29 truman - cold war 2015

Part IThe Truman Years

The Truman Years• Harry S Truman• 1945-1953• Democrat• Foreign Policy• - Containment• Domestic Policy• - Fair Deal• Successes?• Failures?

•Goals?•Events•Handling•Assessment?•Criteria?

The Cold War 1945-1991

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CONCEPTUAL UNIT QUESTION

• Did the polarization of the world by the two superpowers

benefit or harm global development?

Truman and Foreign Policy•Immediate Postwar Concerns•The U.S. Role This Time?

•Alone or Collectively?•Isolationist or Internationalist?•United Nations•Background•Wartime Conferences?•San Francisco Conference•Oct, 1945 – a Reality•Senate Ratified, 89-2

I. Post-WWII outcomes?

1) United Nations- formed near end of WWII as a body of nations to prevent future global wars.

What organization had been formed at the end of WWI to prevent global war?

United Nations

Major Organs

THE COLD WAR

Fifty countries joined together to form the United Nations. It is based in New York City. The Charter pledged to “save succeeding generations from the scourge of war.”

UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY (town meeting concept)1. Membership -188 nations each with one vote

a. First World - US and its Allies mostly industrializedb. Second World - USSR and its Allies many also developedc. Third World - 99/193 mostly developing nations - non-aligned

(60% Poverty)agriculturalhigh illiteracy

2. Support from non-aligned nations a. Before 1960 overwhelmingly pro-USb. After 1960 turned increasingly against USc. 1984 (13% - US / 84% - USSR)

3. Powers a. discussionb. elect membersc. amending the Charter requires a 2/3 voted. influencing world opinion

4. Current US Ambassador = Samantha PowerRecent US Ambassadors Jean KirkpatrickMadeleine AlbrightJohn Bolton – critic of UN current ambassador

•Maintaining World Peace•Promoting Self-Determination•International Cooperation•Respect for Human Rights

UN SECURITY COUNCIL1. Membership - 15 members Permanent members - five

US, USSR, Great Britain, France, China (1971 change from Nationalist to Communist)Each has VETO power (similar to Lodge's reservation about League)Temporary members - ten - rotated every 2 yrs.

9/15 vote required for action if there is no vetoPowers

InvestigationMilitary or economic action

SECRETARIATConsists of the Secretary General and his staff (20,000)Purpose - runs the day to day affairs of the UNFormer Secretary Generals Trygve Lie - Norway - 1946-1952Dag Hammerskjold - Sweden - 1953-1961 (died)U-Thant - Burma - 1961-1971Kurt Waldheim - Austria - 1972-1981Javier Perez de Cuellar - Peru - 1982-1991Boutros Boutros-Ghali - Egypt - 1992-1996Kofi Annan - Ghana – 1996-2006Ban Ki-moon – South Korea – 2007-Present

Goals - based on Social Darwinism 1. National Security - self defense peaceAvoid Another World War2. Trade - Promotion of world trade and to better our economic opportunities at home marketsresourcesplaces to investcreate a favorable balance of trade3. Nationalism - pride in your country - the desire to spread our ideas - our culture around the world A sense of mission in encouraging freedom around the world andpromoting "self government" - democracy national self-determination Russians - Totalitarianismpromoting capitalism Communismpromoting - Freedom of Religion AtheismProtestant Christianity - missionary work4. Social Gospel - "do the right thing"! MoralityAltruismHumanitarianism5. Improving our image at home and abroad – tough guy or nice guy?6. Those goals had to be weighed against the cost in terms of moneyand lives

THE COLD WAR

•Definition?•Who Started It?•What Caused It?•How to Fight It?

4) Origins of Cold War

Is this what we mean by the Cold War???


Cold War- 45 year competition about values.(end of WWII-collapse of Soviet Union in 1991 — 8 presidents)

OR

COLD WAR

U.S. and West

Soviet Union and East

-Democracy-Individual Freedom-Market economy

-Totalitarianism-Socialism: state centered-Communist

II. Cold War: Defined

1949 Soviet Unionsuccessfully explodes an atomicbomb

1952 1st Hydrogen Bomb tested *Much more powerful than the Atomic Bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

*Precision Missile Launch

THE STAKES ARE HIGH

(BOTH U.S. and Soviet Union hold capability to destroy each other)


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A newspaper columnist, Walter Lippmann argued that the policy of containment could not work because he did not think the U.S. could contain the Soviet Union everywhere. He published his columns about containment in a book he titled, The Cold War. Lippmann came up with the term Cold War to describe a kind of war that did not include bloodshed.

The “Cold War”

Uneasy peace between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.

Competition for world dominance and global power.

Fought on political and economic fronts rather than on military battlefields---------Even though the threat of war was always present.

Defined America’s foreign policy from 1946 to 1989.

It affected domestic politics and how Americans viewed the world and themselves.

Constant state of military preparedness and arms race

Propaganda war----Democracy vs Totalitarian Dictatorship

Capitalism vs. Communism

US policy: Support nations threatened by Communism

coldwar

The The Bi-Polarization Bi-Polarization of of Europe: Europe: The Beginning of the The Beginning of the

Cold WarCold War

map/cold war

Soviet Union/China and Allies……..

Democracy vs. Communism

Bi-Polarization of the World

US, Allied Nations and Allied colonies.

1950’s

US and USSR were allied in WWII against Fascism but the common enemy had been defeated the reason for co-operation was gone

Why?

What?

The Cold War = War of words and military posturing between the United States and the Soviet Union:

When?

1945-1991

1945-United Nations Formed 1946- Churchill “Iron Curtain” Speech1947- Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan1948- Soviets blockade Berlin-US launches Airlift.1949-NATO formed1953-Stalin dies1955-Warsaw Pact formed1956-Kruschev and de-Stalinization in USSR Soviets crush uprising in Hungary 1960- U-2 Incident heightens tensions1961-Berlin Wall goes up

Cold War Time Line

An extremely powerful nation with greater political, economic, or military power than most other nations.

After WWII the United States and the Soviet Union emerge as the world’s Superpowers

What is a Superpower?

YALTA (in the USSR)YALTA (in the USSR)Date: Feb 1945Date: Feb 1945

Present: Churchill, Present: Churchill, Roosevelt and StalinRoosevelt and Stalin

At the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences, before WWII was over, basic philosophical differences became glaring: Democracy and the free enterprise system versus dictatorship and communism

Beginning of the Cold War 1945-1948

YaltaChurchill, Roosevelt, Stalin

PotsdamAtlee, Truman, Stalin

POTSDAM (Germany)POTSDAM (Germany)Date: July 1945Date: July 1945

Present: Churchill, Present: Churchill, Truman and StalinTruman and Stalin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Potsdam_conference_1945-8.jpg

•What Did Cause It?•Mutual Mistrust•WWI•Nazi-Soviet Pact•No Second Front•Yalta, Potsdam•Different Visions of the Future•Opposing Ideologies…

The Soviet Union feared the capitalist West. The United States feared communism.After World War II, the United States and Great

Britain wanted the Eastern European nations to determine their own governments.

Stalin feared that the Eastern European nations would be anti-Soviet if they were allowed free elections.

Seeds of fear and distrust

THE COLD WAR

The Soviet Union (USSR) was supposed to withdraw from the Eastern European lands she occupied during WWII—she did not.

At the Yalta Conference the Soviet Union agreed to allow free elections in occupied but there was only one candidate on the ballot.

The Soviet Union continued to expand its influence, indicating a desire to take over as much of the world as possible.

The first elections to demonstrate that these elections were not free were held in Poland.

East Germany became a communist state controlled by the Soviet Union. So did East Berlin.

United States and Great Britain wanted self-determination for Eastern European nations.

Self-determination embodies the right for all peoples to determine their own economic, social and cultural development.

Self-determination

Satellite State

When a nation is under the control of another.

Ex. Part of Germany was under the control of the Soviet Union.

Other examples: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria

At the Potsdam Conference in 1945, it was decided by the four victorious powers of World War II - Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States of America that the territory of the former German Empire defined by the borders of 1937 was to be divided into four zones of occupation.

What to do with Germany?

THE COLD WAR

The struggle between the United States (and its allies - First World) and the Soviet Union (and its allies – Second World) to control the world (neutral countries = Third World) was called the Cold War.

Politically it was a struggle between Totalitarian dictatorship and democracy, free market (capitalism) and command economies (communism).

It was cold because no shots were directly fired between the two nations.

The Initial Adversaries

Harry Truman Joseph Stalin

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Post WWII/Cold War Goals for US

• Promote open markets for US goods to prevent another depression• Promote democracy throughout the world, especially in Asia and Africa• Stop the spread of communism

–“Domino Effect”

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Post WWII/Cold War Goals for USSR•Create greater security for itself

– lost tens of millions of people in WWII and Stalin’s purges– feared a strong Germany

•Establish defensible borders•Encourage friendly governments on its borders•Spread communism around the world

“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in some cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow.”

Excerpt from Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain Speech.”

SovietExpansion

Yalta Conference between FDR and Stalin - we were still allies FDR then went home and diedRussians agreed to free elections in Eastern EuropeAgreed to temporarily divide Germany until we could create a government we could trust We agreed to divide the capital of Berlin as wellMorganthau Plan - deurbanize Germany create an agricultural nationRussian agreed to aid us against Japan in exchange for territoryElections in PolandActions by Russia that violated the Yalta Agreements

Russians sealed the borderseliminated free speecharrested and shot criticsStalin placed only communists on the ballots in Poland

similar elections will occur throughout Eastern Europe

Satellites / Puppets - nations that appear to be free, but are actually ruled by another nationYugoslavia - Marshall Tito

failed to follow Stalin's ordersIs communism monolithic?

Are all communist the same?Do they all take orders from Stalin?Are they all part of a plot to take over the world?Should we treat them all the same?

Could we divide and conquer instead?Russian motives - world domination or self-defense?

History of attacks from the West Napoleon - FranceWWI - GermanyWWII - Germany

USSR lost 10% of its population during the WWII (US - .03%) and had large losses in previous warsDestruction of Russia by the scorched earth policy in those three wars was extensiveWanted East Europe (buffer); to protect its frontiers by extending USSR's boundaries!Wanted to keep Germany weakfeared "capitalist encirclement"The next war would not be fought on Russian soil

Buffer States Satellite States

Buffer between East and West. Eastern Europe became Soviet satellite nations.

Pro-Soviet.

These people were no longer free.

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Iron Curtain

From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

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Iron Curtain Cartoon

Soviet View of

the Postwar World…

The Way We Saw Things...

•What Weapons to Use?•Why Not Use the UN?•Initial Areas of Disagreement?•1946 – Truman Asked for More Information on the USSR

Iron Curtain Speech - 3/15/46 - Winston Churchill - Fulton, MissouriDescribed the invisible barrier separating East and West keeping us in the dark It ran from Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the AdriaticMagazines, newspapers, books, movies, radio broadcasts and travel are restricted in this areaPointed to broken promises of free elections made at Yalta by StalinOffended USSR who announced a military buildup to defend itself US balanced by refusing to share the bombwe had reduced the size of our army from 12 to 3 million yet outnumbered 20 to 1Stirred up anti-Russian feeling in the US as we moved back towards isolation

The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”

From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

Winston Churchill

•“…an iron curtainhas descended across the continent.Behind that line lieall the capitals of the Ancient states of Central and EasternEurope…All are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence, but to a very high and increasingmeasure of control fromMoscow.” March-1946

Iron Curtain Map

Weapons of the Cold War1. Propaganda - win the hearts and minds of the Third World including UN1. Which side has the best record of performance?2. Which side has the best goals?2. Diplomatic Moves - international conferences and military alliances1. Which side seems most sincere and honest?2. Which side is most concerned with the needs of the rest of the world? Least selfish?3. Scientific competition - nuclear development, space race1. Which side can provide the best future?2. Which side would be the most dangerous to offend?4. Economic Competition1. Which country best provides for its own people?2. Which country is most willing to share its wealth, through aid, with the rest of the world?5. Espionage1. Used to stay ahead of the other side2. Used to embarrass the other side6. Subversion - to weaken and overthrow governments that support the other side1. Has been used by both the US and the USSR in about equal numbers since WWII2. Secrecy is important because this action makes you look bad propaganda and espionage come into play

Cold War Europe Map

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In 1947, the United States adopted the policy of containment: keep communism within its existing boundaries and prevent further Soviet aggressive moves.

