medieval art through american art

UNDERSTANDING ART

Exam 3 Review

Early Medieval and Romanesque Art

Chapter 10

Hinged Clasp

Early Medieval Art in the British Isles

Anglo-Saxon metalwork

Sutton-Hoo Burial

500s-700s AD

Metal working was the

pride of Anglo-Saxon art. A

hoard of treasures was

found at the Sutton-Hoo

burial site. Grave’s

unidentified occupant was

buried in a 90-foot-long

ship. The vessel had armor

and weapons and luxury

goods for the afterlife.

Man

Gospel of Matthew, Book of Durrow

Early Medieval Art in the British Isles

Hiberno-Saxon manuscript

500s-700s AD

Borders were very important. The

human figure is very unrealistic and

armless. His robe has a

checkerboard pattern.

Monks made books in workshops

called scriptoria. Each section began

with a symbol page, a page or

ornamentation and a page of

elaborated text.

Feet point one direction but face

faces forward.

Chi Rho Page

Early Medieval Art in the British

Isles

Gospel of Matthew, Book of Kells

Hiberno-Saxon manuscript

500s-700s AD

Nothing particularly Christian

about it.

Created by a monk, isolated,

wealthy.

Contains Greek letters chi, rho

and iota that cluster together to

resemble brooches. Human and

animal forms are hidden within the

depiction.

Christ may be the red-headed

youth. Cats at the bottom eat

St. Gall Monastery Plan

Under the Holy Roman Emperor

Charlemagne (modern day France).

First emperor since Roman Empire;

forcibly Christianized people in the

East and Muslims in Spain.

Carolingian Art: renewal of learning,

art and culture via the Catholic church

800s AD

Livestock, kitchens, physician,

garden, brewery, school, workshop

and dormitory. Plus a church and

sanctuary.

Basic layout of a medieval monastery.

Cloister: central courtyard linked to all

of the monk’s most important

buildings.

Lindau Gospel Book Cover

Crucifixion with Angels and

Mourning Figures

Carolingian Art

800s AD

Metalwork – figures hammered

from the back

Very expensive, polished stones

are raised to enhance luster.

Made before the printing press.

Contains symbols of the sun and

moon and a calm Classical Jesus

who appears to be merely standing

in front of the cross.

Seven-Headed Dragon

Morgan Beatusmanuscript – colored bands, Apocalypse, no realism, woman clothed in sun, ornamental style, nightmarish quality, bold eyes

Spanish Medieval Art –mix of Muslim and Christian

Mozarabic style –Muslim style incorporated into Christian art

700s-900s AD

Gero Crucifix

Ottonian Art

Under the Holy Roman Empire of

Otto I, II, and III from Saxony

(modern day Germany). The

Carolingian Empire had been

divided into 3 parts.

900s-1000s AD

Painted wood

Cologne Cathedral

Very realistic, relatable, life-size,

human suffering, sagging arms,

thin legs, meant to inspire awe,

empathy and pity.

Bronze Doors of St. Michael

Ottonian Art

Under the Holy Roman Empire of

Otto I, II, and III from Saxony

(modern day Germany)

Hildesheim, Germany

900s-1000s AD

Most ambitious and complex casting

project since antiquity, scenes from

Creation to the murder of Abel by

Cain,

Hebrew Bible on one side, New

Testament on the other, opposition of

good and evil, damnation and

salvation.

Christ Washing the Feet of His

Disciples

Ottonian Art

Under the Holy Roman Empire of

Otto I, II, and III from Saxony

(modern day Germany)

900s-1000s AD

Page in the Gospels of Otto III

Manuscript – large, dramatic hands

and eyes, lavish gold background,

Byzantine style, slender men,

narrative power and expressiveness,

village in background, controlled and

balance architectural canopy.

Jesus is largest; final meal together,

Peter is hesitant but other disciple is

eager.

St. James of Compostela

Romanesque Art – axial direction, cross shape, nave and

transept meet (called the crossing, marked by a tower),

larger to accommodate more people on pilgrimages, more

chapels, added an ambulatory

1000s-1100s AD

Plan and reconstruction

Spain

Interior Nave View of St. James of

Compostela

Romanesque Art

1000s-1100s AD

Spain

Groin vaults draw eye

upward, barrel and half-

barrel vaults, octagonal

lantern tower for light,

compound pillars at the

corners.

