus, |E*|Dynamic Modulus, |E*|
Thomas HarmanThomas HarmanAsphalt Pavement Team Leader, R&DAsphalt Pavement Team Leader, R&DFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Highway Administration
www.TFHRC.www.TFHRC.govgov
A A
S H T
O F H W A
I N D U S T R YSUPERPAVE 2005
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Materials
Structural
Construction
FutureFuture
PRS / Warranty
2002 Guide
A A
S H T
O F H W
A
I N D U S T R YSUPERPAVE 2005Superpave II
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The PlayersThe Players
NCHRP 1NCHRP 1--37A37A�� Recommend Test(s)Recommend Test(s)
SPRSPR--0003(84)0003(84)�� E* Pooled FundE* Pooled Fund�� Evaluate Test Evaluate Test
ProceduresProcedures
NCHRP 9NCHRP 9--1919�� Recommend Test(s)Recommend Test(s)
NCHRP 9NCHRP 9--2929�� Equipment SpecsEquipment Specs�� First Articles First Articles EvalEval�� Revise SpecsRevise Specs
2002 Guide
A A
S H T
O F H W
A
I N D U S T R YSUPERPAVE 2005Superpave II
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Simple Performance Test for Simple Performance Test for Superpave Mix DesignSuperpave Mix Design
Advanced Asphalt Technologies, LLC
“Engineering Services for the Asphalt Industry”
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SPT What Is It?SPT What Is It?
Test(s) that indicates how mix will Test(s) that indicates how mix will performperform�� RuttingRutting�� Cracking Cracking
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SPTSPTRequirementsRequirements
�� Absolute Requirements of TestAbsolute Requirements of Test�� Compliment Superpave Volumetric DesignCompliment Superpave Volumetric Design�� Use Gyratory SpecimensUse Gyratory Specimens�� High Correlation to Rutting/FractureHigh Correlation to Rutting/Fracture�� Identify Inferior MixesIdentify Inferior Mixes
�� Preferred Requirements of TestPreferred Requirements of Test�� Tied to Structural Design Tied to Structural Design �� Adaptable to QC/QAAdaptable to QC/QA
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Project 9Project 9--19 19 Candidate TestsCandidate Tests
�� Dynamic Modulus, |E*|Dynamic Modulus, |E*|�� RuttingRutting�� CrackingCracking
�� Creep Test, FTCreep Test, FT�� RuttingRutting
�� Repeated Load Test, FNRepeated Load Test, FN�� RuttingRutting
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Complex Modulus, E*Complex Modulus, E*
�� Complex Modulus, E* Complex Modulus, E* ΦΦ�� E* =E* = Peak Stress, Peak Stress, σσ
Peak Strain, Peak Strain, ЄЄ
�� VariablesVariables�� TemperatureTemperature�� Frequency (Hz: cycles/second)Frequency (Hz: cycles/second)�� Stress/Strain levelStress/Strain level
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Complex Modulus, E* = Complex Modulus, E* = σσ // ЄЄ
0.0
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140.0
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1.0000 1.0500 1.1000 1.1500 1.2000
Time, seconds
App
lied
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ess,
M P
a
0.000000
0.000050
0.000100
0.000150
Res
pons
e S
trai
n, m
m/m
m
StressStrainMax StrainMin Strain
Φ, phase angle
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Complex Modulus, E* Complex Modulus, E* ΦΦComplex Modulus, E*
0
500
1000
1500
0 500 1000 1500
Storage Modulus, E' (MPa)
Loss
Mod
ulus
, E"
(MPa
)
Φ, phase angle
E� = |E*|sin ΦE� = |E*|cos Φ
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ModulusModulus
�� Complex Modulus,Complex Modulus, E*E*�� Phase Angle, Phase Angle, ΦΦ�� Storage Modulus, Storage Modulus, EE�� = |E*| = |E*| coscos ΦΦ�� Loss Modulus, Loss Modulus, EE�� = |E*| sin = |E*| sin ΦΦ�� Dynamic Modulus, Dynamic Modulus, |E*||E*|