Containment

UNITED STATES VS USSR

Major Developments•George Kennan •“Long Telegram” inFeb. 1946•Explained the Why of Their Behavior•Offered a Solution:

Containment

Containment Policy - George F. Kennan - Architect - 7/47 -Officially definedStop the spread of communism Meet Soviet economic and political challenge - long termMeet every crisis with equal reactionthrough confrontation - peace through strengthFeb 22, 1946 - State Dept asked its Moscow delegation to report on Soviet behavior George Kennan (spent 5 years there) sent the "long telegram" (8000 word response) - Behavior was due to mistrust of West

their insecurity (several attacks from West);WWII losses (20m dead, 25% industry destroyed)

Soviets wanted "hegemony" in central Europe (buffer)Soviets had no real timetable for world conquest they would test us

Russians respected strength - if we matched them they would back downIf we showed weakness they would expand

Kennan would serve as the intellectual source of subsequent US foreign policy our policy would evolve rather slowly, reacting to Soviet actionsGeorge Kennan - July, 1947 (Foreign Affairs article,"The Sources of Soviet Conduct") advocated a long-term, patient, but firm and vigilant "containment" based on the use of counter-force as the best means of stopping the spread of communismContainment Policy assumed that collective force at Russia's perimeters would convince Russia to back down (surely didn't want another war)must strengthen the non-communist world (economically and militarily)Where would we draw the line to stop the Communist menace?What "weapons" would we use to fight the "cold war"? diplomacy, scientific and economic competitionespionage, propaganda, world opinion, threats, other)

NATIONAL SECURITY ACT - 7/47Created the Department of Defense

(Army, Air Force, Navy) + Joint Chiefs of StaffCreated the CIA - intelligenceCreated the National Security Council

a. Pres.b. Cabinetc. Joint Chiefs of Staff

Purpose - to broaden the power of the US government to fight communism

Postwar Europe

Postwar Europe

Here…

3) Europe:-Lay in ruins-Soviet controlled East Europe-Germany divided into East (Communist) and West (Democratic)

Divided Berlin


***CONTAINMENT- do not let Communism spread, resist it!(Truman Doctrine- help “free peoples” resist Communism)

III. Cold War: Harry Truman --- Foreign Policy

Harry Truman(1945-1953)

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ENDURING UNDERSTANDING

• The Cold War led to the creation of global alliances that continue to impact the

world today.

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• The United States was compelled to assist "free peoples" in their struggles against "totalitarian regimes" because the spread of authoritarianism would "undermine the foundations of international peace and hence the security of the United States."

• The Truman Doctrine committed the United States to actively offering assistance to preserve the political integrity of democratic nations when such an offer was deemed to be in the best interest of the United States.

Truman Doctrine 1947

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Truman Doctrine: Legacy

• In the words of the Truman Doctrine, it became "the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."The Truman Doctrine effectively reoriented U.S. foreign policy, away from withdrawal and isolation to one of possible intervention in far away conflicts.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmQD_W8Pcxg&feature=PlayList&p=2287E59C541E7692&index=5

What If Russia Got Control?

The Truman Doctrine - 3/12/47 first use of Containment"It must be the policy of the US to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." Advisors told Truman "to scare hell" out of American people, and appeal to our moralityUS gave $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey to prevent communist takeover Sec of State Dean Acheson warned that the fall of Greece and Turkey might open 3 continents to Soviet penetration!How could we respond without appearing overly aggressive; creating an isolationist backlash?Remember, the world is watching/evaluating the Cold War development!

Truman was criticized for bypassing the UN (could have funneled money through it, perhaps)by 1950, US spent $659 millionSoviets wanted control of the Dardanelles - they could have dominated Middle East oil

After WWII, Soviets putting pressure on Turkey for access to the Dardanelles (warm water port);US ambassador, Edwin Wilson warned that Turks could not withstand much pressure!We gave weapons and sent troops to practice war gamesUS sent in the navy to threaten war - Dean Acheson

(49% public supported) Simultaneously, civil war between Br-backed Greeks and Soviet-backed rebels in Greece (getting aid from Tito in Yugoslavia)(because it was a civil war, UN could not interfere)British told US that they could no longer afford to back the Greek government!Greeks could not afford to pay back a loan What would the US do?British pulled their troops out of Greececommunist guerillas would have taken over without US action (56% public supported)

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• Greek Government vs Greek Communists

• Truman requested that Congress provide $400,000,000 worth of aid to both the Greek and Turks to stave off communism in the region

• Truman argued that a Communist victory in the Greek Civil War would endanger the political stability of Turkey, which would undermine the political stability of the Middle East.

• This could not be allowed in light of the region's immense strategic importance to U.S. national security.

Truman Doctrine: Background

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Truman Doctrine•1947: British help Greek government fight communist guerrillas.

–They appealed to America for aid, and the response was the Truman Doctrine. – America promised it would support free countries to help fight communism.– Greece received large amounts of arms and supplies and by 1949 had defeated the communists.

•The Truman Doctrine was significant because it showed that America, the most powerful democratic country, was prepared to resist the spread of communism throughout the world.

Evaluate using the goals of US foreign policy as criteria - Was it the right decision? US bypassed UN and was accused of being imperialistEarly version of the domino theoryUS gave $400 million in military assistance to Greece and Turkey - succeeded

Strain on our resources and resolveAntagonized Soviets (further tension)

It would become the "model" for much of the Cold War foreign policy...with worldwide implications

Still, it was much cheaper than war!This gained public and Congressional support for Containment no turning backHardened debate over German reunification and reparationsTurned back threat to the Mediterranean - permanent naval presence

The Solution?•The Truman Doctrine—March ‘47•Aid to countries wanting to resist Communism-pledged the U.S. would fight comm. worldwide•“It Will Be the Policy of the U.S. to Support Free People Who Are Resisting Attempted Subjugation by Outside Pressures”--Greece and Turkey

How to Reconstruct W. Europe?•The Marshall Plan—gave Europeannations American aid to rebuild their economies--Would Congress/the Public Support the Plan?•Economic Recovery Act Passed…

NATO

CommunisticWarsaw Pact

CommunisticWarsaw Pact

Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]

1.1. Civil War in Greece.Civil War in Greece.

2.2. Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.in the Dardanelles.

3.3. The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.work out their own destinies in their own way.

4.4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.

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• “The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.” ~ George Marshall

Marshall Plan 1948: Rebuild War-torn Europe

Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]

1.1. ““European Recovery European Recovery Program.”Program.”

2.2. Secretary of State, Secretary of State, George MarshallGeorge Marshall

3.3. The U. S. should provide aid to The U. S. should provide aid to allall European nations that need it. European nations that need it. This move This move is not against any country is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.desperation, and chaos.

1.1. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].

The Marshall Plan - 6/5/47 - Secretary of State – George MarshallUS had offered relief to prevent starvation immediately after WWII

US worked through World Bank ($2.5b in loans)wiped out wartime loans still not enough to recover Europe (harsh winters)stagnation and mass starvation was a possibility

Worldwide Depression could returnSpring 1947 - Churchill described Europe as a "rubble heap", a "breeding ground for pestilence and hate" such conditions fostered the growth of communism;

US had to help, but how?Communists making big gains in Italy and France

Kennan suggested a broad aid program, free of ideological overtones to be offered to any country in need to help it recover June 5, 1947 - Sec of State, George Marshall outlined the European Recovery Program (ERP)"Our policy is directed not against country or doctrine, but against hunger, desperation, and chaos“

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Marshall Plan Aid to Europe 1948-1952

Told war-torn to submit a bill for its needs!16 European nations formed the Committee of European Economic Cooperation submitted a plan calling for some $22b in US aid!US even offered aid to Soviets (refused)

US offered economic aid to all of Europe to help them recover Knew the Communists would turn it downsome satellites wanted to accept ordered not to - image

Purpose - improve standard of living in Western Europe so that it would not become communist USSR would be much more dangerous with W. European technology$16-24 billion over 3 years (48-51) to 16 nations Congress was hesitant at first voted NO

too expensiveSet off a storm of debate at home; during the debate

Soviets offered aid to its satellites, to be used against US imperialism

Marshall Plan- massive financial aid to rebuild Europe.

George Marshall

www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/georgecmarshall.html


April, 1947 – Soviets rid Hungary of anticommunists in its government Soviets rigged elections in Hungary 8/31/47

Czechoslovakia subverted - 2/48 Both US and USSR withdrew 1945Elections in 1946 gave communists only 38%

2/25/48 President Edward Benes resigned Jan Masaryk was assassinated 2 weeks later all resistance to the communist coup ended!

Convinced Congress to support Marshall Plan (up public support to 57%)

April 3, 1948 Congress passed the Economic Cooperation Act (Marshall Plan); appropriated $13 billion By 1951, West Europe was booming! Trade between US and Europe increased some 25%

The threat of communist coups in Western Europe was ended!Precedent?It increased tensions between US and USSR!

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• A great humanitarian effort.

• Secretary of State Marshall became the only military general ever to receive a Nobel Prize for peace.

• The Marshall Plan also institutionalized and legitimized the concept of U.S. foreign aid programs, which have become a integral part of U.S. foreign policy.

Marshall Plan: Legacy

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Marshall Plan• In 1947, US Secretary of State Marshall announced the Marshall Plan.

–This was a massive economic aid plan for Europe to help it recover from the damage caused by the war.

•There were two motives for this: – Helping Europe to recover economically would provide markets for American goods, so benefiting American industry.– A prosperous Europe would be better able to resist the spread of communism. This was probably the main motive.

A poster promoting the Marshall Plan

Secretary of State George Marshall.

http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/georgecmarshall.html

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.marshallfoundation.org/images/timeline_images/marshall_plan_signing.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.marshallfoundation.org/about/timeline/recovery.html&usg=__uUFE9g4NlvYjX9WE8spGwle6wmo=&h=348&w=458&sz=43&hl=en&start=4&sig2=wf6oYtDXcdtVdoD-pAtohg&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=wESnNdVnJ1OURM:&tbnh=97&tbnw=128&prev=/images?q=marshall+plan&um=1&hl=en&newwindow=1&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox&rlz=1I7DKUS&tbs=isch:1&ei=iEnnS-_DFoPGlQfg-cyKBA

* The U.S. gave over $12 billion in aid to European countries between 1948 and 1952, helping to improve their economies and lessen the chance of communist revolutions.

THE COLD WAR

0

500,000,000

1,000,000,000

1,500,000,000

2,000,000,000

2,500,000,000

3,000,000,000

England2,826,000,000 France 2,445,000,000Italy 1,316,000,000 West Germany1,297,000,000Netherlands877,000,000Austria 561,000,000Belgium 547,000,000

THE MARSHALL PLAN

Before After

Another Cornerstone?

