ROBOTICS & ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

by,A.Deepika Sri Subha.

C.Selva Lakshmi.II IT

P.S.R.Engineering College,sivakasi

OVERVIEW:

ROBOTICS

• DEFINITION

•HISTORY&DEVELOPMENT

•TYPES

•APPLICATIONS

•SHORTCOMINGS

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENGE

ROBOTICS

“Robotics” is the science and technology of Robots, their design, manufacture, and application

The word “Robotics” was first used in print by Isaac Asimov, in his science fiction short story "Runaround" (1941).

• Reprogrammable

• Multifunctional manipulator • To move material, parts, tools

-(Robot Institute of America)

•Automatic Device

•performs functions normally ascribed to humans

•or a machine in the form of a human

-(Webster dictionary)

DEFINITION:

History &Development•The word robot was introduced by Czech writer Karel Čapek in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)

• written in 1920

•derived from the word “Robotovat” which means “to slave” or “to work”

-Leonardo da Vinci (1495) •first recorded designs of a humanoid robot

•early automation - Jacques de Vaucanson(1738)

•humanoid robot known as Elektro

-Westinghouse(1930)

1. Pick and place-Moves items between points

2. Continuous path control-Moves along a programmable path

3. Sensory-Employs sensors for feedback

• Moves items from one point to another

• Does not need to follow a specific path between points

• Moves along a specific path

• Uses include welding, cutting, machining parts.

• Uses sensors for feedback.

• Closed-loop robots use sensors in conjunction with actuators

• to gain higher accuracy – servo motors.

• Rotation encoders

• Cameras

• Pressure sensors

• Temperature sensors

• Limit switches

• Optical sensors

• Sonar

•Actuators

•Power source

•Electric motors

•Linear actuators

•Series elastic actuators

•Muscle wire

•Elastic nanotubes

General Components of an industrial Robot:-Manipulator The part of the robot that performs the task

Controller Brain or computer center which coordinates the robot’s movements

Power supply1. Hydraulic2. Pneumatic3. Electric4. Vacuum5. Often a combination; the end-effectors mostly pneumatic

 Vehicle Used to move the robot on a track, free wheels, treads, or some type of legs/feet

Tasks which are:Dangerous

• Space exploration• chemical spill cleanup• disarming bombs• disaster cleanup

Boring and/or repetitive• Welding car frames• part pick and place• manufacturing parts.

High precision or high speed• Electronics testing• Surgery• precision machining.

Space Exploration Two important

devices exist which are proven space robotsRemotely Operated

Vehicle (ROV)Remote

Manipulator System (RMS)

Applications of Robots

This picture shows a Historic Space Handshake between Shuttle and Space Station Robots - Image Courtesy of CSA

Applications of Robots

Robotic Wheelchair can facilitate patient locomotion

Applications of Robots

Applications of RobotsManufacturingProbably the industry which uses robots the most. Robots are useful in repetitive tasks and also work for longer durations without breaks.e.g. Robots in car production assembly line

Applications of Robots

• AgricultureRobots can do

the work that took a dozen harvesters to do at the same time. Robots are used for harvesting, reaping and sowing purposes. They are sometimes called, ‘Agrobots’.

Shortcomings of Robots

1. Are not creative or innovative

2. Do not think independently

3. Do not make complicated decisions

4. Do not learn from mistakes

5. Do not adapt quickly to changes in their surroundings

Introduction To Artificial Intelligence

OVERVIEW:

•Introduction / Terminology

•Examples of Agencies•SPOT & Fresh Kitty•RoboCup

•Applications of AI and Robotics

•More Examples

•The Humanoid COG

Terminology

• Artificial Intelligence – The collective attributes of a computer, robot, or other device capable of performing functions such as learning, decision making, or other intelligent human behaviors.

• Autonomous Agent – A hardware (or software) based system that has the following properties:

autonomy - able to operate without the direct intervention of humans or others

social ability - able to interact with other agents and possibly humans reactivity - able to perceive their environment and respond to

changes that occur in it• Agency – A particular system composed of intelligent agents, such as

computers or robots, that cooperate in order to solve a problem.• Behavior Engineering – A methodology used to develop behavior- based

autonomous agents.

Fresh Kitty• Modular, inexpensive, autonomous

mobile robot• 4 wheel toy car design• Max. speed of 1 foot/sec• On-board microcomputer

supervises and supports the exchange of information

• Rotating turret holds 4 sonars • Turret also holds an infrared sensor

to detect infrared rays• 32 light sensors detect objects in

front of the robot• Bumpers all around the robot used

to follow walls• Radio modem to communicate

with remote agents

SPOT• Autonomous mobile robot• 2 independent wheel design• Max. speed of 1 foot/sec• On-board microcontroller

supervises and supports the exchange of information

• Turret that holds infrared emitters that can be detected at a distance of up to 20 feet

• Bumpers all around the robot used to follow walls

• Radio modem to communicate with remote agents

How do SPOT and Fresh Kitty work together?

• SPOT also holds a small brush on its back• SPOT finds a wall and uses its bumper system and

sensors to follow edges and collect dust with its brush

• Through radio frequency and infrared communication SPOT can bring the dust back to Fresh Kitty who has a vacuum cleaner waiting to suck it up

RoboCup

• Robots must cooperate in…– Strategy acquisition– Real-time reasoning– Multi-agent collaboration– Competition against another

team of robots

RoboCup is an international research effort to promote autonomous robots.

• Each robot has…– Pentium 233MHz– Linux OS– Video camera and

frame grabber– Sensor System– Kicker

How to the robots make decisions?

• Control is based on a set of behaviors• Each behavior has a set of preconditions that either…

– Must be satisfied– Are desired

• A behavior is selected when all of the “musts” become true

• A behavior is selected from several behaviors based on how many desired conditions are true

Applications of AI and Robotics

• Industrial Automation• Services for the Disabled• Vision Systems• Planetary Exploration• Mine Site Clearing• Law Enforcement• And Many Others…

More Examples

The Humanoid COG• MIT’s finest• Broken down COG is just a bunch

of sensors and actuators• Except for legs and a flexible

spine, COG has all the major degrees of freedom of the human upper body

• Sight exists through video cameras

• Hearing, touch, hand motion, and speech are being added soon

• Working volume

• Accuracy

• Repeatability

• Speed and acceleration

• Resolution

REACHED CLIMB BECAUSE OF:

Got idea about the “ALL ROUNDER OF THE FUTURE GENERATION”??????

Why build a human-like robot?

• Our bodies are critical to the representations that we use for internal thought and language

• If a robot is looks like a human then it will be natural for humans to interact with it in a human-like way

• To develop similar task constraints

CONCLUSION

Thank you

Deepika srisubha.A,Selva Lakshmi.C

B.TECH,I.TII YR