air pollution - doral academy preparatory school...2013/03/13 · air pollution connects the world!...
TRANSCRIPT
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Air Pollution
Miller & Spoolman Chapter 18
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Core Case Study: South
Asia’s Massive Brown Cloud Asian Brown Cloud
Causes: burning of forests for crops, drought, burning
coal, diesel, and other fossil fuels
Chemical composition: Hg, Pb, Carbon compounds
Areas impacted: India and China the worst
Air pollution connects the world!
~2 weeks for long-live pollutants to circle the globe
Steps taken in China and India to reduce air
pollution
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The Asian Brown Cloud
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Air Pollution in Shanghai, China, in 2004
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18-1 What Is the Nature of
the Atmosphere?
Concept 18-1 The atmosphere is structured in layers, including the
troposphere = supports life, and the stratosphere = contains the
protective ozone layer.
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Natural Capital:
The Earth’s
Atmosphere Is a
Dynamic System
with Four Layers
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18-2 What Are the Major
Outdoor Pollution Problems?
Concept 18-2 Pollutants mix in the air
to form industrial smog, mostly the
result of burning coal, and
photochemical smog, caused by
motor vehicle, industrial, and
power plant emissions.
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Air Pollution Comes from
Natural and Human Sources
Air pollution
Presence of chemicals in air that cause harm
Natural sources
Dust blown by wind
Pollutants from wildfires and volcanoes
Volatile organics released by plants
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Air Pollution Comes from
Natural and Human Sources
Human sources - mostly in
industrialized and/or urban areas
Stationary sources: power and
industrial plants
Mobile sources: motor vehicles
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Case Study: Air Pollution in
the Past: The Bad Old Days
Discovery of fire (poorly ventilated caves)
Middle Ages (wood smoke in urbanizing areas)
Industrial Revolution (burning coal)
London, England
1850s: term “smog”
1952: yellow fog
Clean Air Act of 1956
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Case Study: Air Pollution in
the Past: The Bad Old Days United States
1948: Donora, PA; first U.S. air pollution
disaster
• Mixture of coal, steel mills, zinc smelter, and
sulfuric acid plants
1963: New York City
• 300 died
Global problem
It takes about 2 weeks for long-lived air
pollutants to circle the world
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Some Pollutants in the Atmosphere
Combine to Form Other Pollutants
Primary pollutants
Harmful chemicals emitted directly into the air
Secondary pollutants
New chemicals formed from reaction of air with
primary pollutants
Air quality improving in developed countries
More needs to be done in developing countries
Indoor pollution: big threat to the poor
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***Important***
Sources and Types of Air Pollutants
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Indoor Air Pollution
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What Are the Major Outdoor
Air Pollutants? Carbon oxides
Carbon monoxide (CO)
• Reduces ability of blood to transport oxygen
(hemoglobin)
• Trigger heart attacks, aggravate lung diseases
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• 93% natural and 7% human activities
• Climate change contributor (“accelerator”)
Sources: CO -car exhaust, burning forests/grasslands
CO2 – burning fossil fuels, clearing forests
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What Are the Major Outdoor
Air Pollutants? Nitrogen oxides (NO) and nitric acid (HNO3)
Sources: engines, coal plants
Acid deposition
Photochemical smog
Irritate eyes/nose/throat, aggravate lung ailments –
Suppress plant growth when in acid form
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfuric acid
(H2SO4)
Sources: Sulfur-coal, oil refining and smelting, sulfur
cycle
Acid deposition, feeds Asian brown cloud
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What Are the Major Outdoor
Air Pollutants?
Particulates
Suspended particulate matter (SPM)
• Fine (PM-10) Ultrafine (PM-2.5)
Sources: 62% natural 38% human activities
Damage lungs, aggravate asthma/bronchitis
Toxic particulates: cancer, reproductive
problems
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What Are the Major Outdoor
Air Pollutants? Ozone (O3)
Troposphere ozone = Bad
Stratosphere ozone = Good
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
Hydrocarbons and terpenes
Benzene: long-exposure causes leukemia,
blood disorders
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Statue Corroded
by Acid
Deposition and
Other Forms of Air
Pollution, RI, U.S.