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/marshall/images/wholemap.jpg

German unification was delayed by USSR Original US plan was to turn Germany into an agricultural community - Morganthau Plan

Removal of industry to fulfill this plan was to be used as reparations to rebuild USSR

Despair and poverty perfect for communist takeoverUS decided to build it up instead to oppose communism

we had to get Europe to accept thisLet Germany have Marshall Plan aid

Improve US economy Europe could produce practically nothing, nor buy anythingUS could produce, couldn't sell

we needed Europe as a bastion against communism and as a trading partner

Could Stalin Block It?

It increased tensions between US and USSR!What other means would we use to stop communism? How far would we go? Encouraged economic unity which led to the Common Market - 1957Stalin accused US of economic imperialism to control Western EuropeCommunist support in Western Europe declinedMarshall Tito exiled 1948 from the communist block for accepting Marshall Plan aid when the Soviets could not overthrow him set an example others might follow - we ignored this

The Marshall PlanRebuild European nations and stop the spread of communism

map/cold war

Soviet Union/China and Allies……..

Containment: Stop the expansion of Communism in Asia and Europe

US, Allied Nations and Allied colonies.

1950’s

Communist ExpansionCommunist ExpansionA Chronology of EventsCommunist ExpansionCommunist ExpansionA Chronology of Events

China1949

Soviet Union1918

Korean War1950 to 1953

Eastern Europe

1946

CONTAINMENT

Marshall PlanBerlin Airlift

NATOKorean War

Berlin Blockade

1947-8

Post-WWII Germany

smb://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Marshall_Plan.svg

The three western sections of Germany and Berlin and created a West German government and announced a new currency.

Stalin responded on June 24, 1948 by attempting to force the western allies out of Berlin altogether. He cut off rail and road access to the western side of the city and turned off electricity.

Berlin Blockade: 24 June 1948 -12 May 1949

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The Berlin Crisis: June 1948-May 1949• 1948: three western controlled zones of Germany united; grew in prosperity due to the Marshall Plan• West wanted East to rejoin; Stalin feared it would hurt Soviet security.• June 1948: Stalin decided to gain control of West Berlin, which was deep inside the Eastern Sector

– Cuts road, rail and canal links with West Berlin, hoping to starve it into submission

• West responded by airlifting supplies to allow West Berlin to survive• May 1949: USSR admitted defeat, lifted blockade

Map of Germany divided into zones after WWII

Map of Berlin divided into zones after WWII

A plane flies in supplies during the Berlin Airlift.

Standoff in Berlin - 6/24/48 - threatened to turn the Cold War hot!At Yalta, the decision to divide Germany was made

Allies wanted to make Germany powerless, so it could not again do what it did!Rid Germany of Nazism (Nuremburg Trials)Reparations "in-kind" could be taken from zones of occupationSoviets took much industrial equipment, farm goods, even laborers

By June, 1948 Soviets had established a communist government in their sectorUS, GB, Fr formed "Trizonia" announced plans to convene a constitutional assembly

to establish a democratic republic for West Germanybegan currency reform and rebuilding Germany's economy so it could "stand alone"!

USSR could not allow it!Stalin tried to use Berlin as a bargaining lever to force unification of Germany which would have given him a chance to spread communism into W. Germany

Blockade - cut road and rail traffic into W. Berlin to starve city and force us to abandon it outnumbered us 10 to 1located 60 to 100 mi. inside E. Germany1st test of containment Allies had to use force or abandon reunification plansHow could we avoid the use of force, and still feed the millions in West Berlin?

Lucius Clay wanted to invade and take Germany over

Focus on Berlin

• After World War II, Germany was divided into four zones, occupied by French, British, American, and Soviet troops.

Occupation zones after 1945. Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone.

· In June of 1948, the French, British and American zones were joined into the nation of West Germany after the Soviets refused to end their occupation of Germany.

Soviet blockade:

West Germany

East Germany

West Berlin

East Berlin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Berlin_Blockade-map.svg

Iron CurtainIron Curtain – – A term used by A term used by Winston Churchill Winston Churchill to describe the to describe the separating of separating of Those communistThose communistlands of East lands of East Europe from the Europe from the West. West.

· In response, the Soviets cut off West Berlin from the rest of the world with a blockade.

Eventual site of the Berlin Wall

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_1945_1946.png

Next Crisis: Germany

Improve your knowledge

• The Russians took very high casualties to capture Berlin in May 1945. They spent the early occupation trying to take over all zones of the city but were stopped by German democrats such as Willy Brandt and Konrad Adenauer. Reluctantly the Russians had to admit the Americans, French and British to their respective zones.

III. Cold War: Harry Truman --- Foreign PolicyBerlin Airlift (1948-49)-Soviets block access towest Berlin. Truman orderssupplies airlifted. *2.3 million tons of supplies

http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9708/25/berlin.wall.deaths/germany.map.jpg

• The United States and Great Britain mounted a massive airlift to keep the western sectors supplied with the 5000 tons of food per day and fuel that the city needed…and chocolate for children!

Berlin Airlift Begins: June 25, 1948

Lt. Halvorsen dropping candy. He became known as the “candy bomber”.

Berlin Airlift for almost a year was the solution Operation Vittles - made us look like knights in shining armor

world press coverage 321 days270,000 flights (plane took off every 3 minutes!)$200m cost2.5m tons of cargo dropped for the 2m Berliners

made Soviets look awful starving children and womenRussians couldn't afford to shoot down our planes - risk WW III in Russia

ResultMay 12, 1949 - Soviets lifted the blockade; Berlin would remain a "trouble spot" in the future

In May, Germany was divided - West (Bonn) and East (Berlin); Reunification in 1990

123

Berlin Airlift

277,264 flights and 1.5 million tons of aid.

Germany Divided and Occupied• At the end of the war, the Allies had

decided on a joint occupation of Germany and its capital, Berlin, with each of the four powers controlling a zone

• In 1948, the Western powers formed an independent nation merging their three zones of Germany, forming West Germany

The Soviet Response• Soviets respond by closing off Berlin

• They thought this move would force the West to back down from its control of West Berlin

• All transportation in or out of Berlin was shut down

• Berlin was under siege

• Instead of sending troops through the land corridor to Berlin, Truman ordered a massive airlift of supplies to its people

• In May 1949, the Soviets lifted the blockade

This picture shows a small girl in West Berlin bringing home a ration of bread to her family. The bread was made from American flour that had been flown into West Berlin during the Berlin Airlift. Ironically the bread was wrapped in a Soviet newspaper. The newspaper's headline was demanding an end to the airlift.

Help!! Everything the Berliners

needed to survive – from groceries to gasoline – would come to them only by air until the end of September 1949. The airlift lasted over 15 months and cost more than $224 million.

During those many months

a U.S. or British plane landed every few minutes at Berlin's central Tempelhof airfield and another airport that had been built just for the airlift. Over two million tons of goods were flown into Berlin.

Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany

http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/uploads/2009/11/berlin_airlift.jpg

131

Division of Germany and Berlin

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.authentichistory.com/1946-1960/speeches/images/19490626_Berlin_Airlift.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.authentichistory.com/1946-1960/speeches/19480626_Operation_Vittles-Berlin_Airlift-narrated.html&usg=__bK2AGg5t_cuUEr1EeJZMZFMfRBA=&h=480&w=374&sz=34&hl=en&start=17&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=YoBd2dRtwwspPM:&tbnh=129&tbnw=101&prev=/images?q=berlin+airlift&um=1&hl=en&safe=active&sa=N&rlz=1T4ADSA_enUS342US342&tbs=isch:1

132

• The Federal Republic of Germany, or West Germany, was formally created in September 1949. October 7th 1949 The German Democratic Republic, East Germany was set up by the Soviets

Germany-Two Countries - 1949

133

Two Capitols: Bonn and Berlin

134

Divided Berlin

135

Berlin-Deep in Soviet Germany

Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)

· President Truman decided to avoid the blockade by flying in food and other supplies to the needy people of West Berlin.

Berlin Airlift

· At times, over 5,000 tons of supplies arrived daily.

Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)

Post-WWII Germany

•West Germanyformed in 1948•Soviet response?•Berlin Airlift follows in June

Berlin Airlift1948

•321 Days •270,000 Flights •2.5 Million Tons

http://www.transchool.eustis.army.mil/Museum/images/Milkposter.jpg

Operation Toy Drop

Wiesbaden, Germany, July 6, 1948: Minus an propeller and trailing hay from its damaged fuselage, a C47 transport sits in a field after an accident on its way back from delivering food to Berlin. The pilots escaped with minor injuries after the plane grazed some trees and crashed as it approached the Wiesbaden airfield in bad weather. It was the first crash in the Berlin airlift, but by no means the last; by the time the effort to overcome the Soviet blockade of the city's Western section ended in September, 1949, 31 American and 39 British participants had been killed. However, the airlift's 278,228 flights succeeded in bringing 2,326,406 short tons of cargo into Berlin.

THE COLD WAR USSR

Blockade endsAirlift wins

The Soviet Union admitted defeatAnd lifted the blockade in May, 1949

Military Cooperation in Europe - NATO - 7/49 – Dean AchesonDuring the Berlin crisis, several things happened US sent B-29s to GBCIA trained agents sent to Germany and even Russia

Tito broke with Stalin

Collective security scheme developed In March, 1948 Brussels Pact (GB, FR, and Benelux countries) signed, creating a defensive allianceFrom that idea, sprang the idea for a larger organizationNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization

April, 1949 signed (ratified in July, 82-13) an "entangling alliance", an attack on one, an attack on all!

12 original members (US, Canada, Iceland and several Western European nations)

In Oct, 1949 (after we learned that the Soviets had the bomb), Congress appropriated $1.5b to arm NATO

D.D. Eisenhower recalled to active duty to command it Sent two divisions to Europe

The Berlin blockade provided compelling evidence that in order to deter the Soviets from further aggression, an alliance was necessary between nations of Western Europe and the United States.

Why was NATO created?

NATO- North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationDefensive alliance between U.S. and Western Europe(1st time U.S. entered into peacetime military alliance)


North Atlantic Treaty Organization 4 April 1949

Military Alliance to counter Soviet expansion Netherlands

Norway

Portugal

1952: Greece &

Turkey

1955: West Germany

1982: Spain

1990: Reunited Germany

Former Soviet Republics

Canada

Denmark

France

Iceland

Italy

United States

Belgium

Britain

Luxemburg

Article 5: "an armed attack against one or more of the European signatories or the North American signatories, would be considered an attack against all of them".

Warsaw Pact, 1950- Defensive alliance between Soviet Union and Eastern European Countries.


Warsaw Pact - (began 1948-49 unofficially) 1955 - Soviet response to NATO (disbanded Mar 31, 1991)

Should the US still protect Western Europe?Up until this point the US had relied on the Bomb and now discovered that it was not enough

Key questions cost ($1.5 billion initially) - actually designed to save us money in the long run by having allies defer some of the costentangling alliancesrearming the GermansCold War heated up

151

NATO vs. Warsaw Pact 1949-1990

Warsaw Pact 1955

Warsaw Pact: organization of communist states in Central and Eastern Europe.

Established May 14, 1955 in Warsaw, Poland

USSR established in in response to NATO treaty

Founding members:Albania (left in 1961 as a result of the Sino-Soviet split) Bulgaria CzechoslovakiaHungary Poland Romania USSREast Germany (1956)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization--April 1949-mutual defense allianceto come to members aid if attacked

•Soviet Response?•The Warsaw Pact…military allianceof Eastern Europe countries

•What Grade Would You Give…•Establishment of the UN?•Containment Policy?•Truman Doctrine?•Marshall Plan?•Berlin Airlift?•Establishment of NATO?•Why – What’s Your Criteria?

Truman’s Second Term

•Cold War Escalates…•Soviets Get the Bomb •1950-1953 - $5Ob Yearly! (2/3 of Our Entire Budget)•A Better Bomb!

atomic bomb

•The world would now live with the threat of nuclear war.

