AIR POLLUTION & ITS SOLUTION

PRESENTED TO: MA’M SHAGUFTAPRESNENTED BY: SABRINA NAZIR(06)

TAYYABA AKBAR(16) ASMA KANWAL(25)

POLLUTION & POLLUTANTS

• The Contamination of air, water and Soil with the substances, which have adverse effect on Living things, is Called Pollution.

• Those substances who polluted these areas are called Pollutants.

• Pollutants are of many types including: Gaseous Pollutants, Liquid Pollutants, Solid Pollutants.

GASEOUS POLLUTANTS• Carbon Mono-oxide (CO)• Nitrogen Oxides• Carbon Dioxide CO2

• Sulphur Oxides• Ozone O3

• CFCs• Smog• Ammonia (NH3)• Volatile Organic Compounds• Radioactive Pollutants

CARBON MONOXIDE• A gas that comes from the burning of fossil fuels, mostly

in cars. • It cannot be seen or smelled.• Undetectable to the human senses• SYMPTOMS

• Dizziness• chest pain• difficulty thinking• convulsions• Coma etc.

CARBON MONO-OXIDE(CO)

• Sources: • Incomplete Combustion of Carbon Containing Fuels

used in Automobile Engines and defective furnaces.• Smoke obtained by engines of cars, Buses, Aeroplanes

etc.• Coal, wood and Oil burns and give black smoke having

CO• Cigarette Smoke also contain CO• Incomplete Combustion of agriculture and slush matter• Industrial furnace (Blast furnaces)

CARBON MONO-OXIDE(CO)

• Toxic Effects on Human Beings & Animals• CO inhaled then Carboxyhaemoglobin HbCO formed

Hb + CO HbCOO2 availability reduced to the body cells (anoxia)Suffocation and may even lead to death.• So the Smokers daily inhale CO and produced HbCO in

their body and as a result normal body functions

EFFECTS OF (CO) POISIONING

• Effects: Carbon monoxide makes it hard for body parts to get the oxygen they need to run correctly.

• Cardiovascular system is affected• Adverse effects on nervous system• Inflammatory response is initiated• Hypoxia at the cellular level• Death of cells and damage to major organs• Elderly people with heart disease are hospitalized more

often when they are exposed to higher amounts of carbon monoxide

NITROGEN OXIDES• Nitrogen dioxide:• A reddish-brown gas that comes from the burning of fossil fuels.• It has a strong smell at high levels.• Sources:• Nitrogen dioxide mostly comes from power plants and cars. • Agriculture.• Transportation.• Industry.• Nitrogen dioxide is formed in two ways—when nitrogen in the fuel is

burned• when nitrogen in the air reacts with oxygen at very high temperatures

NITROGEN OXIDES

Effects• Nitrogen dioxide exposure can give people coughs • sweating• unusual tiredness or weakness• can make them feel short of breath. People who are

exposed to nitrogen dioxide have respiratory infections. • In plants can injure leaves and reduce growth• Nitrogen dioxide reacts in the atmosphere to form acid

rain, which can harm plants and animals.

CARBON DIOXIDE

• It is also a pollutant, when generated in large quantity - because it can reduce the oxygen concentration in the air.

• It is a gas produced when fuel is burnt in adequate oxygen.

• Normally, the atmospheric air will have 0.03% CO2. When its concentration increases due to pollution, it reduces the percentage of oxygen in atmosphere.

CARBON DIOXIDE

• Effects:• Global warming• It disturbs buffering system• Respiratory problems• Acidosis in blood• It can retard plant growth

SULPHUR DIOXIDE

• A corrosive gas that cannot be seen or smelled at low levels but can have a “rotten egg” smell at high levels.

• Sources:• Natural source is volcanoes.• Sulfur dioxide mostly comes from the burning of coal or

oil in power plants. • It also comes from factories that make chemicals, paper,

or fuel. • Like nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide reacts in the

atmosphere to form acid rain and particles.

SULPHUR DIOXIDE • Effects:• Sulphur dioxide exposure can affect people who have asthma

or emphysema by making it more difficult for them to breathe• It can also irritate people's eyes, noses, and throats. • Sulfur dioxide can harm trees and crops• High concentrations of SO2 can cause inflammation and

irritation of the respiratory system, particularly during heavy physical activity.

• This gas can also react with other chemicals in the air and convert to a small particle that can lodge in the lungs and cause similar health effects.

AMMONIA(NH3)

• Ammonia is a colorless, pungent gas composed of Nitrogen and Hydrogen.