�� VariablesVariables�� TemperatureTemperature�� Frequency (Hz: cycles/second)Frequency (Hz: cycles/second)�� Stress/Strain levelStress/Strain level
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Project 9Project 9--19 19 Correlation StudyCorrelation Study
MnRoadMnRoadMnRoadMnRoad
WesTrackWesTrackWesTrackWesTrack FHWAFHWAFHWAFHWA----ALFALFALFALF
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ALF: Rut Depth vs. E*max/sinφφφφ @ 130 °F (54.4 °C)
Se/Sy = 0.35R2=0.90
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
E*max/sinφφφφ (10^6 psi)
Rut D
epth
@ 1
0,00
0 P
asse
s (m
m)
5 - AC-107 - Styrelf8 - Novophalt9 - AC-510 - AC-2011 - Base AC-512 - Base AC-20
Unconfined -- Linear Range
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Dynamic Modulus, |E*|Dynamic Modulus, |E*|
0
0*εσ=E
Stress
Strain
Time
�� RuttingRutting�� Min |E*| at High TempMin |E*| at High Temp
�� Fatigue CrackingFatigue Cracking�� Max |E*| at Intermediate TempMax |E*| at Intermediate Temp
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Creep Flow Time, FTCreep Flow Time, FT
STR
AI N
Flow Time
TIMEST
RES
S
�� RuttingRutting�� Min FT at High TempMin FT at High Temp
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Repeated Load Permanent Repeated Load Permanent Deformation Test, Flow NumberDeformation Test, Flow Number
�� RuttingRutting�� Min FN at High TempMin FN at High Temp
STR
AI N
Flow Number
TIMEST
RES
S
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AAdvantagesdvantages
�� Dynamic Modulus, |E*|Dynamic Modulus, |E*|�� Used for Structural Design in 2002 PDGUsed for Structural Design in 2002 PDG�� Addresses Rutting and Cracking Addresses Rutting and Cracking
�� Creep, FTCreep, FT�� Simple Test EquipmentSimple Test Equipment�� Minimal TrainingMinimal Training
�� Repeated Load, FNRepeated Load, FN�� Potentially Best Simulation of Actual LoadingPotentially Best Simulation of Actual Loading
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DDisadvantageisadvantage
�� Specimen SizeSpecimen Size�� 1:1.5 D/H Ratio required to ensure 1:1.5 D/H Ratio required to ensure
fundamental propertiesfundamental properties�� 100 mm Diameter by 150 mm High100 mm Diameter by 150 mm High�� Smooth Parallel Ends (Sawed)Smooth Parallel Ends (Sawed)
�� Sawed and Cored From OverSawed and Cored From Over--Height Gyratory SpecimensHeight Gyratory Specimens�� Not all SGC can produced Not all SGC can produced
SpecimensSpecimens
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Project 9Project 9--19 19 SPT Criteria DevelopmentSPT Criteria Development
�� Use Models proposed in 1Use Models proposed in 1--37A, account for:37A, account for:�� ClimateClimate�� Traffic LevelTraffic Level�� StructureStructure
�� Test at Effective Pavement TemperatureTest at Effective Pavement Temperature�� Minimum or Maximum ValuesMinimum or Maximum Values
�� Traffic LevelTraffic Level�� Pavement StructurePavement Structure
�� Completed in Fall 2002Completed in Fall 2002
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Project 9Project 9--19 Validation19 Validation
�� Criteria Will Be ValidatedCriteria Will Be Validated�� Not the testsNot the tests
�� InIn--Service Pavement DataService Pavement Data�� 50+ LTPP and Other Test 50+ LTPP and Other Test
SectionsSections
�� Completed in 2002Completed in 2002
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Project 9Project 9--2929Equipment SpecificationsEquipment Specifications
�� Simple Performance Test SystemSimple Performance Test System�� All 3 TestsAll 3 Tests