•Arms race between Soviet Union and U.S. who could build the most nuclear weapons.

•U.S. would use nuclear weapons as a “deterrent”

•Peace through strength……

•“nuclear diplomacy”

The Arms Race:The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?”A “Missile Gap?”

} The Soviet Union The Soviet Union exploded its first exploded its first A-bomb in 1949.A-bomb in 1949.

} Now there were Now there were two nuclear two nuclear superpowers!superpowers!

An H-Bomb Explosion

What Next?

The Fallof China

Containment Shifts to Asia

RebuildingJapan

Hot Warin Korea

Indochina

How Would It Work There?

(1949)- Mao Zedong leads Communist takeover in China (rival to Soviet Union)

REACTION:Increased fears of communist domination

U.S. spent $3 millionin support of Nationalist, Chiang Kai-shek, only to have failed!


Cold War – AsiaRevolution in China – shifted balance of power in AsiaChinese Civil War breaks out again

Mao Zedong vs. Chiang Kai-shekUS hoped to see Chiang Kai-shek win over Mao Tse-tung

By 1947, full-scale civil war againWe decided we could not save Chiang

General George Marshall recommends aid to Chiang - myth that aid could have saved Chiang Truman refused to send combat troopswould have been unpopular at homewould have been too latewould have threatened Europe

Hoped Chiang would agree to "share" power with Mao

Oct, 1949 - Mao - Peoples' Republic of ChinaChiang fled to Formosa (Taiwan) – Nationalist ChinaJan, 1950, USSR and PRC signed a 30 year mutual aid treatyblocked Red China's entry into the UNantagonizing a country with the largest market in the world

US was prepared to abandon Chiang - then KoreaRepublicans accused Truman of giving China away

We stepped up aid to "friendly" nations in Asia (Formosa, Vietnam, Philippines, Korea, Japan)

Mao’s Revolution: 1949Mao’s Revolution: 1949

Who lost China? – A 2Who lost China? – A 2ndnd }} Power!Power!

• Chiang Kai-shek was the leader of the anticommunist Nationalists, supported by the United States

• Chiang Kai-shek signing the UN charter

Spread of the Communism: China

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Chiang_Kai-shek_.jpg

165

• Communist Mao Zedong was victorious over Chiang Kai-shek

• Establishment of the People's Republic of China

• Maoist Phase 1949 – 1976


毛泽东 Chairman

Maoand his

Little Red Book

Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong

The Fall of China

•Background•Renewal of Civil War

•The Problem?

People have come together to support the Communist Party.


•The Solution?•Effect?

ChiangFled…

P.R.C.

U.S. Response?

THE COLD WAR SE ASIA The US would justify its foreign

policy in SE Asia during the Cold War with the Domino Theory—if one country fell to Communism others would follow.

THE COLD WAR SE ASIA

NSC-68: U.S. National Security Report, 1950*emphasizes Soviet aggression*calls for massive U.S. military buildup*US becomes Policeman of the World

NSC 68 - 1/30/50Full-scale buildup to stop the spread of communismwe should become - Policeman of the Worldspend as much as we can afford on defenseif the Russians try to keep up they will go broke first

20% of GNP - kept secretRecommended - Korean War made it a reality How is NSC-68 different from the Marshall Plan?How is NSC-68 the same as the Marshall Plan?


“The U.S.S.R.’s desire for World Domination requires not only this Republic but civilization itself to take a stand”

Truman's First Decision - should he recognize the new country of Vietnam under the leadership of Ho?September 2, 1945 - Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam independent after Japan defeated

Ho Chi Minh quoted from US Declaration of Independence - Why?Ho Chi Minh asked for US aid to maintain independence

1. National self-determination - US allies2. Containment Policy - are the Vietnamese communists?

State Department urged President Truman to assure France that we would not oppose the recreation of French Indochina

needed their help against USSR in Western EuropeTruman agreed - took a position of pro-French neutrality

The French and Vietnamese negotiated for more than a year without getting any closer French recognized Ho Chi Minh who sought compromisepromised free elections, but changed their mindWould non-violence have worked against the French? i.e. - Gandhi

First American to die - A. Peter Dewey (9/26/45)June 1946 - Ho Chi Minh asked US to help keep the French out

offered to open Vietnam up to US investmentoffered naval base at Cam Ranh BayWe rejected offer - was this the right decision? Should we have valued national self-determination over our fear of communism? Was French aid that critical in 1946?

First French Indochina War (1946-1954)Truman chose to maintain neutrality after the war began12/19/46 - the French had returned and the war for independence from the French continued

Some in the US disapproved the French return - Why?Ho Chi Minh retreated into the countryside and avoided major engagements preferring to wear the French down while building support among the people and fighting a guerrilla war*The US took a neutral stand at 1st trying to encourage the French to make concessionsBao Dai was put back on the throne as a puppet - 6/5/48 - no popular appealHo Chi Minh received little/no aid from the communist countries

Three Events in 1949 Berlin Crisis - Blockade/Airlift - 1948-49USSR detonated the bombMao defeated Chiang - China became communist

Monolithic Communism Key Assumption made throughout Vietnam was that all communist nations take their ordersfrom Moscow. All were part of a communist plot to take over the world. Was Ho Chi Minh a Russian puppet, taking orders from Moscow? We continued to act based on this assumption.

Domino Theory If Vietnam falls Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Burma, Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, Iran and the Middle East, North Africa, and the Mediterranean would followIf Vietnam falls Malaya, Burma, the Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand and Japan would follow

Truman's Second Decision - The Recognition of Bao Dai and the extension of military aid to FranceWhy did Truman switch from neutrality to support for the French?

China and the Soviet Union recognized the Viet Minh in 1/50Secretary of State - Dean Acheson - found confirmation of monolithic communist takeover

February 1950 - Truman - recognized Bao DaiMay 15, 1950 - made the decision to extend military aid to the French

when formally requested to do so by France$15 million in the 1st monthKorean War was expanded to include China 11/50Evidence of communist conspiracy?

significance - beginning of US involvementShould we have remained neutral? Should we have sided with Ho? Was this the key commitment to Vietnam? Was it the point of no return? Was it a good decision?

Japan•What to Do about Japan?•U.S. Occupation – 1945 – 1951•General McArthur in charge •Rebuilt Japan—rapid recovery

2) Japan:-Occupied by American forces-Adopts democratic form of government (MacArthur Const.)-Resumed self-gov’t-Ally of U.S.

Look on the bottom of your grandparent’s figurines to see if they were made in “occupied Japan.”


Building a New Japan(Sep. 1949) - As China was falling, we learned that the Soviets had developed an atomic bombthe whole complexion of the Cold War changed!US built up Japanese economy as counterweight to communism in Asia

Truman decided not to allow Soviets any say in reconstruction1951 - treaty with JapanUS troops under MacArthur, who ran the country ending occupation in 1952ended occupation, but got right to a base in Okinawa and reserved the right to station in Japan if neededin 1956 - Japan joined UNToday we still have 50,000 troops in Japan

Helped them to further develop peaceful industry (i.e. autos etc.) Showcase what free enterprise can do in Asia - success surprised even US

We provided protection out of fear of Japanese imperialism In Europe, containment worked well, in Asia it was more expensive and less effectiveV-J Day found Asia in shambles! Communists poised all over!

Korea•At War’s End – Divided at 38th Parallel—was Japan’s before•By Late 40s…•Two Koreas:

•North – Kim Il Sun (Comm.)•South – Dr. Sygnman Rhee

War in Korea

•Limited War•Strategy?•Key Events?•Results?

•1950 to 1953, North Korea invades South

Korea.•North Korea was a

communist nation and South Korea was a

democracy.•First war of

“containment”“containment” policy to stop communism

•““Police Action”Police Action” not a declared war

•President Truman leads United Nations.

•General Douglas MacArthur commands US

and UN troops.•Called “forgotten war”.

(June, 1950)Communist North Koreainvades across the 38th parallel, attackingdemocratic South Korea


Apply Cold War policy:

What should be the mainobjective in the Korean War?

Korean War (1950-1953):

U.N. troops (made up of 90% Americans) defend South Korea

Led byDouglas MacArthur


Truman vs. MacArthurTruman vs. MacArthur

•Truman fires General MacArthur when he

advises Truman he would use nuclear weapons against the Chinese.

U.N. Security Council meets to discuss Korean Crisis

Who is accused of aiding the North Koreans?What are some of the key questions before the U.N.?

•Stalemate by 1953.•Pres. Eisenhower

negotiated an end to war

•Divided at 38th parallel•Communism contained•Remains divided today

300,000Communist Chinese troops come into waron side of North Korea


Results of Korean War:

Stalemate at 38th parallel

54,000 Americans dieBillions of Dollars spent

THINK:

Was the objective of the Korean War achieved?

Should more have been done?


Korea DividedControlled by Japan 1910-194538th parallel - boundary at the end of WWII

Douglas MacArthur - Supreme Allied Commander in the Pacific including S. KoreaN. Korea was under Soviet influence

1948 - 2 separate governments - UN could not unite S. Korea - Syngman Rhee - elected (dictatorship) recognized as the legal government by the UNKim Il-Sung head of communist N. Korea (dictatorship)

Both wanted to reunite N and S - by forceBorder skirmishes began

Both US and USSR withdrew their own troops after training and arming armies

1/12/50 The US announced that Korea was not in our defense perimeter - an invitation to invade

192

• The Korean War: when the Cold War became a global conflict.

• Mindful that a full-scale nuclear exchange would be a disaster for both sides, the superpowers fought each other through a variety of proxy wars and "shadow struggles" in Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan, and dozens of other places.

• No global third world war has yet to take place.

Spread of the Cold War: Proxy Wars

193

• In 1945, Korea was freed from the Japanese.

• The country was split in half at the 38th parallel.

• The two countries hated each other.

North Korea Kim Il Sung Communist

South Korea Syngman Rhee Capitalist

Spread of the Communism: Korea

194

• The Korean War began when the Communist government of North Korea, allied with the Soviet Union and tried to take over South Korea.

U.N. Police Action In Korea: 1950-1953

Chinese Soldiers

195

• The first military clash of the Cold War and the first United Nations-sanctioned conflict

• Technically American troops weren’t fighting the Korean War-The United Nations sent troops from its member states to ‘keep peace’.

• The U.S. was the most important and richest country in the U.N. so it sent the most troops and supplied most of the weapons.

• Began what became the U.S. policy of containment

U.N. Police Action In Korea: 1950-1953

6/25/50 N. Korea invaded with USSR support

Stalin wanted to embarrass ChinaStalin wanted to warn Japan to stay neutral

Truman called a special meeting of the UN Security Council UN Security Council voted to call for a cease fire and then a police action quickly - saved themUSSR was boycotting because Communist China was not admitted to the UN

June, 1950 – N. K. Invaded S.K.•What to Do?•United Nations Decision?•The First “Limited War” or International “Police Action”

Peace treaty signed in July 1953-35,000 U.S. soldiers dead-spread comm. fight to Asia-caused major military buildup in US

Hot War in Korea…

Gen. Douglas MacArthur

•Commander of UN ForcesFired by Truman•Why?•Impact?

•Not Popular

203

• The United Nations sent troops from its member states to ‘keep peace’.

• Declared a ‘police action’ because US operated under the UN.

• The US sent the most troops and supplied most of the weapons.

Korean War: A UN Police Action

204

• General Douglas MacArthur - Supreme Commander of UN Forces

Korean War

205

A grief stricken American infantryman whose buddy has been killed in action is comforted by another soldier. In the background a corpsman

methodically fills out casualty tags,

Haktong-ni area, Korea. August 28, 1950. Sfc. AlChang. (Army)

Korean War

206

China Enters the Korean War

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Korean_War_HA-SN-98-07010.jpg

207

Korean War: A Police Action

• Back and forth across the 38th Parallel

• The ‘see-saw’ of the Korean War.