Buttresses allowed

cathedrals to be larger and

taller

Portal Entrance to Church of St. Pierre,

Moissac

Romanesque Art

1000s-1100s AD

Christ in Majesty

France

Tympanum – arched half circle, Second Coming, Christ is static but surrounding people writhe with excitement, great deal of ornamentation.

Second Coming of Christ

Last Judgment

Cathedral of St. Lazare

Detail of tympanum

carving – Christ in

manderla, flanked by

angels, judges naked

humans, the damned

suffer and the saved

reach Heaven,

architectural depiction,

arches

Romanesque Art

1000s-1100s AD

Autun, France

Flight Into Egypt

Capital from a column

inside St. Lazare

Romanesque Art

1000s-1100s AD

Autun, France

Circles on bottom may be

wheels from a play for

kids, historiated capital,

charming and doll-like

figures, escaping paranoid

King Herod

Christ in Majesty

Romanesque Art

1000s-1100s AD

Large apse painting

St. Climent, Spain

Fresco – watercolor on

wet plaster for wall or

ceiling

Jesus squatted, grand

hand gesture, bold colors,

surrounded by border,

book in hand, alpha and

omega symbols

Gothic Art

Chapter 11

St. Denis, Interior View of Choir and Ground

Plan

Gothic Art

1100s-1300s AD

France

Radiating chapels,

ambulatory, rib vaulting,

groin vaults, choir

Chartres Cathedral, Reconstruction and Ground

Plan

Gothic Art

1100s-1300s AD

Chartres, France

Flying buttresses, triforium (middle

floor), colonettes, archivolts, jambs,

rose windows

Chartres Cathedral, Exterior

Façade

Gothic Art

1100s-1300s AD

Tympanum

Chartres Cathedral, Façade

detail

Gothic Art

1100s-1300s AD

Chartres Cathedral, Detail of Jamb

Figures

Gothic Art

1100s-1300s AD

Chartres Cathedral, Interior Nave

View

Gothic Art

1100s-1300s AD

Ribbed groin vaults

Chartres Cathedral, Good

Samaritan Stained Glass Window

Gothic Art

1100s-1300s AD

Allegory on sin

and salvation, on

nave aisle,

parable from

Jesus, man helps

other man that

was beaten and

robbed, next to

Creation story

Chartres Cathedral, Rose Window and

Lancets

Gothic Art

1100s-1300s AD

Willowy figures

Notre-Dame Cathedral, Side

View

Gothic Art

1100s-1300s AD

Paris

Reims Cathedral, Façade View

Gothic Art

1100s-1300s AD

France

Reims Cathedral, Jamb Figures

Annunciation and Visitation

1100s-1300s AD

Gothic Art

France

Sainte-Chapelle, Nave with Stained

Glass

Gothic Art

1100s-1300s AD

Paris

Early Renaissance Art

Chapter 12

Virgin in Majesty Altarpiece, Raising

of Lazarus

Late Medieval Art in Italy

1300s AD

Detailed naturalism, still gold

background

Virgin and Child Enthroned

Late Medieval Art in Italy

1300s AD

Cimbabue

Both Byzantine and Renaissance

elements

Virgin and Child Enthroned

Late Medieval Art in Italy

1300s AD

Giotto

Shows an increase in

naturalism from Cimabue’s

version

Arena Chapel Frescoes

Detail of Lamentation

Late Medieval Art in Italy

Naturalism, emerging narrative

approach to art

1300s AD

Giotto

Good and Bad Government

Frescoes

Vernacular and allegorical scenes, one of the

earliest landscapes since ancient Rome, rival lines

of Popes, artists become individuals, formed

guilds, bustling people large compared to

buildings, shifting viewpoints,

Late Medieval Art in

Italy

1300s AD

Lorenzetti

Florence Cathedral Dome

Brunelleschi –

studied ancient

Roman Pantheon

Early

Renaissance Art

in Italy

1400s AD

Pointed arch,

supported by

internal ribs

Church of San Lorenzo in Florence,

Nave

Brunelleschi – new visual

clarity, mathematical

proportion system,

Classically inspired,

molding, coffers,

semicircular dome,

Corinthian columns

Early Renaissance Art in

