anthropometry pps

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AnthropometryBy : Aamir Rauf Memon

2nd Year DPT Student

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What is Anthropometry?

Greek

Anthro- : man

-pometry: measurements

Literal meaning: “measurement of humans”

The study of measurements or proportions

of the human body according to sex, age,

etc. for identification purposes

Dimensions of bones, muscles, and adipose

(fat) tissues

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Definition of Anthropometry

Anthrop(s) = human

Metricos = of or pertaining to measurement

Basic Definition

The science of measurement of body size [NASA, 1978].

Detailed Definition

“The application of scientific methods to human subjects for the development of design standards & specific requirements and for the evaluation of engineering drawings, mock-ups & manufactured products for the purposes of assuring the suitability of these products for the intended user population.”

[Roebuck, Kroemer & Thompson, 1975].

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Definition of Anthropometry

“Anthropometry is a science that deals

with the measurement of size, weight, and

proportions of the human body. It is

empirical (experimentally derived) in

nature and has developed quantitative

methods to measure various physical

dimensions.” (Chaffin, 1984)

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Historical Perspective

13th century Marco Polo noticed different

body sizes and shapes of new races

Physical Anthropology traced to him

Leonardo da Vinci (The Vitruvian Man,

1485)

Standards start to show in 1906 (Monaco)

and 1912 (Geneva)

Anthropology branch of US Air Force had

dramatic impact

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History of Anthropometry

1883- Alphonse Bertillon: system of identification depending on the unchanging character of certain measurements of parts of the human body

1884: 241 multiple offenders were identified

“Bertillonage”- first adapted by the French police

1887: introduced in the United States by Major McClaughry, the translator of Bertillon's book, when he was the warden of the Illinois State

Penitentiary at Joliet.

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History of Anthropometry

1888: Francis Galton starts research on

“Finger Prints” to further anthropometry

1892: Francis Galton publishes Finger

Prints

1894: England adopted the system.

1903: Will West & William West

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Galton’s Discovery because of

Anthropometry?“My attention was first drawn to the ridges in 1888 when

preparing a lecture on Personal Identification for the Royal Institution, which had for its principal object an account of the anthropometric method of Bertillon, then newly introduced into the prison administration of France. Wishing to treat the subject generally, and having a vague knowledge of the value sometimes assigned to finger marks, I made inquiries, and was surprised to find, both how much had been done, and how much there remained to do, before establishing their theoretical value and practical utility.

Enough was then seen to show that the subject was of real importance, and I resolved to investigate it; all the more so, as the modern processes of photographic printing would enable the evidence of such results as might be arrived at, to be presented to the reader on an enlarged and easily legible form, and in a trustworthy shape. Those that are put forward in the following pages, admit of considerable extension and improvement, and it is only the fact that an account of them seems useful, which causes me to delay no further before submitting what has thus far been attained, to the criticism of others.”

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Applications of Anthropometry

Identification of repeated criminals Cesare Lombroso's Criminal Anthropology (1895):

“murderers have prominent jaws and pickpockets have long hands and scanty beards”.

Eugene Vidocq: identification of criminals by facial characteristics

Prevention of impersonation

Differentiation between the races Eugenics in Europe

Aryans from Jews: The Bureau for Enlightenment on Population Policy and Racial Welfare recommended the classification of Aryans and non-Aryans on the basis of measurements of the skull and other physical features, “craniometric” certification, required by law. The consequences for not meeting requirements included denial of permission to marry or work, and for many it meant the death camps

Intelligence tests became associated with Anthropometry

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Anthropometry

Technique of measuring people

Measure

Index

Indicator

Reference

Information

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Body Identification using

AnthropometryBertillon used 5 basic measurements: head length

head breadth

length of middle finger

Length of left foot

length from the elbow to the extremity of the middle finger

Today that list is more extensive: Gender

Height

Weight

Age

Bicep circumference, buttock depth, chest breadth, elbow circumference, eye height, forearm to hand, ear breadth, head circumference, head length, hip breadth sitting, hip breadth standing, sitting height, waist depth, wrist breadth, wrist circumference to name a few…there are currently 107 measurements

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Measurements

Weight

Height

Length and stature or height

Mid Upper Arm Circumference MUAC

Characteristics we need:easy

cheap

acceptable

reproducible

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Measurements

Reference planes

Taken between solid identifiable bony

landmarks in standard anatomical

positions

Anthropometric measuring kits

3-D body scanning (esp. for functional

anthropometry)

Motion capture systems

Develop regression models with statistical

relationships

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Measurement Techniques

1-Classical

or Linear Measurement Deals with simple dimensions of the stationary human being (weight, stature & lengths,

breadths, depths & circumferences of particular body structures).

