air pollution yata

7/28/2019 Air Pollution Yata

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AIR POLLUTION

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:PROF..PRAVEEN SAPTARSHI APOORVA KULSHRESTHA (1003)CHITRANSH SHRIVASTAVA (1009)

MEENU JAIN (1014)PRIYANKA KULSHRESHTHA (1019)SOMSUBHRA CHATTERJEE (1024)4/13/2013 1


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Air Pollution in Shanghai, China, in2004

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ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs) Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichloroethylene vinyl chloride4/13/2013 3


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INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum Vanadium

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What is air pollution? Contamination of the air by

noxious gases and minute

particles of solid and liquidmatter (particulates) in

concentrations that endanger

health

Air pollution only occursoutdoors

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What Is the Nature of theAtmosphere? The atmosphere is structured in layers, including the

troposphere, which supports life, and the stratosphere, which

contains the protective ozone layer.

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The Atmosphere Consists ofSeveral Layers Atmosphere varies in

Density Atmospheric pressure

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Atmospheric pressure (millibars)

120

Temperature

750 200 400 600 800 1,000

110

Thermosphere 65100

90Mesopause 55

80

70Mesosphere 45

60 Stratopause 35

50

Altitude(

miles)

Altitude(kilo

meters)

40 25Stratosphere

30 Tropopause

20 Ozone layer 15

10 Pressure Troposphere 5

(Sea

level)0

80 40 0 40 80 120

Temperature (C)

Pressure =

1,000 millibars

at ground level4/13/2013 8


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Air Movements in the TropospherePlay a Key Role in Earths Weatherand Climate

Troposphere 7580% of the earths air mass

Closet to the earth's surface

Chemical composition of air

Rising and falling air currents: weather and climate

Involved in chemical cycling

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The Stratosphere Is Our GlobalSunscreen Stratosphere

Similar composition to the troposphere, with 2 exceptions

Much less water

O3, ozone layer,filters UV

Location

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Whats smog ? Coined in 1950s

Mixture of smoke and fog

Smoke occurs when emission

from different places likeaccumulate under certainclimatic conditions

Two types:

Summer or photochemical (1stin America)

Winter(2ndin London)4/13/2013 11


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Formation of Photochemical Smog


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Sources of Outside Air Pollution Combustion of gasoline and other

hydrocarbon fuels in cars, trucks,

and airplanes

Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and

dinosaur bones)

Insecticides

Herbicides

Everyday radioactive fallouts

Dust from fertilizers

Mining operations

Livestock feedlots4/13/2013 13
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Sources of Indoor pollution Efficient insulation

Bacteria

Molds and mildews

Viruses

animal dander and cat saliva

plants

house dust

Mites

Cockroaches

pollen

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Effects on the environment Acid rain

Ozone depletion

Global warming

In human population-

respiratory problems, allergies,

strengthens lugs, and a risk forcancer

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Acid rain

contains high levels of sulfuric ornitric acids

contaminate drinking water and

vegetation

damage aquatic life erode buildings

Alters the chemical equilibrium of

some soils

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Strategies Air Quality Management Plan

Development of new

technology- electric cars,

cleaner fuels, low nitrogenoxide boilers and water healers,

zero polluting paints

Use of natural gas

Carpooling

Follow the laws enacted

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Role of Engines and Fuel Different engines and fuel combinations give out different

emissions in different quantities.

Some engines have catalysts which effectively remove part ofthe harmful gases.

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Catalytic Converters andParticle Traps Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce NOx emissions.

CO + HC + NOx H2O + N2 + CO2Platinum Honeycomb

Particle traps can be used to reduce PM10 and NOx, but theeffectiveness is severely reduced if the fuel the vehicle burns has a highsulphur content.

The major target in the battle for cleaner cities is diesel.