208

K

orea

n W

ar 1

950-

53

Uneasy Peace: The Korean War

The Korean War, dubbed the “Forgotten War” by some historians and veterans, was one of the bloodiest

in modern history.

Over just three years, one million South Korean civilians were killed,

while millions more became homeless.

Another half million U.N. troops died; casualties of Communist troops

topped 1.6 million more….

Buddies aid wounded man of 24th Infantry Regiment

After numerous attempts to arrive at a permanent peace treaty, negotiations broke down in 1954

without a plan.

A peace treaty has never been signed as of today.

And the division of a Communist North Korea

and a democratic South Korea remains a troubling status quo for

Asian and world politics…

The Beginning:

• The Korean peninsula had been controlled by Japan since 1895, but with the defeat of Japan in World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union occupied the area until elections could be arranged for the establishment of an independent Korean nation…

However, the Soviets refused to conduct elections in the

northern half of the country, which they occupied.

The elections went on, as scheduled in the south, with the creation of the

Republic of South Korea in 1948.

The Korean Conflict

• In June of 1950, North Korean troops invaded South Korea

• President Truman appointed General MacArthur to command all UN troops in Korea and ordered U.S. military forces to Korea without asking Congress to declare war

Corporal John Simms of Bradbury Heights, Maryland, is shown

bidding his wife, Ann, and their 8 month old son, John Jr., goodbye as he leaves for Korea,

1950.

Leatherneck machine gun crew dug in for the night in Korea.

Men of the 4.2 mortar crew, 31st Heavy Mortar Company fire at enemy position, west of Chorwon, Korea.

Private First Class Roman

Prauty, a gunner with 31st

Regimental Combat Team,

with the assistance of his gun crew, near Oetlook-tong,

Korea.

Men of the 24th Infantry Regiment move up to the firing line in Korea.

Catching up on his letters to the folks at

home during a break in action is

Private First Class Dwight Exe, 5th

Cavalry Regiment.

MacArthur would be relieved of his command.

Armistice

• years of fighting produced a stalemate in Korea

• A cease-fire was declared in 1953 that left the country as divided as before the war

• Results:– U.S. lost more than 54,000 troops – caused many neutral nations to draw closer to

the U.S.

A grief stricken American infantryman whose buddy has been killed in action is comforted by another soldier.

In the background a corpsman fills out casualty tags, Haktong-ni, Korea.

Chaplain Kenny Lynch conducts services north of Hwachon, Korea, for men of 31st

Regiment.

Marines of the First Marine Division pay their respects to fallen buddies during memorial services at the division's cemetery at Hamhung, Korea.

Seemingly endless file of Korean refugees slogs through snow outside of Kangnung.

An aged Korean woman pauses in her search for salvageable materials among the ruins of Seoul, Korea.

Homeless, this brother and sister search empty cans

for morsels of food, and try to keep warm beside a

small fire in the Seoul, Korea,

railroad yards.

With her brother on her back a war weary Korean girl tiredly trudges by a stalled M-26 tank.

He returns…..again…..

• UN forces were pushed all the down the Korean peninsula until MacArthur staged a surprise landing at Inchon

• MacArthur was given authority to unite all of Korea and he ordered troops to push North

• Chinese troops come to aid the North Koreans

Troops of the 31st Infantry Regiment land at Inchon Harbor.

235

• Heavy fighting continued throughout the first half of 1953

• The Armistice was suddenly signed on July 27th, 1953.

• U.S. signed the peace deal with North Korea and China

• North and South Korea have never officially signed any peace pact, it is only considered a truce.

• Technically, the Korean War is still going on today.

Korean War Ends (or does it?)

236

• South Korea remained free of communism• Containment had worked• US continued presence: DMZ: Demilitarized Zone• Still two separate nations today. Kim Jung Il leads an impoverish and

backward country where his people are starving and freezing to death.

• About 28,500 U.S. troops are currently stationed in South Korea. Efforts are underway to recover thousands of US MIAs

• According to a 2003 agreement, US troops will eventually be will be moved farther south

Korean War: Who Wins?

237

The Human Cost

238

What is this?

Cold War - Middle East / Third World

Iran Ultimatum 3/6/46Soviet troops were there to protect lend-lease shipments

were suppose to withdraw by the end of 1946 - they did notNov, 1945 - USSR initiated a revolt over Azerbaijan (wanted oil concessions)wanted guarantee of oil shipments

At first US used UN as a vehicle to thwart Soviet actions Jan - Iran protested to UN (it urged them to settle it)Mar - withdrawal deadline passed, Soviets still had troopsUS protested to UN, world opinion went against Soviets

US threatened USSR and the UN publicized Soviet refusal to leave they leftThis lacked public support at home - too much of a risk of war

May - Soviets withdrew troops however, it got autonomy for Azerbaijan and oil concessionswe convinced Iran to take back the oil concessions which led to Soviet resentment!

Lesson - take a firm stand, Soviets will back down!

Creation of Israel - 19481. Palestine - 5/14/48 - British gave to Jews reluctantly2. US and USSR recognized immediately to prevent UN action3. Arabs invaded - Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia

defeated by IsraelPalestine disappeared - Palestinian refugee problem createdArabs humiliated - will want revengesource of current Middle East problems with Israel

4. Ralph Bunche - UN truce 1949 - Noble Peace Prize5. British withdrew 6/56

http://schools-wikipedia.org/images/147/14714.jpg

• 44’: Bretton Woods, NH – IMF & World Bank (we’re taking charge!)– Currency regulated based on the $

standard– Development funds for “third-world”

countries• 45’: S.F., CA (we rule!) – the U.N.

Charter– N.Y. HQ set up; Big 5 Security

Council– Peace-keeping, world wars never

again, WHO, etc.– How about nukes?

• 48’: Israel and the 15 min. window

1944+ - New Int’l Ties/Frames/Paradigms (we no longer hate the world!)

World Bank HQ; D.C.

THE COLD WAR

One of the early acts of the UN was

to establish the world’s only

Jewish state, Israel, in 1947.

It was formed out of what had been

Palestinian (Arab) territory.

Jews and Arabs had

been foes since Biblical times.

THE COLD WAR

The Palestinian’s, who were Arabs,

were given the smaller area.

The Arabs rejected the plan.

This formed the basis of bad

feelings in the Middle East that

continues today.

Point Four Program - 1/49In his Second Term inaugural address, Truman announced a broad foreign policy plan, based on four points

The United NationsThe Marshall PlanNATOPoint Four - a plan for giving technical and economic aid to developing nations all over the world to make them less susceptible to communism

economic, and technical aid to 3rd world to prevent communism$400 million - primarily LA

In his inauguration speech on January 20, 1949, President Truman stated the fourth objective of his foreign policy as follows:

the Point Four Program:1.UN 2. Marshall Plan 3. NATO 4. Point Four – Aid to Third World

"we must embark on a bold new program for making the benefits of our scientific advances and industrial progress available for the improvement and growth of underdeveloped areas. More than half the people of the world are living in conditions approaching misery. Their food is inadequate. They are victims of disease. Their economic life is primitive and stagnant. Their poverty is a handicap and a threat both to them and to more prosperous areas. For the first time in history, humanity possesses the knowledge and skill to relieve suffering of these people. The United States is pre-eminent among nations in the development of industrial and scientific techniques. The material resources which we can afford to use for assistance of other peoples are limited. But our imponderable resources in technical knowledge are constantly growing and are inexhaustible."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:1947PartitionPlan.PNG

The Point Four Program = a technical assistance program for "developing countries.”

The Truman administration came up with the idea for a technical assistance program as a means to win the "hearts and minds“ of the developing world. By sharing US know-how in various fields, especially agriculture, industry and health, officials could help "third world" nations on the development path, raise the standard of living, and show that democracy and capitalism could provide for the welfare of the individual.

This was not a call for economic aid--on the order of the Marshall Plan,but for the US to share its "know-how" and help nations develop with technical assistance. The program was approved by Congress on June 5, 1950 in the Foreign Economic Assistance Act, which allotted to the program a budget of $ 25,000,000 in its first year.

Describing the new program, Truman noted that, "Communist propaganda holds that the free nations are incapable of providing a decent standard of living for the millions of people in under-developed areas of the earth. The Point Four program will be one of our principal ways of demonstrating the complete falsity of that charge.“Congress approved on October 27, 1950The Technical Cooperation Administration (TCA) was established within The Department of State to run the Point Four program.Required bilateral agreements with the US government in order to receiveAid under the program. The first government to receive aid was Iran, on October 19, 1950.Point Four Program was different from other programs in that it was not confined to any specific region.

Point Four Program was the first US plan for international economic development.

Evaluation•Add to Your List…•NSC #68? •China? •Japan?•Korea?

•The Second Red Scare•The Evidence?

•About 80,000 Communists in U.S.•Truman’s Actions?

•Loyalty Review Board--FBI (3m Investigated, 212 Dismissed, 2,000 Resigned under pressure)•Never Found a Spy Network •HUAC Hearings (House Un-American Activities Comm.)– to Find Commies in the govt. and to “De-Communize” Hollywood

HUAC at Work...

•1947 investigation led to prison sentences for contempt known as the Hollywood Ten.Hollywood Ten.

•Blacklisted:Blacklisted: a list of persons who are under suspicion, disfavor, or censure, or who are not to be

hired, served, or otherwise accepted.

red scare3

The Hiss CaseAlger Hiss

Busted in 1950!

•Klaus Fuchs (Brit)•Atomic Spy •He Named Names•Including…

Also in1950…

NATO

•Soviets detonate their Soviets detonate their first atomic bomb….. first atomic bomb…..

•The question is raised, where did they get the technology the bomb?

•Ethel and Julius Rosenberg would be

accused of giving away atomic bomb secrets.

•Charged with espionage they would

be found guilty and executed in 1953.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

PropagandaCampaign

•Book Burnings •Hysteria…•New Laws…•And More!

•Communists Had to Register (A.G.)•Barred from Working in Some Jobs•Had to Publish All Records•Could arrest and detain Comm. or Comm. sympathizers•Truman vetoed it but still passed

McCarthyism Claimed 205 communists

working for State Department

Attacked wealthy & privileged—popular appeal

Even Eisenhower wouldn’t challenge him

Army hearings in 1954 televisedMcCarthy exposed as a bully

(“reckless cruelty”

•Joseph McCarthyHeaded a Senate Committee•“McCarthyism”-damaged reputations withvague and unfounded charges*People afraid to challenge him—why?

•Red ScareRed Scare was Americans response to the fear of

Communism

•Senator Joseph McCarthyJoseph McCarthy accused 205 US Govt. officials

of being Communist.

•McCarthyism McCarthyism to destroy or assassinate one’s character

without proof and it ruined the careers of many Americans.

red scare

Became a witch huntwitch hunt that led to Americans pledging a “loyalty oathloyalty oath” to the United States…….

Later He Would ClaimThat the Army Was

Infiltrated…Army-McCarthyHearings—1954

The Domestic Cold War

•The Second Red Scare•Loyalty Review Board•HUAC•The Hiss Case•The Rosenbergs•The McCarran Act•McCarthyism

Joseph McCarthy at Work

274

• The Nuremberg Trials took place November 21, 1945 to October 1, 1946 Determined the fates of 22 Nazi officials who played a role in the holocaust.

War Crimes Trials

275

• The Nuremberg trials had a great influence on the development of international criminal law such as:

• Universal Declaration of Human Rights, The Geneva Convention, and many others.