• Measurements of height, breadth, depth, distance curvature, circumference and reach

• Grid, anthropometer, calipers, measuring tape, scale

• Simple but time consuming

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Measurement Techniques

2. New

Photographs (2D)

Computer Modeling-

stick person

Co-ordinate

Locations

MRI (3D)

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What is the concept of percentile?

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Design Principles

Extreme

Adjustable

Average

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Sensitive to changes

Changes in two directions up and down

Fast change

Usually easy to collect

Standardisation of scales needed, calibration

Small changes are difficult to measure: food

intake of the child, urine, dehydration, temp,

etc: not very specific

community aversion: connotations

can be difficult: co-operation of children

to nearest 100 gr.

WEIGHT

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Difficult to measure, accuracy, large

variations

Differences are small: 24 cm increment in the

first year of life, 11 cm second year, 8 third

Low sensitivity

Large measurement errors

Stunted versus stunting

stunted is a heterogeneous group

stunting is the active process: determinants are

acting

Measure to the nearest mm

Below 2 recumbent, above standing

Height

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Anthropometric Measuring ToolsS

lidin

g C

alip

ers

: la

rge

and s

mall

Tape

Spre

ad

ing C

alip

er

Anthropometer

Medical scale

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Anthropometric Measuring

TechniquesWeight

Stature

Posture: Standing

Frankfort

Sitting

Arm Span

Head Length

Head Breadth

Ear-to-Head Height

Nasal Length

Nasal Breadth

Skeletal Index = Sitting Height x 100/Stature

Cephalic Index = Head Breadth x 100/Head Length

Nasal Index = Nasal Breadth x 100/Nasal Length

Span/Stature Index = Arm Span x 100/ Stature

Cranial Capacity

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Anthropometric Measuring

Techniques

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Bas

ic C

har

t o

f W

hat

is

Mea

sure

d

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Bas

ic A

reas

of

Wh

ere

to M

easu

re

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Reference Planes

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Anatomical Landmarks

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Measurement Postures

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Anthropometry Today

Biometrics

Nutrition and wellness Weight Training

Ergonomics dynamic anthropometry: Measurements taken on and

around the figure when it is in any position other than the fixed ones.

Everyday life

Evolutionary Significance Changes in humans overtime

Monitor growth in children Cranial Anthropometry

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Functional(Dynamic) Anthropometry

“Deals with compound

measurements of the

moving human being.”

Work space Envelope: Is

the three dimensional

apace within which an

individual works,

especially with his hands.C

raw

ling length

Squat H

eig

ht

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Functional(Dynamic) Anthropometry

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Biometrics in Use

BenGurion Airport:

Hand Geometry

INSPASS: Hand

Geometry

FacePass: Face

Verification

Grocery Store Payment:

Fingerprint US- Visit Program

Heathrow Airport- Iris

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Cranial Anthropometry

Also known as Craniometry

measurement of the skull and face

3 ways to categorize the skull

dolichocephalic: long and thin

brachycephalic: short and broad

mesocephalic: intermediate length and

breadth

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3- D Anthropometry

3D anthropometry, the measure of humans, can be greatly aided by the use of accurate digital humans. We'll take a look at how to create these types of accurate digital humans and how they can be used for the measurement of entire populations

Programs:

Cyberware

DigiSize

CySlice

Ear Impression 3-D Scanner

SizeUSA: 3D measurement system, a body scanner feeding data into measurement extraction software.

CAESAR: generate a database of human physical dimensions for men and women of various weights, between the ages of 18 and 65

Virtual Models: virtually try on clothes, makeup etc.

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Individual Level

SCREENING: ONE TIME ASSESSMENT

to immediately decrease case fatality (emergency

situations)

in non-emergency situations

GROWTH MONITORING: TREND ASSESSMENT

Population Level

ONE TIME ASSESSMENT

under circumstances of food crisis

for long-term planning

NUTRITIONAL SURVEILLANCE: TREND ASSESSMENT

for long-term planning

for timely warning

for programme management

Use of Anthropometry

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Sources of Anthropometric Variability

1. Interindividual Variation

Resulting for DNA (Genotype/Phenotype)

Environment Altitude, temperature, sunlight, soil type

Nutrition

Ethnicity/Race

2. Intraindividual Variation

Aging Growing years – increase in stature, weight, and other

dimensions

Early adulthood – dimensions remain somewhat stable

Later years – decrease in height, increase in circumference and external diameters of bones

Daily stature variation

Age, health, strength

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The Story of Lacy and

Andrew

Does one size fit all?

Lacy is 4’ 10” (147 cm)

Andrew is 6’ 10” (208 cm)

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Love conquers all – even anthropometry!

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Questions?

This concludes the study of

Anthropometry. Thank you

for your time!