cassava for sustainable poverty alleviation
DESCRIPTION
Presentation by Hernán Ceballos for the CIAT KSW 2009TRANSCRIPT
Cassava for sustainable Cassava for sustainable poverty alleviationpoverty alleviation
Introduction and definitions
Eco-efficient cassava: soil conservation
Eco-efficient cassava: pests & diseases
Eco-efficient cassava processing
In the pipeline & MTP
World production of cassava
Cassava: an ideal vehicle for rural development and to reach the poorest of the poor
…but it is grown in marginal and fragile environments.
Eco-efficiency in cassava
Increase productivity and/or value of production
while reducing the environmental footprint
(of production and processing)
Cassava: from subsistence…
…to an “industrial” crop.Starch EthanolProcessing may have
negative impact on the environment
Dried chips
Introduction and definitions
Eco-efficient cassava: soil conservation
Eco-efficient cassava: pests & diseases
Eco-efficient cassava processing
In the pipeline & MTP
Cassava for sustainable Cassava for sustainable poverty alleviationpoverty alleviation
Cassava root yields in three soil series in Thailand decreased over time if no fertilizer was applied
10
20
30
1960 1970 1980 1990
SattahipHuaipongKoratC
assa
va r
oot
yiel
d (t
/ha)
Crop year
But, with adequate and well-balanced
fertilizer application, high yields can be
maintained for at least 27 years of continuous cassava production on
the same land
Even on gentle slopes a lot of runoff water can accumulate in natural drainage
ways………
…which can break the contour ridges and cause serious gully erosion
…or worse…
…or even much worse.
Research has shown that cassava production can result in serious erosion……
but that there are many simple cultural and soil conservation practices that can reduce it
Research has shown that cassava production can result in serious erosion……
but that there are many simple cultural and soil conservation practices that can reduce itHowever, farmers seldom adopt soil conservation practices …….
……because most of these practices require additional money or labor and do not provide any short-term economic benefits
Introduction and definitions
Eco-efficient cassava: soil conservation
Eco-efficient cassava: pests & diseases
Eco-efficient cassava processing
In the pipeline & MTP
Cassava for sustainable Cassava for sustainable poverty alleviationpoverty alleviation
The power of biological control and availability of host plant resistance
Greater incidence in large plantations
Climate change: influence pest occurrence / population dynamic
Increased emphasis on wild Manihot species as source of resistance
Important criteria and future trends in management of cassava arthropod pest
Long cycle crop: leads to greater exposure to pests
PESTSMealybugsPhenacoccus manihotiPhenacoccus herreniPseudococcus jackbeardsleyiFerrisia virgataDysmicoccus sp.Psedococcus mandio (Root mealybug)
WhitefliesAleurotrachelus socialisBemisia tuberculataBemisia tabaciBemisia aferAleurodiscus dispersus
MitesMononychellus tanajoaTetranychus truncatus
StemborersChilomima clarkei
HornwormErnnyis ello
LacebugsVatiga spp.
Burrower bugCyrtomenus bergi
ShootflySilva pendula
ORIGIN
Americas Americas AmericasAmericasAmericas Americas
AmericasAmericas
Africa (Cassava)Africa
Americas
AmericasAsia
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
Americas
AMERICA
OriginOriginOriginOriginOriginOrigin
OriginOrigin--------XXXXOrigin
Origin--------
Origin
Origin
Origin
Origin
Origin
AFRICA
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--------------OriginOriginXXXX
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ASIA
XXXX (Th)-------XXXXXXXX--------------
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-------Origin
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Whiteflies: the damage
Vector:CMDCBSDFrog skin?
Bemisia tabaci Potential Distribution
Whiteflies: host plant resistance
Molecular markers using the microarray approach
Whiteflies: host plant resistance
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
CG-489-31 CG-489-34 CG 489-23 CG 489-4 CMC 40 AROMA
DAMAGE LEVEL
NATAIMA - 31CMC40 AROMA
1
2
3
4
Other resistant clones
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
CG 489-31 CG 489-34 CG 489-23 CG 489-4 CMC 40 AROMA
ADULT POPULATION/LEAF
NATAIMA - 31CMC40 AROMA
20
40
60
80
Other resistant clones
Whiteflies: Releasing Nataima-31 (2003)
Whiteflies: integrated management
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
damage(D)
Population(P)
Economic damage
Economic threshold
Biological application:Adult-Egg: 1 – 50Nynph–Pupae: 1-200
Chemical application:Adult-Egg: 51-200Nynph– Pupae: 201-500
Initiate control
Initiate control
Whiteflies: integrated management
Mealybug: the damage
Mealybugs in South AmericaMealybugs in South America
P. manihotiP. manihoti
P. manihoti
P. herreni
P. herreni
P. manihoti
Mealybugs in South AmericaMealybugs in South America
P. manihotiP. manihoti
P. manihoti
P. herreni
P. manihoti
Anagyrus lopezi
Mealybug(Mealybug(Phenacoccus manihotiPhenacoccus manihoti): damage in Africa): damage in Africa
Anagyrus lopezi
One of the most successful One of the most successful interventions by CG systeminterventions by CG system
En example of the potential benefitsEn example of the potential benefitsof productive collaboration betweenof productive collaboration between
CIAT and IITACIAT and IITA
Mealybugs in South AmericaMealybugs in South America
P. manihotiP. manihoti
P. herreni
P. herreni
P. manihoti
Anagyrus diversicornis
Aenasius vexans
Acerophagus coccois
Biological control of horn worm
Resistant
Susceptible
Bacterial blight
Root rots
Super elongation diseaseFrog skin disease
DAPI stain Electron miscroscope
Source: Juan Fernando Mejía & Elizabeth Alvarez
Healthy
Infected
Diagnostic tools for Frog Skin Disease
Nested PCR Diagnostic por production of clean planting material
I.S16S rRNA gene 23S 5S
P1
R16F2n
R16R2
P7
R16F2n
R16R2
R16mF2 R16mR1
Leaves Roots
Leaves+
roots
1.2
Infected Healthy Infected
Introduction and definitions
Eco-efficient cassava: soil conservation
Eco-efficient cassava: pests & diseases
Eco-efficient cassava processing
In the pipeline & MTP
Cassava for sustainable Cassava for sustainable poverty alleviationpoverty alleviation
Environmental impact of starch production
May 17, 2009The Vietnam Farmers’ Association has asked the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and Dong Nai Province officials help farmers in their claims against Vedan Vietnam (Photograph). Vedan, a starch and MSG producer, has been accused of polluting the Thi Vai River….