Italy

1400s AD

Medici Palace in Florence, Exterior and

Courtyard

Michelozzo – rusticated stone

blocks, Classically inspired,

massive in scale, arcade and

frieze in courtyard

Early Renaissance Art in Italy

1400s AD

David

Early Renaissance Art in Italy

1400s AD

Donatello – first free-standing

nude figure since antiquity,

David slew Goliath, jaunty hat

and boots, young features

accentuate the heroism and

triumph

Equestrian Figure of

Gattamelata

Early Renaissance Art in Italy

1400s AD

Donatello –

reminiscent of Marcus

Aurelius, first life-size

equestrian figure

since antiquity, warrior

grown old and tired

Bronze Doors of Paradise, Florence

Baptistery

Ghiberti – scenes from Hebrew bible, begins

with Creation, murder of Abel by Cain, Ghiberti’s

portrait

Early Renaissance Art in Italy

1400s AD

Trinity Fresco

Early Renaissance Art in Italy

1400s AD

Masaccio – one point

perspective creates illusion of

depth, looming figure of God,

even illumination, dove of the

Holy Spirit, kneeling in prayer

Tribute Money

Early Renaissance Art in Italy

1400s AD

Masaccio – atmospheric perspective, Tax collector asks

Peter if Jesus paid temple tax, bold color, arm diagonals,

tension

Battle of San Romano

Uccello – mathematical perspective and spatial

illusionism, for a Medici, fallen soldier, fruit

symbolism

Early Renaissance Art in Italy

1400s AD

Birth of Venus

Botticelli – interest in classical subjects of the

Renaissance, heavenly and earthly, physical

and intellectual, for Medici family member,

modest Venus, born of sea foam, blown by

wind God

Early Renaissance Art

in Italy

1400s AD

February Calendar Page

Early Renaissance Art in Northern Europe

1400s AD

Limbourg brothers

New vernacular trends in art, snow scene, low class people not in a hovel like usual, uncouth man, comfortable farm with fire, cutaway view of house, high placement of horizontal line

Merode Altarpiece of

Annunciation

Early Renaissance Art in Northern Europe

Anonymous – triptych, vivid colors, Virgin Mary out of time,

private chapel, village scene outside, unfocused eyes

suggest meditation scene, carpenter Joseph, flowers and

water pot, mousetraps

1400s AD

Ghent Altarpiece

Early Renaissance Art in Northern Europe

Van Eyck – Adam and Eve, for family chapel (wealthy

patrons), rich colors, figure of God, many different kinds

of people assembled to worship the Lamb

1400s AD

Arnolfini Wedding Portrait

Early Renaissance Art in

Northern Europe

Van Eyck – actual wedding

contract, toy dog, convex

mirror, obvious signature,

expensive fur coat and hat,

self-made cloth merchant,

prayer beads, religious scenes

around mirror

1400s AD

Deposition

Early Renaissance Art in Northern Europe

Van der Weyden – realism v. abstraction

1400s AD

Removal of Christ’s

body from the cross,

press forward into

viewer’s space, clear

anguish, very

poignant

A Goldsmith in His Shop

Christus – secular

vocational portrait,

once thought to be

St. Eligius, convex

mirror, his tools are

present

Early Renaissance

Art in Northern

Europe

1400s AD

Portinari Altarpiece

Van der Goes – adoration of the shepherds,

commissioned to be sent across Alps, admired and

emulated in Florence, baby on ground, formal religious

symbols

Early Renaissance Art in Northern Europe

1400s AD

Art of the Americas

Chapter 15

Beaver Effigy Platform Pipe

Eastern

100-400 AD

Back is a pipe, face to

face with beaver,

wide white eyes,

window to the

spiritual world

Great Serpent Mound

East

Ohio, Eastern

1000 AD

Snake could

be swallowing

an egg

Stone Effigies

Eastern, Georgia (Etowah)

