cassava for sustainable poverty alleviation

Cassava for sustainable Cassava for sustainable poverty alleviationpoverty alleviation

Introduction and definitions

Eco-efficient cassava: soil conservation

Eco-efficient cassava: pests & diseases

Eco-efficient cassava processing

In the pipeline & MTP

World production of cassava

Cassava: an ideal vehicle for rural development and to reach the poorest of the poor

…but it is grown in marginal and fragile environments.

Eco-efficiency in cassava

Increase productivity and/or value of production

while reducing the environmental footprint

(of production and processing)

Cassava: from subsistence…

…to an “industrial” crop.Starch EthanolProcessing may have

negative impact on the environment

Dried chips

Introduction and definitions

Eco-efficient cassava: soil conservation

Eco-efficient cassava: pests & diseases

Eco-efficient cassava processing

In the pipeline & MTP

Cassava for sustainable Cassava for sustainable poverty alleviationpoverty alleviation

Cassava root yields in three soil series in Thailand decreased over time if no fertilizer was applied

10

20

30

1960 1970 1980 1990

SattahipHuaipongKoratC

assa

va r

oot

yiel

d (t

/ha)

Crop year

But, with adequate and well-balanced

fertilizer application, high yields can be

maintained for at least 27 years of continuous cassava production on

the same land

Even on gentle slopes a lot of runoff water can accumulate in natural drainage

ways………

…which can break the contour ridges and cause serious gully erosion

…or worse…

…or even much worse.

Research has shown that cassava production can result in serious erosion……

but that there are many simple cultural and soil conservation practices that can reduce it

Research has shown that cassava production can result in serious erosion……

but that there are many simple cultural and soil conservation practices that can reduce itHowever, farmers seldom adopt soil conservation practices …….

……because most of these practices require additional money or labor and do not provide any short-term economic benefits

Introduction and definitions

Eco-efficient cassava: soil conservation

Eco-efficient cassava: pests & diseases

Eco-efficient cassava processing

In the pipeline & MTP

Cassava for sustainable Cassava for sustainable poverty alleviationpoverty alleviation

The power of biological control and availability of host plant resistance

Greater incidence in large plantations

Climate change: influence pest occurrence / population dynamic

Increased emphasis on wild Manihot species as source of resistance

Important criteria and future trends in management of cassava arthropod pest

Long cycle crop: leads to greater exposure to pests

PESTSMealybugsPhenacoccus manihotiPhenacoccus herreniPseudococcus jackbeardsleyiFerrisia virgataDysmicoccus sp.Psedococcus mandio (Root mealybug)

WhitefliesAleurotrachelus socialisBemisia tuberculataBemisia tabaciBemisia aferAleurodiscus dispersus

MitesMononychellus tanajoaTetranychus truncatus

StemborersChilomima clarkei

HornwormErnnyis ello

LacebugsVatiga spp.

Burrower bugCyrtomenus bergi

ShootflySilva pendula

ORIGIN

Americas Americas AmericasAmericasAmericas Americas

AmericasAmericas

Africa (Cassava)Africa

Americas

AmericasAsia

Americas

Americas

Americas

Americas

Americas

AMERICA

OriginOriginOriginOriginOriginOrigin

OriginOrigin--------XXXXOrigin

Origin--------

Origin

Origin

Origin

Origin

Origin

AFRICA

XXXX--------------XXXX--------------

--------------OriginOriginXXXX

XXXX--------

-------

-------

-------

-------

-------

ASIA

XXXX (Th)-------XXXXXXXX--------------

--------------XXXX-------XXXX

-------Origin

-------

-------

-------

-------

-------

Whiteflies: the damage

Vector:CMDCBSDFrog skin?

Bemisia tabaci Potential Distribution

Whiteflies: host plant resistance

Molecular markers using the microarray approach

Whiteflies: host plant resistance

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

CG-489-31 CG-489-34 CG 489-23 CG 489-4 CMC 40 AROMA

DAMAGE LEVEL

NATAIMA - 31CMC40 AROMA

1

2

3

4

Other resistant clones

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

CG 489-31 CG 489-34 CG 489-23 CG 489-4 CMC 40 AROMA

ADULT POPULATION/LEAF

NATAIMA - 31CMC40 AROMA

20

40

60

80

Other resistant clones

Whiteflies: Releasing Nataima-31 (2003)

Whiteflies: integrated management

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

damage(D)

Population(P)

Economic damage

Economic threshold

Biological application:Adult-Egg: 1 – 50Nynph–Pupae: 1-200

Chemical application:Adult-Egg: 51-200Nynph– Pupae: 201-500

Initiate control

Initiate control

Whiteflies: integrated management

Mealybug: the damage

Mealybugs in South AmericaMealybugs in South America

P. manihotiP. manihoti

P. manihoti

P. herreni

P. herreni

P. manihoti

Mealybugs in South AmericaMealybugs in South America

P. manihotiP. manihoti

P. manihoti

P. herreni

P. manihoti

Anagyrus lopezi

Mealybug(Mealybug(Phenacoccus manihotiPhenacoccus manihoti): damage in Africa): damage in Africa

Anagyrus lopezi

One of the most successful One of the most successful interventions by CG systeminterventions by CG system

En example of the potential benefitsEn example of the potential benefitsof productive collaboration betweenof productive collaboration between