War Crimes Trials Legacy

276

• Issued by the United Nations in 1948 The first global expression of rights to which all human beings are entitled

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

THE COLD WAR

In June, 1945, just after the German surrender but before V-J Day, the United Nations was formed. This time the US led the way.

The main purpose of the UN

was to promote world peace

and protect member nations

from aggressors.

THE COLD WAR USSRThe Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

GOALS

Shield itself from future invasions Keep Germany divided Rebuild its economy Spread communism Control Eastern Europe Balance of power with the US

THE COLD WAR USSRIRON CURTAIN SPEECH

“…an iron curtain has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe…” Winston Churchill, 1946

In the Iron Curtain speech, the US was warned by Churchill that the Soviet Union was taking over Eastern Europe as part of a plot to take over the world.

THE COLD WAR USSRIron Curtain became the

term for the division of Europe into the Democratic Western Europe and Communist controlled Eastern Europe.

Churchill saw it coming but the US did not.

THE COLD WAR USSR

The Soviet Union eventually controlled many satellite nations including:

Czechoslovakia

East Germany

Poland

Yugoslavia

THE COLD WAR USSRThe US responded to Soviet expansion with a policy of containment—preventing the spread of Communism in the world by blocking Soviet influence.

Weapons of the Cold War Propaganda Technology Threat of force Economic aid

THE COLD WARTRUMAN DOCTRINE

“I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures” Truman, 1947

The US would support free people who were resisting communism in Greece and Turkey and anywhere else.

THE COLD WAR

The Marshall Plan

A program of economic aid to help many European nations recover from the war and avoid another depression

THE COLD WAR USSRThe USSR was determined to keep Germany weak and divided

US, France and England withdrew their forces from Germany and the nation of West Germany was formed from their sector.

Berlin was still divided.

In 1948, the USSR tried to force out the US and its allies by blockading West Berlin and not letting food or supplies get in.

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THE COLD WAR USSRStalin hoped this would frighten the west into giving up their side

of Berlin and not try to reunite the country.

To break the blockade, the US and Britain began the Berlin Airlift.

For 11 months, planes landed and took off every 3 minutes. There were 277,000 flights that brought in food, fuel, medicine and Christmas presents.

THE COLD WAR USSR

Order of Events in Berlin

BlockadeAirlift

Berlin Wall

Building of the Berlin Wall

THE COLD WAR USSRIn response to the growing Soviet aggression, the North Atlantic

Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed to protect Western Europe from invasion by Russia.

THE COLD WAR USSR

The Soviet Union viewed this as a threat and created a military alliance of its own including its Eastern European allies called the Warsaw Pact.

THE COLD WAR USSR

The Cold War heated up when the USSR developed the atomic bomb in 1949.

A nuclear arms race began with both nations developing ever more powerful weapons.

In addition to the US and USSR,

India, Pakistan and China would

develop nuclear weapons.

THE COLD WAR CHINACommunists Triumph in China

Before WWII, the Chinese were engaged in a Civil War.

The Long March pushed the Communists to northwestern China.

With the help of the peasants, the Communists won on the

Mainland of China.

Mao Zedong was the first dictator

of Communist China.

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THE COLD WAR CHINAThe Nationalists, non-

communists, established a homeland on the island of Taiwan and were led by Chiang Kai-Shek.

There were now two Chinas: The People Republic of China (Communist) and Nationalist China.

Taiwan – Nationalist China

China - PRC

THE COLD WAR SE ASIA At the end of WWII, Korea

became a divided nation.

Japanese in the north surrendered to the Soviets and North Korea became a communist nation. The dictator of N. Korea for almost 50 years was Kim II Sung.

Japanese in the south surrendered to the US and South Korea became a republic.


The dividing line wasthe 38th parallel.

38th parallelFrom 1950 to 1953 the UN(including the US) foughta war to keep the Communists from takingover South Korea.

Douglas MacArthur was thecommander of the UN forces


The Korean War ended with an armistice and a stalemate.

General Douglas MacArthurwas discharged by President Truman for insubordination.

He tried to use the press and Congress to go over the President’s head to get approval forthe use of nuclear weapons against China.

THE COLD WARDuring the 1950’s and 1960’s, many colonies in Africa

and Asia became independent.

These were underdeveloped and were called Third World nations.

They were often unaligned and both the US and the Soviet Union tried to gain influence.

THE COLD WAR SE ASIA Viet Nam was a French colony.

Ho Chi Minh turned to the communists to help lead revolts.

Like Korea, Viet Nam became a divided country with the Communists in control of the north and a republic, supported by the US, in the south.

NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization rganization (1949)(1949)

United StatesUnited States BelgiumBelgium BritainBritain CanadaCanada DenmarkDenmark FranceFrance IcelandIceland ItalyItaly

LuxemburgLuxemburg NetherlandsNetherlands NorwayNorway PortugalPortugal 1952: Greece & 1952: Greece &

Turkey Turkey 1955: West Germany1955: West Germany 1983: Spain1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)

} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.

} AlbaniaAlbania

} BulgariaBulgaria

} CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

} East GermanyEast Germany

} HungaryHungary

} PolandPoland

} RumaniaRumania

Premier Nikita KhrushchevPremier Nikita Khrushchev

About the capitalist About the capitalist states, it doesn't states, it doesn't depend on you depend on you whether we whether we (Soviet Union) exist.(Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, If you don't like us, don't accept our don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvitations, and don'tinvite us to come invite us to come to see you. Whether to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on our you like it our not, history is on our side. side. We will bury youWe will bury you. -- 1956. -- 1956

De-Stalinization De-Stalinization ProgramProgram

An Historic Irony: Sergei An Historic Irony: Sergei Khrushchev, American CitizenKhrushchev, American Citizen

Who buried who?Who buried who?

The Korean War: A “Police The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-1953)Action” (1950-1953)

Syngman RheeSyngman Rhee

Kim Il-SungKim Il-Sung

““Domino Theory”Domino Theory”

Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]

1.1. Civil War in Greece.Civil War in Greece.

2.2. Turkey under pressure from the Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.Dardanelles.

3.3. The U. S. should support free The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.their own destinies in their own way.

4.4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.$400 million in aid.

Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]

1.1. ““European Recovery European Recovery Program.”Program.”

2.2. Secretary of State, Secretary of State, George MarshallGeorge Marshall

3.3. The U. S. should provide The U. S. should provide aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.and chaos.

4.4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].USSR, [but this was rejected].

Origins of the Cold War

• U.S.-Soviet Relations to 1945• Allies in World War II

• Postwar Cooperation – the U.N• Satellite States in Eastern

Europe• Occupation Zones in Germany• Iron Curtain

NATO

•Mao Tse Tung, defeats Chang Kai Shek in the Chinese Civil War…..

•China became a communistic country.

•Chang Kai Shak is exiled to Taiwan.•Mao Tse Tung becomes the Communistic leader of China.

•US believed there was a communistic plot to rule the world

Mao Tse Tung

Chang Kai Shek

308

The Cold War 1945-1990US vs. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Democracy vs. CommunismCapitalism vs. Socialism

309

US/USSR Relationship during WWII• 1939: Stalin (USSR) makes a deal with Hitler (Germany).• 1941: Hitler breaks deal and attacks USSR.• Stalin changes sides and fights with US and other allies.

310

US/USSR Relationship during WWII• Before the end of the World War II,

Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt met at Yalta to plan what should happen when the war ended. They agreed on many points:

1. The establishment of the United Nations

2. Division of Germany into four zones

3. Free elections allowed in the states of Eastern Europe

4. Russia’s promise to join the war against Japan

No agreement was reached on Poland.

Winston Churchill (England), Franklin Roosevelt (US) and Joseph Stalin (USSR) meet in Yalta in 1945 to decide the fate of post-war Europe.

311

Cold War Characteristics• Political, strategic and ideological struggle between the

US and the USSR that spread throughout the world• Struggle that contained everything short of war• Competing social and economic ideologies

312

Key Concept: How did the Cold War affect the domestic and foreign policies of the United States?

Domestic Policies: •1. McCarthyism

•2. HUAC–House Un-American Activities Committee

•3. Loyalty oaths•4. Blacklists•5. Bomb shelters

Foreign Policies: •1. Korean War•2. Arms Race

•3. Truman Doctrine•4. Eisenhower Doctrine

Actors and writers protest the Hollywood Blacklist. A 1950s era bomb shelter

313

Key Concept: What were the six major strategies of the Cold War?

The six major strategies were:

•1. Brinkmanship,

•2. Espionage,

•3. Foreign aid,

•4. Alliances,

•5. Propaganda,

•6. Surrogate wars.2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

1.

314

Senator Joe McCarthy (1908-1957) • McCarthy, a Republican senator from Wisconsin, did the most to whip up anti- communism during the ‘50s.• On February 9, 1950, he gave a speech claiming to have a list of 205 Communists in the State Department. • No one in the press actually saw the names on the list.• McCarthy continued to repeat his groundless charges, changing the number from speech to speech.• During this time, one state required pro wrestlers to take a loyalty oath before stepping into the ring. • In Indiana, a group of anti-communists indicted Robin Hood (and its vaguely socialistic message that the book's hero had a right to rob from the rich and give to the poor) and forced librarians to pull the book from the shelves. • Baseball's Cincinnati Reds renamed themselves the "Redlegs."

Cincinnati Redlegs primary logo in use from 1954-1959

315

McCarthy’s Downfall • In the spring of 1954, the tables turned on McCarthy when he charged that the Army had promoted a dentist accused of being a Communist.• For the first time, a television broadcast allowed the public to see the Senator as a blustering bully and his investigations as little more than a witch hunt.• In December 1954, the Senate voted to censure him for his conduct and to strip him of his privileges. • McCarthy died three years later from alcoholism.• The term "McCarthyism" lives on to describe anti-Communist fervor, reckless accusations, and guilt by association.

Movie poster for the 2005 film Good Night and Good Luck about the fall of Joseph McCarthy

Arthur Miller’s play The Crucible was on the surface about the Salem Witch Trials. It’s real target, though, was the hysterical persecution of innocent people during McCarthyism. (poster for 1996 film version)

316

Arms Race• Cold War tensions increased in

the US when the USSR exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949.

• Cold War tensions increased in the USSR when the US exploded its first hydrogen bomb in 1952. It was 1000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima atomic bomb.

Two sides of Cold War

• NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization

• USA, France, Great Britain, West Germany

• CAPITALISMCAPITALISM

• Warsaw Pact – pro Soviet countries – USSR, and all countries controlled by the USSR.

• COMMUNISM

Cold War

• The Cold War was a time after WW2 when the USA and the Soviet Union were rivals for world influence.

NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Marshall Plan

USA’s plan to send food, blankets, fuel to Europe to help them. AND to keep

them from turning communist.

Berlin blockade led to Berlin Airlift

Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine in

March 1947 promised that the USA “would support free peoples who are resisting” communism.

This led to containment – policy of containing communism where it is.

Domino Theory

Communism spreads like a disease

Korea and Vietnam

• USA tried to contain communism. In both wars, communist troops fought armies trained and funded by the USA.

Communists invaded from the north.

China sent a million

troops to help reds.

Korean War

• After the failure of the promise of Korean independence by the Allied nations, on June 25, 1950, communist North Korean troops invaded South Korea. Poorly armed, the South Koreans were no match for the North. The United Nations ordered North Korea to withdraw its troops. General MacArthur was appointed to command all UN troops in Korea. After three years of fighting a stalemate, more than 54,000 American troops perished.

What is the United Nations?

United Nations

• International Organization where countries try to find peaceful solutions

United Nations

• It has no army but uses troops from other countries.

The Division of Berlin

The Bipolarization of Europe

George Kennan [“X Article”]: CONTAINMENT

Goals Means Actual Application1.Restoration

of the balance of power

2.Reduction of Soviet ability to project outside power.