SOURCES • Agriculture Biggest Source• Livestock forming and animal waste account for

the biggest percentage of total ammonia emissions which are due to decompositions of Urea from large animal wastes

• Uric acid from poultry wastes

NH3 Sources

• Fertilizers applications• Vegetation• Biomass Burning• Oceans• EFFECTS

• Exposure to high concentration of gaseous ammonia in the air results in lung damage.

Ammonia gas

• In many industries, ammonia gas (NH3) is used as reducing agent.

• It is a corrosive gas with a high potentiality of causing throat irritations,

• burning of pharynx, esophagus, etc.• It can also cause digestive problems - when excess gas is

inhaled.

ACID RAIN

GREENHOUSE GASES

• Gases that stay in the air for a long time and warm up the planet by trapping sunlight. This is called the “greenhouse effect” because the gases act like the glass in a greenhouse.

• Some of the important greenhouse gases are • carbon dioxide, • methane, • nitrous oxide.

GREENHOUSE GASES

Sources of green house gas• Carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse

gas. It comes from the burning of fossil fuels in cars, power plants, houses, and industry.

• Methane is released during the processing of fossil fuels, and also comes from natural sources like cows and rice paddies.

• Nitrous oxide comes from industrial sources and decaying plants.

GREENHOUSE GASES

• EFFECTS:• Changes in the climate of the planet. • Some of these changes might include

• More temperature extremes• Higher sea levels• Changes in forest composition• Damage to land near the coast. • Human health might be affected by diseases that are

related to temperature or by damage to land and water.

SMOG

• Word Smog come from the blend of two words “smoke” and “fog”

• Smog can formed in any climate where there is lot of air pollution

CAUSES• Volcanic eruption emits high level of SO2

• Burning of Fossil Fuels• Pollution from vehicles and Industries• Manufacturing of Chemicals

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SMOG

HEALTH HAZARDS• Burning in eyes• Irritated Throat• Breathing Difficulties• Long Term exposure can cause cancer and death

SOLUTIONS• Decreased by limiting those processes that create it…• Develop cars that produce less smog• Restrict usage of Dangerous products such as house

paints, Kitchen cleaners etc.

PARTICULATE MATTER• Solid and liquid matter i.e. suspended in the air• Less than 0.1mm wide• Small as 0.00005mm

SOURCES• Particulate matter can be divided into two types• 1) Coarse Particles 2) Fine Particles• Coarse particles are formed from sources like road

dust, sea spray and Construction• Fine particles are formed in Automobile Fuel

combustion and Power plants

EFFECTS OF PARTICULATE MATTER

• Small enough particles can enter the lungs and cause health problems

• Asthma attacks• Respiratory Problems• Premature Death

MECHANICAL METHODS TO OVERCOME AIR POLLUTION

• Catalytic Converters• Stratified Charged Engines• Fabric filters• Electrostatic Precipitations• Wet Scrubber• Cyclones

CATALYTIC CONVERTER• A catalytic converter is an emissions control device that converts

toxic pollutants in exhaust gas to less toxic pollutants by catalyzing a redox reaction (oxidation or reduction).

Two-wayA two-way (or "oxidation") catalytic

converter has two simultaneous tasks:

1. Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide:

2CO + O2 → 2CO22. Oxidation of hydrocarbons

(unburned and partially burned fuel) to carbon dioxide and water.

Three-way1. Reduction of nitrogen oxides

to nitrogen and oxygen: 2NOx → xO2 + N2

2. Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide: 2CO + O2 → 2CO2

3. Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) to carbon dioxide and water

CATALYTIC CONVERTER

STRATIFIED CHARGED ENGINES• A stratified charge engine is a type

of internal combustion engine, used in automobiles, in which the fuel is injected into the cylinder just before ignition.

• This allows for higher compression ratios without "knock," and leaner air/fuel ratio than in conventional internal combustion engines.

• This produces a homogeneous charge: a homogeneous mixture of air and fuel, which is ignited by a spark plug at a predetermined moment near the top of the compression stroke.

FABRIC FILTERS

• A baghouse (BH, B/H), bag filter (BF) or fabric filter (FF) is an air pollution control device that removes particulates out of air or gas released from commercial processes or combustion for electricity generation.

• Power plants, steel mills, pharmaceutical producers, food manufacturers, chemical producers and other industrial companies often use baghouses to control emission of air pollutants.

FABRIC FILTER

ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR AND WET SCRUBBER

• An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a filtration device that removes fine particles, like dust and smoke, from a flowing gas using the force of an induced electrostatic charge minimally impeding the flow of gases through the unit.

• In contrast to wet scrubbers which apply energy directly to the flowing fluid medium, an ESP applies energy only to the particulate matter being collected and therefore is very efficient in its consumption of energy (in the form of electricity).

ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR/WET SCRUBBER

Electrostatic Precipitator

Wet Scrubber

CYCLONES

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THANK YOU