an analysis of advantages and disadvantages of several options for producing

An Analysis of Advantages and Disadvantages of Several Options for Producing

Excellence in Education in Williamsburg

Williamsburg Education Review Committee

The Thomas Jefferson Program in Public Policy

Steve HarrisonIntroduction

AGENDA

Teacher Costs/Retention

Tim Harwood

Other Staffing Costs

Tim Harwood

New OpportunitiesSteve Harrison

Operational CostsStephanie Bush

Conclusion/Questions

Stephanie Bush

INTRODUCTION



WJCC did not meet “adequate yearly progress standards” in the 08-09 VDOE Report Card.

All 14 schools are accredited Community grew by 44% from 1995-2006 2008-2009 Budget: $115,169,610 Williamsburg Pays Approximately $7 Million VDOE’s Local Composite Index:

Williamsburg would pay 80% of its own costs James City County would only pay 53%

Williamsburg Education Review CommitteeState of the System

Contract was last amended in 2007 Cost Sharing Calculation is determined by

looking at average school division daily membership on September 30

City or County may Terminate Contract at any time Officially ends after next full school year

Williamsburg would retain 100% equity in Matthew Whaley, James Blair, and Berkeley

Williamsburg would lose equity acquired in schools built since 2006 (i.e. Warhill High School)

Williamsburg Education Review CommitteeThe Contract . . .

2008-2009 Ethnic Breakdown: WJCC: 68.6% White / Williamsburg : 51.3% White

Virginia Assessment Ratings for African Americans in WJCC as compared to State Percentages: 5th Grade = Behind in Writing & Science 8th Grade = Behind in Reading, Writing, & Science High School = Behind in Reading, Writing, Science, and

History 2007-2008 African American Dropout Rate

Williamsburg Education Review CommitteeDiversity: Problems & Promises

Dropout Rates State WJCC

All Students 1.89% 2.03%African

Americans2.86% 4.25%

Small School Systems Norton, Virginia Covington, Virginia

School System Splits: Proposed & Actual Bridgewater-Raynham, Massachusetts Jordan-Canyon, Utah Middleton-Cross Plains, Wisconsin

School District-Collegiate Partnerships Harvard University -Cambridge, MA Harvard University -Boston, MA Trinity College – Hartford, CT

Williamsburg Education Review CommitteeCase Studies . . .

TEACHER COSTS/

RETENTION



WJC Staff allocations applied to student population in the city (750 students) Core and Resource Teacher – WJC student

teacher ratios Other instructional staff – WJC minimums Administrative staff – WJC minimums and

student ratios WJC average teacher and staff salaries Cost of WJC employee benefits

VRS, FICA, average WJC health plan

Williamsburg Education Review CommitteeCost Modeling

382 students Teaching staff:

19 core classroom teachers, 5.5 resource teachers, 5.5 specialized teachers, and 12 other instructional staff.

Administrative staff: 2.5 clerical staff 1 principal and 1 assistant principal

Total cost: $2,888,125 (low) $3,099,437 (high)


Elementary School Instructional Costs


10.5 core & resource teachers, 3.5 specialized teachers, and 5 other instructional staff.

Administrative staff: 1 clerical staff 1 principal and 1 assistant principal



Middle School Instructional Costs


15 core & resource teachers, 2 specialized teachers, and 5 other instructional staff.

Administrative staff: 2.5 clerical staff 1 principal and 1 assistant principal



High School Instructional Costs

(Low) (High)

Elementary school $2,888,125 $3,099,437

Middle school $1,505,664 $1,594,369

High School $1,857,463 $1,947,390

Total $6,251,252 $6,641,196


Baseline Instructional Costs

0102030405060708090

100

2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

# of

stu

dent

s 33

34

33

4

Note: Each bar represents the student population for that year, and the number above each bar represents the number of teachers needed for that year.