Encouragement of self-confidence in nations threatened by Soviet expansion.

Exploitation of tensions in international communism.

Long-term program of U.S. economic assistance [Marshall Plan]

Cooperation with communist regimes; [supporting Titoism in Yugoslavia]

3.Modification of the Soviet concept of international relations.

Negotiating settlement of outstanding differences.

Using “carrots & sticks’; containing Germany with an embrace and Russia at arms length.

George Kennan [“X Article”]: CONTAINMENT

Goals Means Actual Application

National Defense Budget [1940-1964]

Korean War

[1950-1953]

Korean War[1950-1953]

Syngman Rhee

Kim Il-Sung

“Domino Theory”

The Shifting Map of Korea[1950-1953]

Reconstructing the World & The Cold War’s Fiery Start: 1944-61’ (at least w/me, but really to 89’? 91’?

Present?)It seems like we’re always trying to

reconstruct something

• 44’: Harry Truman, the A-bombs, and the 46’ Atomic Energy Act?

• Or, 43’ and FDR at Tehran; W. African campaign?

• Or, how about 1919, the White Army in Murmansk and Archangel?

So, Where do We Begin?

• The Soviet Dream– 20 mil. dead, 2 devastating wars– Satellites, buffers, spheres of

influence, and a cordon-sanitaire

• The American Vision– A free world based on democratic

principles– Open markets and free people

Get Ready for the Clash of the Titans!

The New World, but for Whom?

• Nuremberg Trials (45’-6)– 12 of 22 lynched?

• Reparations vs. Rehabilitation/Reconstruction– Austria & Germ. divided into 4

military zones (Fra., G.B., U.S., S.U.)

– S.U. also receives Poland and Hungary

– 48’: Berlin cut off (Send in the bombers! For food?)

– 49’: Airlift ended, both Germ. gov’ts formalized

– The Cold War is here to stay

What do We do w/Germany?

• 46’: George Kennan, Containment, & the Long Telegram (8k words!) from the Soviet embassy– Article X– The S.U. - paranoid, nationalistic,

aggressive, & expansionist by nature– Contain their movements at every

opportunity• 47’: The Truman Doctrine (new

doctrine, but the same themes)– Official econ./pol. aid to anyone

resisting armed minorities or outside pressure

• 47’+: Let’s play dominoes!

Friend/Foe: What do We do w/the Soviet Union?

• Civil war: monarchists (N.) v. Greek Communists (S.)– Puppetmaster Josip Tito (Yugo.,

not S.U.)• 47’: G.B. K.O. (way to go Mr.

Heasman)– Mar. 12, 47’- Truman’s request

for $400 mil. to “support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures…”

• The dominoes at work– Polarization of the world? Too

harsh? Competition the only true path?

Case Study #1: Greece & Turkey (Let the Proxy Wars Begin!)

ELAS Soldiers (Comm.)I’d be happy too…

• Truman & Euro. Interests– Sec. of State George Marshall

offers aid at Harvard Commencement (47’) – P.R. move of the century

• Paris meeting immediately– $13 bil. over 4 yrs to 16 countries– Approved in 48’ after Czech. coup

» Euro. Prosperity (Ita. & Fra. Commie party , econ. output in W. Euro. pre-war lvls)

• 48’: Smith-Mundt Act– Voice of America, Radio for

Europe– Information Agencies & Museums

Now, What do We do w/the Rest of Europe?

• 49’: The Official End of Isolationism– Signing of NATO to unify

W. Euro. w/U.S. (orig. 12)• Military defense pact

(promised military aid, attack on one is attack on all)

• Militarized & polarized a large portion of the world

– Soviet Response? Warsaw Pact

A Ring to Bind Them All (Really a Pact)

• Japan & MacArthur (the hope of the East)– 46’ - New Constitution

• Prohibited arms buildup, U.S. would be shield, ceremonial emperor, U.S. funds reconstruction

• Japan becomes a superpower; credit – USA (point for us!)

– 49’ - The “Fall” of China• Mao v. Jieshi ($510 mil. for the

leader of Formosa?)– ~1/4 of world pop. “lost”– Immediate Soviet ties– Non-recognition until 73’

Let’s Not Forget Asia

Emperor Hirohito and the Big Mac

• China goes Red• Soviets go atomic!• 52’ – Forced Hydrogen Bomb

dev. (9x power)– Nuclear Fallout, the “Un”Lucky

Dragon, & the Atoll Islands– 53’ - Soviets go hydronic?– Houston, we’ve reached MAD

• 54’: 8K Nukes & Beyond!• 57’ ICBM w/H-bomb capacity

dev. by S.U.• How do you learn to love the

bomb? Dr. Strangelove (64’)

49’ (A Bad Year) & the Nuclear Race

First Soviet Test, aka Joe #1

An H-bomb at work

• 47’: The Nat’l Security Act– CIA formed

• Int’l AND domestic spying/operations

– Dept. of Defense formed• New Sec. of Defense & civilian

heads of Air Force, Navy, etc.

– Nat’l Security Council formed (the new braintrust)

• 48’: Selective Service reinstated (happy 18th men!)

The Fiery (not Cold) Domestic Front: Militarization & Fear

• 38’: HUAC formed to investigate “un-Amer. activities)– Led by Richard Nixon (crook?) (CA-S)– Paranoia, blacklisting, & the Hollywood 10

• Amer. fears - spies, espionage, commies, books, homosex. (the new witch hunt)– McCarren Int’l Security Bill (50’)

• Over Truman’s veto• Arrest of suspicious w/o evidence in emergencies

(familiar?)– Julius & Ethel Rosenberg (53’)

• ‘47: Truman’s Loyalty Program– Loyalty Review Board & oaths (~8k fed.

casualties)– Expanded to state & local lvls

• UC and CSU protests

The Hunt Begins: Second Coming of the Red Scare

• 46’: Lowly Wisc. Jr. Senator (R!)– Aggressive, paranoid, abrasive,

manipulative, & all-around fun-loving guy

• Devils w/in the Walls: capitalizing on Hiss-Chambers (50’) case– Wheeling, WV (50’) – “I have in

my hand…” an envelope of commies w/in the state dept. 205 574

– Attacking Dean Acheson & George Marshall

– Kept by Rep. for pol. value (reasserting authority)

The Greatest of Them All: Joseph McCarthy

Vs.

• Good ole-fashioned American patriotism!– The drafting of aide Schine -

you don’t mess w/the army– The power of television and

blundering fools (clips!)– 54’ censure– 3 years to cirrhosis and death

What Finally Took McCarthy Down?

• 45’: Korea split at 38th parallel w/Japanese surrender (N. accepted by S.U., S. by U.S.)• Both out by 49’

• Jun. 25, 50’ - Kim il Sung rolls S. against Syngman Rhee w/Soviet tanks– Action now = less aggression later, right?

(Truman acts!)– U.N. declaration w/Kim as aggressor

(capitalizing on the Soviets’ absence, score!)– MacArthur (Inchon, stalemate, stupidity, no sub.

for victory, see you later!)• NSC-68

– Civilization at stake defense spending 4x ($50 bil.), 3.5 mil.

servicemen– Tying together of industry, economy, & military

• 53’: Treaty & Casualties (nukes in action, $10 bil. drain, 30k dead Amer., 17k U.N. casualties, 2 mil. dead Koreans

• FTW?

Case Study #2: Korea

• Ho Chi Minh’s nat’lists v. Japan in WWII– Indep. of Dem. Rep. of

Vietnam (45’)? All men created equal? (Not on France’s watch! Or ours!)

• 54’: Dienbienphu & our $1 bil. investment

• Separation at the 17th (Minh in Hanoi, Diem in Saigon)

• 56’: No elections for you!

– 61’: 675 “advisers” in waiting

Case Study #3: Stirrings in Indochina

Cold War Beginnings

• Following WWII the US and USSR were the only two superpowers left

• Soon after WWII these two powers were in a Cold War (Icy Tensions)

• Why?- different economic systems, strategic interests, Stalin’s Speech, Iron Curtain Speech, Atomic Weapons

Pre Cold War distrust• US

– Communism antithesis of Democracy/Freedom/Capitalism

– Stalin’s Purges– Non-Aggression Pact– USSR emphasis on Worldwide communism

• USSR– US attempted to undo Revolution– Delayed attack on Western Front during WWII– Believes peace will come from worldwide

communism

Yalta Conference 1945

• Big 3 – Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin

• Germany Split into 4 Occupied Zones

• Soviet vs. Western Allies (Tension for Four Decades)

• Agreement to create United Nations

Potsdam- 1945

• Big 3 – Truman, Churchill, Stalin

• Meeting more tense (Truman’s style, plus knowledge of da bomb)

• Presses Stalin for free elections in Eastern Europe

• Stalin later gives speech saying Capitalism and Communism cannot exist in same world

United States 1946

• Churchill Warns of an “Iron Curtain” in Europe

• Stalin calls speech an act of war, beginning of the Cold War

Truman Doctrine- 1946• Turkey and Greece faced Communist

revolutions

• Truman asks for and recieves 400 million to aid fight against communism

• Beginning of Containment Policy (not allow communism to spread)– Becomes guiding US policy into 1970’s

Western Europe 1947• The Marshall Plan gives aid to European

Nations

• Rebuilt Western Europe, threatened Communism

Berlin, Germany

• Stalin cuts off access to Berlin, US sends airplanes with supplies

• Stalin backs off, Victory for West

Western Europe/ North America 1949

• NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization

• USSR creates Warsaw Pact in 1955

USSR/China- 1949

• USSR develops A-Bomb

• Arms race develops between US and USSR

• China falls to the Communists

Korea

• Communist North Korea Invades South Korea

• UN and West aid South Korea while Soviet Union and China aid North Korea

• 1950-1953

38th Parallel

Inchon Landing

Yalu River

Truman Fires Macarthur

Introduction tothe Cold War

What is the Cold War?

The Cold War is the conflict that existed

between the United States and Soviet Union

from 1945 to 1991. It is called “cold” because

the two sides never went to war directly with

each other.

If the US & USSR Never Fought Directly, why do we call it a war?

• Many wars WERE fought between Communists (supported by the USSR) and anti-Communists (supported by US)

• The US and USSR competed for power by using their political, economic, and military clout throughout the world

• Both sides felt their national survival was at stake

Presentation Outline

I. Significance of the Cold War

II. Causes of the Cold War

III. Historical Background

IV. Events of the Cold War

Part I. The Significance of the Cold War

Why should we study the Cold War?

How has the Cold War affected US History ?

• Brought the world to the brink of nuclear destruction

• Was the direct cause of the US wars in Korea and Vietnam

• Led to the 1969 moon landing

• Is largely responsible for the US national debt

• Shaped the post-World War II era

1. To the brink of nuclear destruction

The US & the USSR raced to be ahead of one another in atomic warfare, building thousands of nuclear weapons much more powerful than those used in World War II.

2. War in Korea & Vietnam

The US fought 2 wars to contain the spread of Communism. The spread of Communism was seen as a growth in the power of the USSR. Over 100,000 Americans were killed.

3. To the Moon

The Soviets and

Americans competed to develop new technology.

When the Soviets were

the first to launch a

satellite, the US raced to be the first to the moon.

4. We’re still paying...

The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. 1 reason is that it could not keep up with the US in defense spending. The US went heavily into debt to beat the Soviets.

5. Shaping the World

Why is there a North and South Korea? Why was there an East and West Germany? Why did the US support some dictators and oppose some free elections? Answer: Cold War

Part II: What Caused the Cold War?

The US and USSR fought against a common enemy in World War II.