1300 AD

Remnants of pigment, wide all-knowing eyes, open mouths symbolizes oral tradition, exaggerate features denotes universality

Powhatan’s Mantle

East Coast

Algonquin

1600 AD

Circles could be stars,

man among the

heavens with the

animals linking him,

embroidered with shell,

existence implies they

had the time/wealth to

make it

Pueblo Bonito

Southwest

Chaco Canyon, New

Mexico

830-1250 AD

Not all rooms would have

been inhabited, lack of

fire pits found, probably

for ceremonial purpose,

kiva – subterranean

ceremonial room, done

without draft animals or

metal tools

Seed Jar

Southwest

1500 AD

Cells reminiscent

of Pueblo Bonito,

low-fired ceramic,

complex,

angularity

enhances curve of

jar, positive and

negative space

suggests

lightening

Cedar Bentwood Chest

Northwest coast

1800s AD

Looks like a bear,

which can stand

on its hind legs

and eats salmon

like the Native

Americans did

Property of

wealthy high

ranking

individuals

Eagle Transformation Mask

Northwest

Kwakiutl

1800s AD

Link between animal and human, corresponding colors,

used in spiritual winter ceremony, spirits mingle with mortals

Battle Scene, Painted Bison

Hide

Plains

1800s AD

Read from right to left, depiction tells a story because they lack a written language, collected by Lewis and Clark

Worn over shoulder to commemorate warrior’s heroic

Battle with a Cheyenne, Four

Plains

Plains

1800s AD

Pencil on

paper,

elegant use

of color, not

realistic,

flowing

blood

Colossal Head

Olmec

1200 BC

Mesoamerica

Environmentally

diverse, quarried

at distant sites

and transported

to ceremonial

centers, each

face is different

Teotihuacan City Center

Teotihuacan culture

100 AD

Mesoamerica

First truly urban

settlement, stepped

pyramids

One of the largest in the

world at the time, made

from volcanic stone

Worshipped many

deities,

Temple of the Feathered

Serpent

Teotihuacan culture

100 AD

Talud-tablero

architectural style

Sloping base

(talud)

Vertical entablature

(tablero)

Flat, angular and

abstract

Palenque City Center

Mayan culture

600s AD

Mesoamerica

Administrative center, developed the most advanced hieroglyphic system, used sophisticated concepts like zero and place value

Portrait of Pakal the Great

Mayan culture

600s AD

Mesoamerica

Competing city-states,

elaborate and gory rituals to

appease Gods, Pakal was

found in a sarcophagus,

seemingly suspended between

the underworld and earth,

elongated head because

babies’ heads were bound,

was colorfully painted, ideal

beauty

Chichen Itza City Center

Mayan culture

Mesoamerica

800s-1200s AD

Imposing pyramids

Densely populated

cities

Most sophisticated

calendar system

Founding of Tenochtitlan, Manuscript

Page

Aztec culture

Mesoamerica

1500s AD

Began after decline of the Mayans, eagle (God) on cactus symbolized the end of their journey, much of the Empire was destroyed by the Spanish invasion, waterways divide city into four sectors, warriors at bottom depict victories over nearby cities

Goddess of Coatlicue

Aztec culture

1500s AD

Mesoamerica

Monumental, powerful and often unsettling, skirt of twisted snakes, goddess has been decapitated by other children, though her son emerges to defend her, snakes form her head, commandingly solid

Calendar Stone

Aztec culture

1500s AD

Stylized serpents with flames

Elements of sun and night

Central God with claws and face; describes the day the fifth sun will be destroyed by an earthquake, earth has already been created 4 other times

Shaman with Drum and Snake

Diquis culture –Central America

Gold image –excellent goldsmiths

1500s AD

Male figure with snake head covering his privates, scrolls could represent Shaman’s ability to speak with the animals, gold worn to inspire fear, it held a lot of power and energy

Machu Picchu City Center

Incan culture: South

America

1500s AD

One of largest states the

in world, culture center

Conquest, alliance,

intimidation…

Linguistically and

ethnically diverse

Ruler’s summer home

Produced textiles, fit

offering for the Gods

Patterns and colors

formed uniform of sorts