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FLOW INFORMATION

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Chemical Reactions That FormMajor Outdoor Air Pollutants

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Some Pollutants in the AtmosphereCombine to Form Other Pollutants Primary pollutants Secondary pollutants Air quality improving in developed countries

Much more needs to be done in developing countries

Indoor pollution: big threat to the poor

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What Are the Major Outdoor AirPollutants? Carbon oxides

Carbon monoxide (CO) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Sources

Human health and environmental impact

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What Are the Major Outdoor AirPollutants? Nitrogen oxides (NO) andnitric acid (HNO3)

Sources

Acid deposition

Photochemical smog Human health and environmental impact

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4) Sources


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What Are the Major Outdoor AirPollutants? Particulates

Suspended particulate matter (SPM) Fine Ultrafine

Sources


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What Are the Major Outdoor AirPollutants? Ozone (O3)

Sources

Human and environmental impact

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Hydrocarbons andterpenes Sources

Human and environmental impact

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Sunlight Plus Cars EqualsPhotochemical Smog Photochemical Smog

Chemical composition Sources

VOCs + NO2 + Heat + Sunlight yields

Ground level O3 and other photochemical oxidants

Aldehydes

Other secondary pollutants


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Case Study: U.S. Air Pollution CanBe Improved Rely on cleanup more than prevention of pollution

Raise fuel-efficiency for cars, SUVs, and light trucks

Better regulation of emissions of motorcycles and two-cyclegasoline engines

Regulate air pollution for oceangoing ships in American ports

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Case Study: U.S. Air Pollution CanBe Improved Why are airports exempt from many regulations?

Regulate greenhouse gas emissions

Ultrafine particles are not regulated

Urban O3 levels too high

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Case Study: U.S. Air Pollution CanBe Improved What about indoor air pollution?

Better enforcement of the Clean Air Acts

Is intense pressure needed from citizens to make

improvements?

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Natural Capital: Lichen Species,Vulnerability to Air Pollutants

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PANS and other pollutants


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Fig. 18-9, p. 477

pVolatile organiccompounds (VOCs)

Ozone (O3)

Oxygen (O2)

Nitric oxide (NO)+

Oxygen atom (O)

Watervapor(H2O)

Hydrocarbons UV radiation

Peroxyacyl

nitrates(PANs)

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

Oxygen (O2)

Nitric oxide (NO)

Oxygen (O2)

Nitrogen (N) in fossil fuel

Burning fossil fuels

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Fig. 18-7, p. 476

SOLUTIONSLead Poisoning

Prevention ControlPhase out leaded

gasoline worldwide

Replace lead pipes and

plumbing fixtures

containing lead solder

Phase out waste

incinerationRemove leaded paint and

lead dust from older

houses and apartmentsBan use of lead solder

Sharply reduce lead

emissions from

incinerators

Ban use of lead in

computer and TV

monitorsRemove lead from TV sets

and computer monitors

before incineration or land

disposal

Ban lead glazing for

ceramicware used to

serve food

Test for lead in existing

ceramicware used to

serve foodBan candles with lead

cores

Test existing candles for

leadTest blood for lead by

age 1

Wash fresh fruits and

vegetables4/13/2013 35


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Global Outlook: Photochemical Smogin Santiago, Chile

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Denvers Brown Cloud:

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Fig. 18-11, p. 478

Warmer air Descending warm air mass

Inversion layer Inversion layer

Sea breeze

Increasing

altitude

Decreasing temperature

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Fig. 18-12, p. 479

Wind

Transformation to

sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

and nitric acid (HNO3) Windborne ammonia gas

and some soil particles

partially neutralize acids

and form dry sulfate and

nitrate salts

Wet acid depostion

(droplets of H2SO4

and HNO3 dissolved

in rain and snow)Nitric oxide (NO)

Sulphur dioxide

(SO2) and NODry acid deposition

(sulphur dioxide gas and

particles of sulfate and

nitrate salts)Acid

fogLakes in shallow

soil low in

limestonebecome acidic

Lakes in deep

soil high in

limestone are

buffered

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Fig. 18-13, p. 480

Potential problem areas because of sensitive soils

Potential problem areas because of air pollution:

emissions leading to acid deposition

Current problem areas (including lakes and rivers)