Kindergarten: teachers needed per year

(20 students per teacher)

Year 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 # changes by grade

Kindergarten 1 1 1 3Grade 1 1 1 2Grade 2 1 1Grade 3 1 1 1 3Grade 4 1 1 2Grade 5 1 1 2Grade 6 1 1* 1 3Grade 7 1 1 1 1 4Grade 8 1 1 2Grade 9 1 1 2Grade 10 1 1Grade 11 1 1* 1 3Grade 12 1 1 1 3Changes/year 6 3 6 5 3 6


Changes in Teacher Needs (WJC Student Teacher Ratios)

Note: Asterisks denote when two additional teachers are needed.

Note: The Williamsburg student teacher ratio is for 3rd grade is 12:1

WJC Targeted Ratios Wmsbg Proposed RatiosElementary School

Grades K-2 20 : 1 12 : 1Grades 3-5 25 : 1 15 : 1

Middle School Grades 6-8 23.25 : 1 18 : 1

High School Grades 9-12 23.5 : 1 20 : 1


WJCC/Williamsburg Student Teacher Ratios

Year 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 # changes by grade

Kindergarten 1 1 1 1** 1 1* 6Grade 1 1 1 1 1 4Grade 2 1 1 1 3Grade 3 1* 1 1 1 4Grade 4 1 1** 1 1 1* 5Grade 5 1 1* 1** 1 4Grade 6 1 1* 1** 3Grade 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 6Grade 8 1 1 2Grade 9 1 1 1* 3Grade 10 1 1 1 3Grade 11 1 1 1 1 1 5Grade 12 1 1 1 1** 4Changes/Year 9 7 7 6 10 7

Note: One asterisk denotes when two additional teachers are needed. Two asterisks denote when two fewer teachers are needed.


Changes in Teacher Needs(Williamsburg Student Teacher Ratios]

Problems Teachers cannot easily be moved to

balance needs Lack of job security may reduce the quality

of teachers in a city school system Possible solution

Retain teachers that have been hired


Problems with Changes in Teacher Need


0102030405060708090

100

2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

# of

stu

dent

s 55

56

6 6

7

5 74 5465

Note: Each bar represents the student population for that year. The bold number above each bar represents the number of teachers needed for that year if teachers are retained. The number within each bar represents the number of teachers needed for that year if teachers are not retained.

Kindergarten: Teachers Retained (Williamsburg ratio: 12 students per teacher)


Quality Costs: Elementary School

Student teacher ratio scenarios

# core teachers needed

Cost (low) Cost (high)

(1) # Teachers for WJC ratio

19 $2,888,125 $3,099,437

(2) # Teachers for Williamsburg ratio (teachers not retained)

30 $3,624,259 $3,881,295

(3) # Teachers Williamsburg ratio (teachers retained)

35 $3,958,865 $4,236,685

(4) Cost of quality: (row 3) - (row 1) $1,070,740 $1,137,248

* Student populations based on September 20, 2008 enrollment count.


Quality Costs: Middle School





10.35 $1,505,664 $1,594,369


13.38 $1,708,286 $1,809,577


17 $1,950,690 $2,067,038

(4) Cost of quality: (row 3) - (row 1) $445,026 $472,669



Quality Costs: High School





15.07 $1,857,463 $1,947,390


16 $1,923,091 $2,016,703


18 $2,064,228 $2,165,763

(4) Cost of quality: (row 3) - (row 1) $206,765 $218,373


Central Office & Non-

Instructional Staff Costs




Central Office Staff Costs

Staff Position Allocation TOTAL (low) TOTAL (high)Superintendent 1 234383 229603

Finance Director 1 151993 151610

Accounting and Budgeting 1 83226 86513

Purchasing 1 74732 78472

Payroll 1 83226 86513

Human Resources 1 96440 99022

Director of Operations 1 152859 152430

Director of Technology 1 107623 109607

Director of Transportation 1 95108 97761

Director of Child Nutrition Services

1 115204 116784

Director of Facilities 1 115204 116784

Supervisor of Special Education 1 113613 115279

Director of Multicultural Affairs 1 91247 94106

$1,514,856 $1,534,484

Note: Central Office staff allocations are based on the assumption that only one employee is needed for each position. Not all WJC Central Office staff positions are accounted for.