Cassava flour as alternative to starch
Waxy starch
Roots
Stems
Maize waxy starch benefits farmers (30% higher price) Stronger markets Easier degradation of starch Reduced need for modification for certain uses
: the plant (not the factory)making starch modifications
Tolerance to post-harvest physiological deterioration
20 days after
harvest
Two months after harvest
Introduction and definitions
Eco-efficient cassava: soil conservation
Eco-efficient cassava: pests & diseases
Eco-efficient cassava processing
In the pipeline & MTP
Cassava for sustainable Cassava for sustainable poverty alleviationpoverty alleviation
A Green Revolution for cassava?
In search of tolerance to herbicides
Looking for natural tolerance in the germplasm collection
Induced mutations
Genetic transformation (patents for RR expire soon)
The concept of genetic stocks for cassavaTypically, source materials have been the clones where traits had been first found (i.e. MECU72 for whiteflies)
Typically, the trait is in a heterozygous condition in the source
Use of the source was limited because exchange of germplasm had to be in vitro many logistic and quarantine problemsGenetic stocks for cassava: Self pollinate the source to have trait homozygous (S1 generation)
Self pollinated SEED (S2 generation) exchange between programs
Cross S1 sources for different traits (stockpile more than one trait)
CIAT-IITA-EMBRAPA webpage–Plant Registration Journal
Breeding value of such progenitor doubles
Exchange and conservation of “source material” as botanical seed
Faster exploitation of high-value traits and other desirable characteristics
Good visibility and higher impact of our research
OUTPUT 1: Creation and maintenance of genetic stocks to overcome
production constraints
Continue evaluation (and self-pollination) of accessions from germplasm bank
Increased carotene and protein content in the roots
Reduced cyanogenic glucosides in the roots
Starch quality traits (waxy and high-amylose) fully characterized
Self-pollinate dominant sources to make sure they are homozygous
Cross different homozygous sources (i.e. whiteflies and CMD resistance)
Continue with the development of “general purpose” improved cassava germplasm adapted to key target environments
OUTPUT 2: More efficient genetic enhancement approaches
Development of doubled-haploids protocol for the production of fully homozygous genotypes in a one-year period
Full commitment to the phenotyping phase of the biotechnology platform and development of suitable populations
Continue with the training of young breeders in suitable conventional breeding approaches and incorporation of new technologies
Induction of mutations as an approach to generate new, useful genetic variation
Genetic transformation for increased carotenoids content
New screening techniques (i.e. the use of NIRs for protein content)
OUTPUT 3: Eco-efficiency of production & processing of cassava
equity
Continue promoting cultural practices that will reduce soil erosion (Tin Maung Aye assuming a leadership role in Asia) and improved competitiveness for cassava (mechanization of planting & harvest by CLAYUCA)
Urgent need to address the issue of pest (mealybug and whiteflies) and diseases (mycoplasm?) in Asia
Final verdict on the causal organism of frog skin disease
Decentralized ethanol production approach in the Rural Social Bio-Refineries concept under development by CLAYUCA
Added value processing technologies (refined flour, waxing roots, bio-ethanol, waste management, animal feed) by CLAYUCA and team in Asia
PROBLEMS and OPPORTUNITIES
Weakness in addressing equity and gender issues
Weakness of NARs (even “big” ones like Thailand and Brazil) …but excellent collaboration with these and other key partners
Lack of commitment by the private sector. Absence of a “seed” industry
Significant improvement in CIAT – IITA collaboration
Two key scientists (T. Bellotti and R. Howeler) retire but replacements have been found. Soon the molecular breeder position will be filled.
Strategic collaboration with CLAYUCA and CIRAD
The Rockefeller Foundation
HarvestPlus
COLCIENCIAS
Colombia’s Min. Agric.
National Starch
Asenti sana ! Thank you ! Danke ! Obrigado ! Gracias ! Merci !Merci !
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