�� Automated Specimen Fabrication Equipment�Automated Specimen Fabrication Equipment�
�� Encourage Innovation by ManufacturersEncourage Innovation by Manufacturers�� User FriendlinessUser Friendliness�� ReliabilityReliability�� CostCost
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Project 9Project 9--29 29 Specification DevelopmentSpecification Development
Draft Equipment SpecsCost Estimate
Manufacturer’s Review
First Article Equipment SpecsRevised Estimate
User’s Workshop Ideas
Research Test Protocols
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First Article SPTFirst Article SPTProcurementProcurement
�� EnduraTecEnduraTec�� InstronInstron�� InterlakenInterlaken�� ShedworksShedworks
• Specifications• Advantages• Cost• Past Performance
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First Article SPT SystemsFirst Article SPT Systems
�� TestsTests�� Complex ModulusComplex Modulus�� Flow TimeFlow Time�� Flow NumberFlow Number
�� Temperature RangeTemperature Range�� 20 to 60 °C20 to 60 °C
�� Confining Pressure RangeConfining Pressure Range�� 0 to 210 kPa0 to 210 kPa
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First Article First Article Simple Performance Test SystemsSimple Performance Test Systems
SHEDWORKS
INTERLAKEN
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InstrumentationInstrumentationLVDT�sLVDT�s
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ShedworksShedworks
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InterlakenInterlaken
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Specimen Fabrication SystemSpecimen Fabrication System
�� Pine Pine �� ShedworksShedworks • Specifications
• Automated• Cost
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First Article First Article Specimen Fabrication SystemSpecimen Fabrication System
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First Article First Article Specimen Fabrication EquipmentSpecimen Fabrication Equipment
CORE BARREL
BLADES
CHUCK
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SummarySummary-- Simple Performance Test Simple Performance Test Work CompletedWork Completed
�� Three Candidate TestsThree Candidate Tests�� Detailed Draft ProtocolsDetailed Draft Protocols�� Detailed Equipment SpecificationsDetailed Equipment Specifications�� First Article DevicesFirst Article Devices
�� Simple Performance Test System Simple Performance Test System ($25 k to $45 k)($25 k to $45 k)
�� Automated Specimen Fabrication System Automated Specimen Fabrication System ($12 k)($12 k)
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NCHRP 9NCHRP 9--2929TimelineTimeline
�� Criteria DevelopmentCriteria Development�� Early Fall 2002Early Fall 2002
�� Criteria ValidationCriteria Validation�� End of 2002End of 2002
�� First Article EvaluationFirst Article Evaluation�� Early 2003Early 2003
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Dynamic Modulus, |E*| for Dynamic Modulus, |E*| for Structural DesignStructural Design
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-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Time (sec.)
Stre
ss (k
Pa)
25 Hz, 68.90 kPa, 200 Cycles
10 Hz, 62.01 kPa, 200 Cycles
5 Hz, 55.12 kPa, 100 Cycles
1 Hz, 48.23 kPa, 50 Cycles
0.5 Hz, 42.34 kPa, 20 Cycles
0.1 Hz, 34.45 kPa, 20 Cycles
180 seconds rest period between frequencies
2002 PDG Requires a 2002 PDG Requires a Range of Frequencies & Temp.�sRange of Frequencies & Temp.�s
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10
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0398 398.1 398.2 398.3 398.4 398.5 398.6 398.7 398.8
Time (sec.)
