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4/3/2014
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Spencer S. Walse*J. Steve TebbetsDavid Obenland
David HallJoe Morse (UCR)
Beth Grafton Cardwell (UCR)Michael Rogers (UF)Beth Mitcham (UCD)Dan Kuzmich (ARS)
Breaking insect-related citrus trade barriers using postharvest treatments
2014-2015 CA Citrus Update - Walse
2) Systems-based (reduce need /requirements of #1)- mathematics of pre- & post- harvest factors- soaking (low WM organics) for FRB- ACP to AUS, brown rot w/ Adaskaveg
3) Regulatory - PH3 EPA off-gassing, OPP re-registration- EF report to organic board
1) Stand-alone - PH3 (Brevipalpus mites, red scale, Medfly)
- MB (ACP in Miami last week of April)- cold treatment, fogging degreening rooms (FRB)
- soaks/floods/dips
4/3/2014
2
Stand-alone fumigation: lab-scalephosphine , methyl bromide, ethyl formate
CRS
OFF/MF
BT
FRB mites
ACP
feasible standalone control option(s)
benefit from system approach
Asian citrus psyllid fumigation with MB~ 70 mg h/L will control adult ACP
( 3 lbs, 50F, 2 h)
PH3 fumigations ongoing at CRF - UC Davis
4/3/2014
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Brevapalpus chilensis with MB
> 2-fold more difficult than ACP
~ 152 mg h/L will control adult ACP at 40F, 2.5 h
Relative sorption of fumigants into “naked” fresh produceexternal versus internal feeders
OFF
orange (0.51)
mites
very important for short treatments (MB)
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Brevipalpus chilensis with PH3 @ 1.3 ± 0.5 °C
B. species trade barrier to NZ ??
B. californicus & B. lewisi- MB studies ongoing in Parlier/Kearney (G.-Cardwell)- PH3 studies ongoing in Parlier/Kearney (G.-Cardwell)- EF studies ongoing at CRF – UC Davis (Mitcham)
4/3/2014
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Standalone FRB treatments
2) Cold-treatment - “classic” preshipment” 22d at -0.5ºC (-5C for 5 d)- 34% mortality
3) IGR soaks w/ & w/out adjuvants- 200 ppm Imazalil “back ground” solution- 1:1 v/v spray-aid or 4.5% Prospect at 40C 15 – 30s- Applaud 70DF, Esteem .86 EC, Micromite 80wgs- 50% control w/ spray-aid & Micromite
1) Fogging- Acetic acid 1% - Fruit growers & Smilanick (USDA-ARS)- 19% mortality
4) Lime sulfur soaks at 40C- 44% control at 5% 30s exposures
Standalone FRB treatments
5) Organic acid soaks w/ & w/out adjuvants- acetic acid, formic acid, ethyl formate, isopropyl formate,- ethanol, methanol, methyl formate
- acetic acid 5 to10% (or more) , 40C, time, dry, “rinse”- No adjuvant
- > 76% mortality @ 90 s- 92% mortality @240s
- 1:1 v/v spray-aid or 4.5% Prospect at 40C- >97% mortality @ 90s
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Acetic acid soak – commercial
Bin drench (“room temp” fruit)
40C in 1:1 spray aid or 4.5% prospectfood-grade acetic acid (~6% vinegar)
“dry” bins in degreening room “overnight”
Bin dump onto line to rinse and pack per usualcommercial tests to start ASAP
FDA POLICY (http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/ComplianceManuals/CompliancePolicyGuidanceManual/ucm074577.htm):Acetic acid is generally recognized as safe for use in foods if it is of "food-grade" and is used in accord with good manufacturing processes.
FIFRA 25b exempt pesticides: malic acid, citric acid
Opportunity to
impact postharvest treatments
start finish
PRODUCTION POSTHARVESTPREPLANT
“SYSTEMS-BASED”
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FRBOFF/MF
postharvest control
production efforts
“systems” Probit 9 efficacy
General “systems” concept
CRS ACP
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Systems-based:Cumulative evaluation of processes
General rule for the multiplication of independent probabilities(Finney, 1948; Rosenthal, 1978)
Sample size estimation(Couey & Chew, ARS & UF, 1986)
))(1))((1))((1(1)( 2121 EnPEPEPEnEEP
)(
) and (
a
baab
EP
EEP ) |EP(E (Eq. 2)
New rule for the multiplication of conditional probabilities
4/3/2014
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• Dunking
• Soak tank
• Wall-o-water/Flooding
• Spraying
• Washing over brushes
– Brushes alone
• Washing over rollers
– Rollers alone
• Forced-hot air dryer (confirmatory
Evaluation of events/processes
4/3/2014
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Systems evaluation: where we sit now
Exceeding “Probit 9” benchmark without postharvest fumigation
Systems approach for FRB
FRB
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Systems evaluation: where we sit now
To exceed “Probit 9” benchmark we need to string events
Trade Barriers (we break’em)
Politics/regulatory
$economics
science
X
4/3/2014
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Phosphine Chronolgy:
commercial test planned in CA
CO2
Fumigation
AlP
Tablets
CO2 + PH3
PH3 Generator
Pure phosphine diluted in
air
Mg3P2
Tablets
Egypt 1934
1979
1994
2002
First AlP fumigations
1953
Fosfoquim S.A.
SYSTEMS-BASED
finalmitigation
step
Pure phosphine diluted in
supra O2 air
“Horn” phosphine – Fosfoqium S.A.Other factors for Korea: Precedence
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PH3 Applications: MB chambers, CA rooms
waxed
control fumigated
42 F, 48 h , 1500 ppm
field runcontrol fumigated
Fruit Quality w/ Phosphine
David Obenland, USDA-ARS
4/3/2014
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Fumigants “off gas” (i.e., depurate) uniformly from boxed fruit over the course of cold storage with loss that follows first-order kinetic approximations given the applied doses and corresponding treatment temperature utilized in this study.
Other factors for Korea:Worker Safety – Inhalation Exposure
“Organic” (i.e., gaseous) fumigant residues in fumigated fruit decreased uniformlyover the course of cold-storage at 37 F and 34 F for oranges and grapes,respectively. Methyl bromide requires time-scales of days and phosphine requirestimescales of hours to reach USEPA food tolerences for both methyl bromide andphosphine residues in fruit (dashed red lines).
Other factors for Korea:Residues – Ingestion Exposure
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