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Science Focus: Detecting
Air Pollutants
Chemical instruments
Satellites
Nanotechnology
Biological indicators
Lichens
Lidar ceilometer: Using scattered
laser lights to detect particles in
atmosphere
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Natural Capital: Lichen Species,
Vulnerability to Air Pollutants
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Case Study: Lead (Pb) is a
Highly Toxic Pollutant
Does not break down in the environment
Sources: paint, long lasting lipstick, leach
from water pipes and faucets
Human health and environmental impact
Harm nervous system
Decrease mental functions (esp verbal and
visual in older people)
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Case Study: Lead Is a
Highly Toxic Pollutant
Reduction of lead (Pb)
Unleaded gasoline
Unleaded paint
Still problems
2007: toys made in China with Pb paint recalled
Global ban on lead in gasoline and paint (began in
1976 total phase out by 1986)
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Burning Coal Produces
Industrial Smog
Chemical composition of industrial smog
Mostly sulfur dioxide
Also carbon monoxide and dioxide
Reduction of this smog in urban cities of the
United States
Use of scrubbers on coal boilers
China and smog
Human deaths: ~750,000/year according to World Bank
62% China’s cities with industrial smog
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How Pollutants
Are Formed from
Burning Coal and
Oil, Leading to
Industrial Smog
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Sunlight Plus Cars Equals
Photochemical Smog Photochemical Smog
Primary/Secondary pollutants + UV radiation
Sources: mainly motor vehicles, also trees, business
like dry cleaners
VOCs + NO2 + Heat + Sunlight yields
Ground level O3 and other photochemical oxidants
Aldehydes
Other secondary pollutants
Human health and environmental impact
Irritates eyes and respiratory tracts
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A Model of How
Pollutants That
Make Up
Photochemicals
Are Formed
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Global Outlook:
Photochemical
Smog in
Santiago, Chile
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Several Factors Can Decrease or
Increase Outdoor Air Pollution Outdoor air pollution may be
decreased by…
Settling of particles due to gravity
Rain and snow
Salty sea spray from the ocean
Winds
Chemical reactions
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Several Factors Can Decrease or
Increase Outdoor Air Pollution
Outdoor air pollution may be
increased by…
Urban buildings
Hills and mountains
High temperatures
Emissions of VOCs from certain trees
and plants
Grasshopper effect
Temperature inversions
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A Temperature Inversion
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18-3 What Is Acid Deposition
and Why Is It a Problem?
Concept 18-3 Acid deposition is caused
mainly by coal-burning power plant and motor vehicle emissions, and
in some regions, threatens human health,
aquatic life and ecosystems, forests, and
human-built structures.
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Acid Disposition Is a Serious
Regional Air Pollution Problem
Acid deposition (acid rain)
Formation: Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides combine with elements in the air making the acids
Local versus regional problems: tall smokestacks reduce local but increase regional air
pollution
Effects of prevailing winds: transport
Buffers: basic compounds neutralizing the acids
Where is the worst acid deposition?
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Natural Capital Degradation:
Acid Deposition, Acid Rain
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Current and Possible Future
Acid Rain Problem Areas
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Acid Deposition Has a
Number of Harmful Effects
Human respiratory disorders
Aquatic ecosystems affected
Fish can’t survive in a pH less than 4.5
Asphyxiation occurs from excess aluminum ions
Release of toxic metals
Hg and Pb release from soils and rocks
Bioaccumulation in fish of toxic metals
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Acid Deposition Has a
Number of Harmful Effects
Leaching of soil nutrients
Can hinder tree/plant growth
Loss of crops and trees
Soil pH drops below 5.1 reduces plant
productivity
30% of China’s crops have excess acid
Damage to buildings, statues, and
monuments
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Natural Capital Degradation: Air Pollution
Damage to Trees in North Carolina, U.S.
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Science Focus: Revisiting Hubbard
Brook to Study Effects of Acid Rain
White Mountains, NH, U.S.
Damaged trees were not recovering after CAA
Experimentation supports:
Trees do not suffer from direct contact with
acid rain
Nutrients are leached out of the soil
Effect of Ca2+ on regrowth of the forest
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18-4 What Are the Major Indoor
Air Pollution Problems? Concept 18-4 The most threatening
indoor air pollutants are smoke and
soot from wood and coal cooking
fires (a hazard found mostly in
developing countries) and chemicals
used in building materials and products.
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Indoor Air Pollution Is a
Serious Problem Developing countries
Indoor burning
Poor suffer the greatest risk
Developed countries
Indoor air pollution is greater
than outdoor air pollution
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Indoor Air Pollution Is a
Serious Problem Why?