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Fig. 18-14a, p. 481

Emissions

SO2

H2O2

PANs

NOxAcid

depositionO3

Others

Direct damage to

leaves and bark

Reduced

photosynthesis

and growth

Increased

susceptibility to

drought, extreme

cold, insects,

mosses, and

disease organisms

Soil acidification Tree death

Leaching

of soil

nutrients

Release

of toxic

metal ions

Root

damage

Reduced nutrient

and water uptakeAcids

Lake

Groundwater4/13/2013 41


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Fig. 18-15, p. 483

SOLUTIONS Acid DepositionPrevention Cleanup

Add lime to

neutralize acidified

lakes

Reduce coal use

Burn low-sulfur coal

Add phosphate

fertilizer to

neutralize acidified

lakes

Increase natural gas use

Increase use ofrenewable energy

resources

Remove SO2

particulates and NOx

from smokestack gases

Remove NOx from motor

vehicular exhaust

Tax emissions of SO2Reduce air pollution by

improving energy

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Some Important Indoor AirPollutants

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Science: Magnified View of aHousehold Dust Mite in a Dust Ball

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Major Components of the HumanRespiratory System

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Fig. 18-22, p. 491

SOLUTIONSStationary Source Air Pollution

Prevention

Burn low-sulfur coalDisperse emissions

above thermal

inversion layer with tallsmokestacksRemove sulfur from

coal

Remove pollutants

after combustionConvert coal to a

liquid or gaseousfuel

Shift to less polluting

energy sources

Tax each unit of

pollution produced

Dispersion or

Cleanup

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Fig. 18-23, p. 491

SOLUTIONSMotor Vehicle Air Pollution

Prevention Cleanup

Use mass transit Require

emission

control devicesWalk or bike

Use less pollutingfuels

Improve fuel

efficiency

Inspect car

exhaust

systems twice

a yearGet older, polluting

cars off the road

Give large tax write-

offs or rebates for

buying low-polluting,

energy efficient

vehicles

Set strict

emission

standards4/13/2013 47


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Fig. 18-24, p. 492

SOLUTIONSIndoor Air Pollution

Prevention Cleanup or DilutionClean ceiling tiles and line

AC ducts to prevent

release of mineral fibers

Use adjustable fresh airvents for work spaces

Ban smoking or limit it to

well-ventilated areas Increase intake of outside

air

Change air morefrequently

Set stricter formaldehydeemissions standards for

carpet, furniture, and

building materials Circulate a buildings airthrough rooftop

greenhousesPrevent radon

infiltration

Use efficient ventingsystems for wood-

burning stoves

Use office machines inwell-ventilated areas

Use less polluting

substitutes for harmful

cleaning agents, paints,

and other products

Use exhaust hoods for

stoves and appliances

burning natural gas4/13/2013 48


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Fig. 18-26, p. 493

SOLUTIONSAir Pollution

Outdoor IndoorImprove energy efficiency

to reduce fossil fuel use

Reduce poverty

Distribute cheap and

efficient cookstoves or

solar cookers to poor

families in developingcountries

Rely more on lower-

polluting natural gas

Rely more onrenewable energy

(especially solar cells,

wind, and solar-

produced hydrogen) Reduce or ban

indoor smoking

Transfer energyefficiency, renewable

energy, and pollution

prevention technologies

to developing countries

Develop simple and

cheap tests for indoor

pollutants such as

particulates, radon, and

formaldehyde

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Fig. 18-4, p. 472

Primary Pollutants

CO CO2Secondary Pollutants

SO2 NO NO2Most hydrocarbons SO3Most suspended particles HNO3H2SO4

H2O2 O3 PANs

Sources Natural Stationary

Mobile

Most NO3 and SO4

2 salts

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