air pollution
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PowerPoint on Air PollutionTRANSCRIPT
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Air Pollution
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What are air pollutants?
• gases and aerosols we add to atmosphere
• best known is smog– industrial - smoke and fog– photochemical - emissions + sunlight
• US has worked to control most air pollutants for many years
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Why do we care?
• visual quality of the environment• vegetation, animals, soil• water quality• natural and artificial structures• human health
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Major Air Pollutants
• sulfur oxides (SOx)• nitrogen oxides (NOx)• carbon monoxide (CO)• ozone and other photochemical
oxidants• volatile organic compounds (VOCs)• suspended particulate matter• lead (Pb)• air toxics
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Many adverse effects from these pollutants
• chronic
• acute
• carcinogenic
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Atmospheric inversions
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Great London Smog of 1952
1000s died, much of countryaffected
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Primary and Secondary Pollutants
• primary pollutants– those emitted directly into the air– hydrocarbons, particulates, SOx, NOx
• secondary pollutants– produced through reactions between
primary pollutants and normal atmospheric compounds
– ozone
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What are sources?
• combustion of fossil fuels (coal, gasoline, diesel)– always incomplete combustion– stationary versus mobile sources– what comes out stack are primary pollutants– direct products of combustion
• USEPA measures ambient concentrations– 1970 Clean Air Act - taller stacks to meet
ground level standards
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Sudbury, Ontario
1250 feet tall
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US Emissions for 2011
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Trends in Growth vs. Emissions
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US emissions
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Ozone (O3)
• good versus bad ozone– ground versus stratosphere
• ground level major pollutant– billions of dollars in crop losses each
year– respiratory hazard for human health
effect• not easy to reduce
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Ozone (O3)
• secondary pollutant– photochemical oxidant
• source is VOCs, NO2, and sunlight
• most cities don’t meet ozone standards
• difficult (expensive) to reduce car emissions further
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Ozone Monitoring
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Ozone in the Midwest
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Ozone Impact on Crop Yields
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Acid rain (acidic deposition)
• SOx H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)
• NOx HNO3 (nitric acid)
• long-range transport• pH < 5.6• both precipitation and dry deposition
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Major Sources of SO2 Emitters
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pH scale
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Acid rain effects
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Bondville, IL
Acadia National Park, Maine
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Acid rain effects on aquatic organisms
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Acid rain today
• still affecting forests and surface waters
• more of a nitrogen than sulfur problem
• certainly 1990 Clean Air Act helped
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Air Pollution: Legislation and Standards
• Clean Air Act of 1970– amendments in 1977 and 1990
• Amendments of 1990– comprehensive regulations enacted by U.S
congress that address acid rain, toxic emissions, ozone depletion and automobile exhaust
– in 1990 more flexibility, market system allows polluters to choose most cost effective methods
• still can’t meet ozone standards
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SO2 scrubber
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SoyFace at the University of Illinois
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SoyFace
• both ozone and CO2
• atmosphere of the future• examine effects on soybean• many scientists involved
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Air pollution today
• we have made major improvements– lead, SOx, other gases
• ozone still biggest problem– billions in crop losses
• cars large sources, although each car is now much cleaner