Stre
ss (k
Pa)
ExampleExample10 Hz and 62 10 Hz and 62 kPakPa
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|E*| Pooled Fund Study |E*| Pooled Fund Study ��UConnUConn (2002 PDG)� (2002 PDG)�
Perliminary Result of Round Robin Study
100
1000
10000
25 10 5 1 0.5 0.1 25 10 5 1 0.5 0.1 25 10 5 1 0.5 0.1
Frequency, Hz
/E*/
, MP
a
MDNCAATFHWA
21°C
38° C
54° C
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Understanding Modified BindersUnderstanding Modified BindersNCHRP 90NCHRP 90--07, TPF 5(019)07, TPF 5(019)
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FHWAFHWA--ALF ALF Mean and Standard Deviation of |E*|Mean and Standard Deviation of |E*|
(3 Replicates, 50(3 Replicates, 50°°C, 10 Hz)C, 10 Hz)
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
EVACMCRA
ESLSBS L
Air BlownEVAG
PG 70-22
SBS RG
SBS LGElva
loyPG 64
-28|E
*|, M
Pa
MeanStd
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FHWAFHWA--ALFALFCoefficient of Variation of |E*|Coefficient of Variation of |E*|
(3 Replicates, 50(3 Replicates, 50°°C, 10 Hz)C, 10 Hz)
0.005.00
10.0015.0020.0025.0030.0035.00
EVACMCRA
ESLSBS L
Air BlownEVAG
PG 70-22
SBS RG
SBS LGElva
loyPG 64
-28
%C
V
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TRB Superpave TRB Superpave Binder Expert Task GroupBinder Expert Task Group
!! |E*| Concern|E*| Concern
AASHTO/ TRB / NCHRP / FHWA
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Modulus TestingModulus Testing
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Time, seconds
App
lied
Str
ess,
M P
a
0.000000
0.000050
0.000100
0.000150
Res
pons
e S
trai
n, m
m/m
m
StressStrainMax StrainMin Strain
Permanent StrainPermanent Strain
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Permanent StrainPermanent Strain
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0.000000 0.000500 0.001000 0.001500
Strain
Str
ess
Fully ElasticPermanent Strain
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Allowable Permanent StrainAllowable Permanent Strain
�� VariablesVariables�� Temperature, 21 38 54Temperature, 21 38 54°°CC�� Frequency, 25 10 5 1 .5 .1 HzFrequency, 25 10 5 1 .5 .1 Hz�� Strain level, 50 to 150 Strain level, 50 to 150 µµєє�� Allowable permanent strain, 1000 Allowable permanent strain, 1000 µµєє
�� You can You can notnot controlcontrolpermanent strainpermanent strain
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0.000000 0.000500 0.001000 0.001500
Strain
Str
ess
Fully ElasticPermanent Strain
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0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Elvaloy PG64 SBS L SBSLG
PG70 AB SBSRG
EVA G ESI CRA EVA
Dyn
amic
Mod
ulus
, IE*
I, G
Pa
Lab Mix Lab Mix �� Similar PG GradeSimilar PG Grade|E*| at 10 Hz|E*| at 10 Hz
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0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Elvaloy CRA SBS LG EVA PG64 PG70 SBSRG
ESI SBS L AB EVA G
Cha
nge
in S
train
, ∆ε
, Mic
ro S
train
Permanent StrainPermanent Strain25 to 0.1 Hz25 to 0.1 Hz
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10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5|E*|, GPa (Simple Performance Test)
Acc
umul
ativ
e St
rain
(Sim
ple
Shea
r Tes
t)
ElvaloySBSLSBSLGPG70ABSBSRGESICRA
SST SST vs vs |E*||E*|
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0Normalized IE*I/Sinφ, SPT
Nor
mal
ized
γp
, S
ST
ABPG70PG64SBSLElvaloySBSLGEsIEVAGSBSRGCRAEVA
SST SST vs vs |E*| / Sin |E*| / Sin φφ
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Normalized Weighted Complex Modulus
Nor
mal
ized
SST
Per
man
ent D
efor
mat
ion
ElvaloySBSLSBSLGPG70ABSBSRGESICRA
|E*| x (|E*| x (∆∆єєmaxmax / / ∆∆єє))
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SummarySummary
NCHRP 1NCHRP 1--37A37A�� Dynamic Modulus, |E*|Dynamic Modulus, |E*|�� Issues of repeatabilityIssues of repeatability�� Concern with modifiersConcern with modifiers
NCHRP 9NCHRP 9--19/2919/29�� Links Mix Design to Links Mix Design to
Structural DesignStructural Design
2002 Guide
A A
S H T
O F H W
A
I N D U S T R YSUPERPAVE 2005Superpave II
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SmoothRoads Ahead