11 of the common air pollutants higher
inside than outside
Greater in vehicles than outside
Health risks magnified: people spend
70–98% of their time is indoors
Black mold and Rat
feces in an attic
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Indoor Air Pollution Is a
Serious Problem
Who are at greatest risk from indoor air
pollution?
Children under 5 and the elderly
Sick
Pregnant women
People with respiratory disorders or heart
problems
Smokers
Factory workers
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Indoor Air Pollution Is a
Serious Problem Four most dangerous indoor air pollutants:
Tobacco smoke
Formaldehyde (big problem in developed countries)
– If exposed 34% chance of getting Lou Gehrig’s (ALS)
Radioactive radon-222 gas
Very small particles
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Indoor Air Pollution Is a
Serious Problem
Other possible indoor air pollutants
Pesticide residue
Pb particles
Living organisms and their excrements
• E.g., Dust mites and cockroach droppings
Airborne spores of molds and mildews
Sick-building syndrome
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Science: Magnified View of a
Household Dust Mite in a Dust Ball
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Science:
Sources and
Paths of Entry
for Indoor
Radon-222
Gas
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18-5 What Are the Health
Effects of Air Pollution?
Concept 18-5 Air pollution can
contribute to asthma, chronic
bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer,
heart attack, and stroke.
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Your Body’s Natural Defenses against Air
Pollution Can Be Overwhelmed
Respiratory system protection from air
pollutants
Role of cilia, mucus, sneezing, and coughing
Effect of smoking and prolonged air
pollution exposure
Asthma: 6% of US population
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema: damage to alveoli, loss of lung
elasticity, acute shortness of breath
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Major Components of the
Human Respiratory System
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Normal Human Lungs and the
Lungs of a Person Who Died of
Emphysema
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Air Pollution Is a Big Killer
3 Million deaths per year world-wide
Mostly in Asia
Main causes: 73% from indoor air pollution
EPA: proposed stricter emission standards for
diesel-powered vehicles
Link between international trade and air
pollution
Cargo ships and pollution
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Premature Deaths from Air
Pollution in the U.S.
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18-6 How Should We Deal
with Air Pollution?
Concept 18-6 Legal, economic, and
technological tools can help to clean
up air pollution, but much greater
emphasis should be focused on
preventing air pollution.
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Laws and Regulations Can
Reduce Outdoor Air Pollution
United States
Clean Air Acts: 1970, 1977, and 1990
EPA
National ambient air quality standards (NAAQs) for 6 outdoor criteria pollutants: CO, NOx, SO2, PM, O3, Pb
National emission standards for 188 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs)
• Toxic Release Inventory (TRI): 1st report 1988
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Laws and Regulations Can
Reduce Outdoor Air Pollution
Good news in U.S.
Decrease in emissions
49% between 1980-2006
Use of low-sulfur diesel fuel
• Cuts pollution
• Also addition of $0.05/gallon of diesel gas
Developing countries
More air pollution
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Case Study: U.S. Air
Pollution Can Be Improved
Rely on cleanup more than prevention of pollution
Raise fuel-efficiency for cars, SUVs, and light trucks
Better regulation of emissions of motorcycles and two-cycle gasoline engines
Regulate air pollution for oceangoing ships in American ports
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Case Study: U.S. Air
Pollution Can Be Improved
Why are airports exempt from many
regulations?
Regulate greenhouse gas emissions
Ultrafine particles are not regulated
Urban O3 levels too high
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Case Study: U.S. Air
Pollution Can Be Improved
What about indoor air pollution?
Better enforcement of the Clean Air
Acts
Is intense pressure needed from
citizens to make improvements?
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We Can Use the Marketplace to
Reduce Outdoor Air Pollution
Emission trading or cap-and-trade
program
Mixed reactions to program
SO2 emissions down significantly
NO2 will be tried in the future
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There Are Many Ways to
Reduce Outdoor Air Pollution
1980 –2006
SO2 emissions from U.S. electric power
plants decreased by 66%
NOx emissions by 41%
Particulate emissions by 28%
Older plants not governed by the same
regulations
New cars have better emissions
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Reducing Indoor Air Pollution
Should Be a Priority
Greater threat to human health than
outdoor pollution
What can be done?
Prevention
Cleanup
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What Can You Do? Indoor Pollution:
Ways to Reduce Your Exposure
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We Need to Put More Emphasis
on Pollution Prevention
Output approaches
New shift to preventing outdoor and
indoor pollution
Pressure from citizens
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