Staff Position Allocation TOTAL (low) TOTAL (high)

School Nurses 2 120318 129354

Security Guards 1 54871 59671

Social Workers 0.5 35914 37862

Psychologists 0.5 35030 37024

Speech and Language Pathologist 2 160475 167369

Technology Instructional Support 2 93341 103817

Bus Drivers 7.31 192066 238312

Bus Aides 2 38521 51921

Vehicle Maintenance 0.5 28236 30593

Trades 1 63966 68281

Service Workers 11.68 405242 473876

$1,227,980 $1,398,080

Non-instructional Staff Costs

Note: Non-instructional staff allocations are based on WJC student to staff ratios. The allocations also assume that the Williamsburg school system will operate in two buildings.


Cost Saving Measures

Reducing the number of school administrators needed by combining grade levels.

Loan excess teachers to JCC or York County

Reduce the size of the Central Office WJC has 40 Central Office positions Millis, MA K-12 school system serves 1,400

students and has 9 Central Office positions

OperationalCosts



Per Student

Per Full Time Employee (FTE)

Per Building

Per Bus

Williamsburg Education Review CommitteeFormulas

WJCamt/WJCstudents * WMBGstudents

Ex: Textbooks and Workbooks Ex: Technology Hardware

*WJC students = 10,360, pg 364 WJCC budget *Williamsburg students = 794, pg. 13 2008

Student Enrollment Report

Williamsburg Education Review CommitteePer Student

WJCamt/WJCftes * WMBGftes

Ex: Compensated Travel Ex: Dues and Memberships Ex: Staff Development

Number of employees vary with function

Williamsburg Education Review CommitteePer FTE

WJCamt/WJCbldgs * WMBGbldgs

Ex: Leases and Rentals Ex: Electricity Ex: Refuse Removal

*WJC buildings = 14, pg 364 WJCC budget *Wmbg buildings = 2 (would only utilize 2 of

3)

Williamsburg Education Review CommitteePer Building

WJCamt/WJCbuses * WMBGbuses

Ex: Vehicle Fuels Ex: Vehicle Supplies

*WJC school buses = 116 buses and 3 automobiles

*Williamsburg school buses = 9 buses

Williamsburg Education Review CommitteePer Bus

Bus Drivers/ Bus Aides WJCbuses/WJCstudents 1 bus/ 87 students WMBGstudents/87 Wmbg needs 9 buses

WJCbuses/WJCdrivers 1 driver/ 1.23 buses Wmbg needs 7.31 drivers WJCbuses/WJCaides 1 aide/4.58 school

buses Wmbg needs 2 aides

Williamsburg Education Review CommitteeStaff Allocations

Instruction & School Admin Staffing -

Central Office Staffing –

Other Staffing –

Operational Costs –

Total:


Baseline Williamsburg K-12 Totals

$6.2-$6.6 million

$1.5 million

$1.2 -$1.4 million

$1.7 million

At least $10.6 million

Would lose 100% equity in 3 buildings Would constrict their ability to effectively house students Would lose three of the most valuable pieces of property

Would become whiter/ less diverse Slightly higher per student cost Would lose Williamsburg’s $7 million contribution Would lose approximately 8% of its student base

Elementary School – 382 Students Middle School – 172 Students High School – 240 Students

Would receive more state aid

Williamsburg Education Review CommitteeJCC Impact

NEW OPPORTUNITIES

FOR EXCELLENCE



School of Education Dr. Steve Staples enthusiastically believes that the

School of Education would work with Williamsburg Often wanted to work with WJCC but no offer made Would work on curriculum, offer advice from research

on new ways to educate Greater Student Teacher Involvement

Project Civic Engagement 360 Provide academic resources from the College to civic

entrepreneurs and public officials Helps the community while students and faculty

receive practical experience from seasoned practitioners

Williamsburg Education Review CommitteeWilliam & Mary Partnership

U.S. Department of Education “Class size reduction in the early grades leads to

higher achievement.” Class sizes should be under 20; Under 15 preferable

Tennessee S.T.A.R. Project “Small classes have an advantage over larger

classes in reading and math in early primary grades” Advantage even greater among socioeconomically

disadvantaged WJCC Student/Teacher Ratio 2008-2009:

K-2 = 20:1 3-5 = 25:1

Williamsburg Education Review CommitteeSmaller Class Sizes

Green School Definition: Designed and operated to be environmentally sustainable

and to provide a healthier indoor environment for students, teachers, and others

Value Through Sustainability Green schools save money in the long run due to “reduced

energy consumption and operating costs” Example: Virginia Beach, Virginia

First LEED Certified Elementary School in Virginia (2005) Special filters installed in the heating and cooling system Building materials that contain a percentage of recyclable elements; Structural design that promotes an abundant flow of sunlight

Replaced Theater Lights in Green Run High School 50,000 watts of incandescent lighting replaced with 2,847 watts LED Potential Cost Savings of $12,732 per year

Williamsburg Education Review CommitteeGreen Schools . . .

Current School Day Begins: Elementary = 8:35/9:20 a.m. Middle = 7:20/8:05 a.m. High = 7:20 a.m.

A Study on the subject found that 40% of U.S. teens reported being tired in the morning,” while many other nations found only “15% of teens reported a tired feeling at day’s start”

Congressional Resolution “ZZZ’s to A’s” Asks School Systems to push the beginning of the

school day back to 9:00 a.m. or later

Williamsburg Education Review CommitteeCircadian Rhythm . . .

Laptops allow students intimate access to technology Example: Fulletron, California:

Families lease a computer for 3 years @ $1,200. At end of lease device is theirs to keep.

Example: Henrico County, VA 2009 Budget for Dell Laptops: $12,270,967 All 6-12 grade students given a laptop, middle school

laptops with heavier parental controls Elementary Schools get 5 laptops in each classroom Also created a help desk, an e-Learning Program Costs broken down to per-pupil: $254.47

If a Williamsburg/Dell contract had the same laptop cost per-pupil, it would cost the City $203,575.

Williamsburg Education Review CommitteeLearning with Laptops?

Williamsburg would only utilize 2 School Buildings

Hampton, VA experimenting with two K-8 Schools, housing 1,300 students each

Duke University Study: Sixth Graders who attend Middle School are much

more likely to be cited for discipline problems Even occurs when controlling for other

demographic characteristics Behavior continues through 9th grade Recommends that 6th grade stay in Elementary

School

Williamsburg Education Review CommitteeSplit Down the Middle?

Virtual AP Programs Access to AP & Foreign Language Classes Developed by WHRO, Owned by VDOE, Free to Use

Technical Education Possible Partnership with TNCC Workforce Development? Governor Warner offered to help students post-high school

Apple’s “Challenge Based Learning” “An engaging multidisciplinary approach to teaching and

learning that encourages students to leverage the technology they use in their daily lives to solve real world problems”

Employs team based learning & technology Solve Interdisciplinary Problems

Example: Determine how your water usage affects the planet and how we can better employ our community water sources

Williamsburg Education Review CommitteeInnovative Curriculum

CONCLUSIONS



Greatest Advantage: Autonomy to make educational quality

policy choices Greatest Disadvantage:

Cost is significantly over what Williamsburg currently contributes to the WJCC school system

Williamsburg Education Review CommitteeConclusions

Final Length: 170 pages

Presentation is an abbreviated overview of the report

For easy reference, use the table of contents

Appendix divided into three sections

Williamsburg Education Review CommitteeThe Finished Document

Amy Farley, W.E.R.C. Chairwoman Clyde Haulman, Vice Mayor, W&M Professor David Finifter, W&M Professor Earl Praeger, Apple Computers of Virginia Henrico County Public Schools Jessica Rodgers, Volunteer Research Assistant Joseph Hayes, Research Assistant Paul Manna, W&M Professor Steve Staples, W&M Professor Scott Burckbuchler, WJCC Chief Financial Officer The College of William & Mary School of Education Virginia Beach City Public Schools York County Public Schools Williamsburg Education Review Committee (W.E.R.C.)

Williamsburg Education Review CommitteeSpecial Thanks . . .

QUESTIONS?



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