CIAT and IITACIAT and IITA

Mealybugs in South AmericaMealybugs in South America

P. manihotiP. manihoti

P. herreni

P. herreni

P. manihoti

Anagyrus diversicornis

Aenasius vexans

Acerophagus coccois

Biological control of horn worm

Resistant

Susceptible

Bacterial blight

Root rots

Super elongation diseaseFrog skin disease

DAPI stain Electron miscroscope

Source: Juan Fernando Mejía & Elizabeth Alvarez

Healthy

Infected

Diagnostic tools for Frog Skin Disease

Nested PCR Diagnostic por production of clean planting material

I.S16S rRNA gene 23S 5S

P1

R16F2n

R16R2

P7

R16F2n

R16R2

R16mF2 R16mR1

Leaves Roots

Leaves+

roots

1.2

Infected Healthy Infected

Introduction and definitions

Eco-efficient cassava: soil conservation

Eco-efficient cassava: pests & diseases

Eco-efficient cassava processing

In the pipeline & MTP

Cassava for sustainable Cassava for sustainable poverty alleviationpoverty alleviation

Environmental impact of starch production

May 17, 2009The Vietnam Farmers’ Association has asked the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and Dong Nai Province officials help farmers in their claims against Vedan Vietnam (Photograph).  Vedan, a starch and MSG producer, has been accused of polluting the Thi Vai River….

Cassava flour as alternative to starch

Waxy starch

Roots

Stems

Maize waxy starch benefits farmers (30% higher price) Stronger markets Easier degradation of starch Reduced need for modification for certain uses

: the plant (not the factory)making starch modifications

Tolerance to post-harvest physiological deterioration

20 days after

harvest

Two months after harvest

Introduction and definitions

Eco-efficient cassava: soil conservation

Eco-efficient cassava: pests & diseases

Eco-efficient cassava processing

In the pipeline & MTP

Cassava for sustainable Cassava for sustainable poverty alleviationpoverty alleviation

A Green Revolution for cassava?

In search of tolerance to herbicides

Looking for natural tolerance in the germplasm collection

Induced mutations

Genetic transformation (patents for RR expire soon)

The concept of genetic stocks for cassavaTypically, source materials have been the clones where traits had been first found (i.e. MECU72 for whiteflies)

Typically, the trait is in a heterozygous condition in the source

Use of the source was limited because exchange of germplasm had to be in vitro many logistic and quarantine problemsGenetic stocks for cassava: Self pollinate the source to have trait homozygous (S1 generation)

Self pollinated SEED (S2 generation) exchange between programs

Cross S1 sources for different traits (stockpile more than one trait)

CIAT-IITA-EMBRAPA webpage–Plant Registration Journal

Breeding value of such progenitor doubles

Exchange and conservation of “source material” as botanical seed

Faster exploitation of high-value traits and other desirable characteristics

Good visibility and higher impact of our research

OUTPUT 1: Creation and maintenance of genetic stocks to overcome

production constraints

Continue evaluation (and self-pollination) of accessions from germplasm bank

Increased carotene and protein content in the roots

Reduced cyanogenic glucosides in the roots

Starch quality traits (waxy and high-amylose) fully characterized

Self-pollinate dominant sources to make sure they are homozygous

Cross different homozygous sources (i.e. whiteflies and CMD resistance)

Continue with the development of “general purpose” improved cassava germplasm adapted to key target environments

OUTPUT 2: More efficient genetic enhancement approaches

Development of doubled-haploids protocol for the production of fully homozygous genotypes in a one-year period

Full commitment to the phenotyping phase of the biotechnology platform and development of suitable populations

Continue with the training of young breeders in suitable conventional breeding approaches and incorporation of new technologies

Induction of mutations as an approach to generate new, useful genetic variation

Genetic transformation for increased carotenoids content

New screening techniques (i.e. the use of NIRs for protein content)

OUTPUT 3: Eco-efficiency of production & processing of cassava

equity

Continue promoting cultural practices that will reduce soil erosion (Tin Maung Aye assuming a leadership role in Asia) and improved competitiveness for cassava (mechanization of planting & harvest by CLAYUCA)

Urgent need to address the issue of pest (mealybug and whiteflies) and diseases (mycoplasm?) in Asia

Final verdict on the causal organism of frog skin disease

Decentralized ethanol production approach in the Rural Social Bio-Refineries concept under development by CLAYUCA

Added value processing technologies (refined flour, waxing roots, bio-ethanol, waste management, animal feed) by CLAYUCA and team in Asia

PROBLEMS and OPPORTUNITIES

Weakness in addressing equity and gender issues

Weakness of NARs (even “big” ones like Thailand and Brazil) …but excellent collaboration with these and other key partners

Lack of commitment by the private sector. Absence of a “seed” industry

Significant improvement in CIAT – IITA collaboration

Two key scientists (T. Bellotti and R. Howeler) retire but replacements have been found. Soon the molecular breeder position will be filled.

Strategic collaboration with CLAYUCA and CIRAD

The Rockefeller Foundation

HarvestPlus

COLCIENCIAS

Colombia’s Min. Agric.

National Starch

Asenti sana ! Thank you ! Danke ! Obrigado ! Gracias ! Merci !Merci !

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