The alliance did not last long. What caused the US and USSR to turn from allies to enemies?

Cause #1: Mistrust• The 2 nations simply did not trust each

other. Each felt that the other was out to undermine them. When disagreement arose, both sides assumed the worst. For example:

• The Soviets remembered the attempt by US forces to overthrow the Communist Government during their civil war.

• The US felt that Stalin had broken promises about free elections in Eastern Europe after World War II.

Cause #2: Competition for Power

• The US and USSR emerged from World War II as the most powerful nations in the world.

• Both wanted to create a “new world order” that would protect their interests.

• Often, the 2 sides would disagree on what that should be. This produced conflict.

Cause #3: Competing Ideologies

• An ideology is a way of looking at the world or a system of beliefs.

• The Soviets had a communist dictatorship and opposed capitalism.

• The Americans had a capitalist democracy and opposed communism.

IN DEPTH: Why did the United States Hate & Fear

Communism?

A) What is communism?

B) Why did the US feel threatened by it?

Communism: What is It?

• Karl Marx wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848.

• In this book, he explained his ideas on Communism. This became a model for the Communist governments of the 1900s.

Quotes from Marx:

“Society as a whole is more and more splitting into two great hostile

camps...:Bourgeoisie (the class of modern Capitalists, owners of the means of

...production and employers of wage labor) and Proletariat (the class of modern wage

laborers who, having no means of production of their own, are reduced to

selling their labor in order to live)”

“The theory of Communists may be summed up in a single sentence: Abolition of private

property.”

“Communism abolishes all eternal truths,

it abolishes all religion”

The Communists “openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions. Let the ruling class tremble

at a Communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but

their chains. They have a world to win. WORKING MEN OF ALL

COUNTRIES UNITE”

Summary• Communism favors collective or

community ownership of property

• The government (acting for the people) makes economic decisions

• “From each according to his capacity, to each according to his needs.”

• Communists seek to overthrow existing governments in revolutions.

And why did Americans dislike it?

• Many felt Communism discouraged hard work and promoted laziness

• Communism took away personal freedom and individuality

• Communism was opposed to religion

• The USSR was a brutal dictatorship--people equated Communism with dictatorship

Part III. Historical Background

A. The Russian Revolution

B. USSR (1917-1939)

C. Post-War Disagreement

A. Russian Revolution• Until 1917, Russia has

been ruled by a Czar (King-like dictator)

• In 1917, Russia experienced 2 revolutions

• After a brief Republican government, the Communists took control in October led by Vladimir Lenin (left)

A Civil War Erupts• Russia fought a Civil War from 1918-1921.

• On one side were the Communists or RED Russians (also called Bolsheviks).

• On the other side were the anti-Communist White Russians (nothing to do with race)

• A number of nations sent troops to the aid of the White Russians, including the USA.

• The Communists won the war and firmly established the Communist dictatorship that would last 70 years.

B. USSR (1922-1991)

• The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was created in 1922.

• It consisted of Russia and eventually 14 other large Republics

• It spanned 11 time zones and was the world’s largest nation.

Stalin Comes To Power

• The US did not establish relations with the USSR until 1933

• After Lenin’s death, Joseph Stalin was able to take control of the USSR.

• Stalin ruthlessly created a totalitarian regime.

C. Post-War Disagreement

• The challenge: the US, USSR, and Britain would have to lay the foundation for a stable and peaceful post-war world.

What did the US Want?

• The US wanted a democratic world, sharing “American” values.

• The US wanted a community of nations committed to free trade.

What did the USSR want?

• Stalin wanted security.

• Believing that the west was a threat to any Communist nation, he sought a “buffer zone.”

• This meant control of Eastern Europe.

Alliance Fades Into Conflict

• Why didn’t Truman tell Stalin when he would use the atomic bomb on Japan?

• Who should control the lands conquered during World War II? [Germany, Eastern Europe, Japan, Korea, etc.]

• Did Stalin promise free elections in Eastern Europe and then break his promise?

Summary• The World War II alliance between the US

and the USSR should really be seen as a temporary arrangement to defeat a common enemy.

• Deep differences in politics, economics, and history divided the nations.

• Disagreement over what the post-war world should look like split the alliance into to competing camps. They would compete for 40 years.

Part IV. Significant Events

Feb. 1945 Yalta Agreement

• The “Big 3” Meet at Yalta

• The USSR agrees to enter the war in the Pacific.

• Stalin demands control of Eastern Europe but makes vague promises to allow free elections in the future.

Feb. 1946 Early Tensions

• By 1946, Stalin had declared that there would be no lasting peace with capitalism. At this time, he controlled Eastern Europe and refused to hold elections in Poland.

• Truman, mindful of Munich, took a tough approach to dealings with Stalin.

1946 Kennan’s Telegram

• Early in 1946, Soviet expert George Kennan sent a sixteen page telegram from Moscow to Washington.

• He argued that the Soviets were fanatical and that the US must act firmly to CONTAIN Soviet aggression and influence.

• Containment became the overall US policy toward the USSR.

1946: Iron Curtain Speech

• Former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill gave a speech at a small college in Missouri in which he warned of growing Soviet Power.

• Some consider this speech a declaration of Cold War pitting East vs. West.

1947: Truman Doctrine

• In the Spring of 1947, it looked as though Communist forces may overthrow the governments of Greece and Turkey.

• Truman asked congress for aid packages to prevent this from happening. This becomes known as the Truman Doctrine.

Truman Doctrine

• “I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.”

--Harry S. Truman, 1947

1947: Marshall Plan

• Convinced that all of Europe was susceptible to Communism because of the economies were in shambles, the US pledged a massive aid program totaling $17 Billion.

• It worked: Western Europe Recovered and Communism did not take root.

CONTAINMENT

US Cold War policy in one word.

1948: Berlin Airlift

• Germany had been split in half. Berlin had also been split, but was in East Germany. The West refused to give up West Berlin.

• Stalin tried to force surrender by blockading West Berlin.

• The West refused to give up and airlifted supplies to West Berlin.

1949: NATO Formed

• The North Atlantic Treaty Organization consisting of the US, Canada, and Western Europe becomes the first peace-time alliance in US history.

• The USSR counters with the Warsaw Pact in 1955.

1949: Year of Fear

• Nationalists lose the Civil War in China.

• Soviets explode their first atomic bomb.

1949: NSC-68

• Top-secret report suggests that the USSR is bent on “World domination” and that the US should quadruple its defense spending.

• The US follows this policy.

1950-1953 Korean War

http://www.koreanwar.org/index1.html

Key Events• June, 1950—North Korea (communist)

invades South Korea (non-communist)

• UN supports a police action to protect South Korea

• Douglas MacArthur, UN commander, makes a brilliant landing at Inchon and pushes the North Koreans back

Key Events (continued)

• MacArthur continues to push North, provoking China’s entry into the war.

• A bloody stalemate develops

• Truman wants a negotiated peace, MacArthur says “there is no substitute for victory” and begins to openly criticize Truman. Truman fires MacArthur.

Key Events (continued)

• A cease-fire is agreed to in 1953 which places the border near the 38 th parallel (as it was before the war).

• 40,000+ Americans and hundreds of thousands of Koreans and Chinese are killed.

Conclusion

• The Cold War continued until the late 1980s when Communism collapsed in Eastern Europe. Events that we will study in the coming weeks include:Sputnik & Space Race

Cuban Missile Crisis

Vietnam War

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

The Cold War

Origins of the Cold War

• The cold war began with mistrust between the Soviet Union (red) and the western democracies (blue).

Soviet Distrust of the West

• The Soviet Union felt it had good cause to distrust the west.

1. Western Opposition to Bolsheviks

• In 1919, Russia’s former World War I allies (Britain, France and the United States) joined the "White Russians" to fight off the Bolsheviks following the revolution.

2. The Result: USSR Suspicious of West

– This intervention failed and the Red Army of the Bolsheviks secured the power of the new Soviet state. The young USSR government never quite trusted the western democracies after that.

3. Disregard for Soviet Diplomatic Goals

– The western democracies did not invite the Soviet Union to participate in the World War I peace talks or the League of Nations.

4. West Did Not Aid in Spanish Civil War

– The west did not aid the Republicans fighting the fascists in the Spanish Civil War.

5. USSR Not Invited to Munich Conference

• The west did not invite the Soviets to the Munich Conference which decided the fate of Czechoslovakia in the years leading up to World War II, even though the Soviet Union had a security pact with Czechoslovakia.

Western Distrust of the Soviets

• The west, for its part, never trusted the Soviet Union.

1. Fear of Socialism

– The avowed purpose of the International Communist Party was to secure world wide communist revolution. There was a great fear of socialism in Europe and America.

2. Soviet Annexation of Eastern Poland

– The Soviets negotiated an agreement with Hitler and annexed eastern Poland.

3. Soviet Designs on Eastern Europe

– By the end of the war Britain and the United States distrusted the Soviet motives in eastern Europe.

Uneasy Alliance During World War II

• This mutual distrust was suppressed during World War II when for practical reasons (the common enemy of Hitler's Germany) the western allies and the Soviet Union became uneasy allies.

Western Delay in Opening 2nd Front

• Stalin believed that the western allies were dragging their feet in opening up the "second front" in Europe, so necessary to take the pressure off the struggling Soviet forces in the east.

Soviet Desire for Friendly Govt’s

• Stalin was open about wanting "friendly governments" in Eastern Europe to protect his country's western frontier from another invasion like the invasion so recently experienced by Germany.

• All of this was in the air when Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt met at the end of World War II.

Decisions at Yalta

• The physical structure of the cold war was put into place at the end of World War II.

• Winston Churchill, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin agreed in February of 1945 at Yalta to divide Germany into four occupation zones.

Soviet Influence in Eastern Europe• It was agreed that the Soviet Union would

have the greatest influence in eastern Europe, where Soviet troops were concentrated. – They already occupied Poland, Bulgaria,

Romania, Hungary and parts of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, and it would have been difficult to come to an agreement which involved removing these troops.

– Roosevelt agreed because he had little choice.

Governments Friendly to Soviets

• Finally, it was agreed that independent governments would be established in these lands, and that elections would be free, but the governments would be "friendly to the Soviet Union."

• This is the beginning of what Winston Churchill would later call the "Iron Curtain" which divided Europe for 45 years.

Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin at Yalta

Strained Relations at Potsdam

• When the allies met again at Potsdam in July of 1945, relations were more strained.

• Roosevelt had been replaced by Truman, who was not inclined to humor Stalin once he found out that there had been a successful test of the atomic bomb.

• America no longer desperately needed Soviet help in the war against Japan.

• America had halted aid to the Soviet Union because of concerns over Russian behavior in the East.

Truman and Stalin at Potsdam

Soviet Consolidation of Power

• Between 1945-1948 the Soviets under Stalin consolidated their power in Eastern Europe. – Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania,

Bulgaria, Hungary became part of the "Soviet Bloc" – or "satellite system."

– Within the communist parties of these countries there were purges to remove national communists - one in four were removed.

Yugoslavia Remained Independent

• Yugoslavia under Tito was an exception to Soviet control. It practiced "national communism" and was able to remain independent largely due to western economic aid.

The Iron Curtain

• As early as 1946, Winston Churchill saw what was happening. “An Iron Curtain has descended upon Europe”

Origins of the Truman Doctrine

• In 1947 The United States responded to what appeared to be a clear Soviet attempt to spread communism into Eastern Europe. It declared the Truman Doctrine aimed at stopping the further spread of communism.

Provisions of the Truman Doctrine

• "I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.

• I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.

• I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes."

The Marshall Plan

• The announcement of The Truman Doctrine and The Marshall Plan (providing economic aid to European countries, both east and west) by the United States in 1947 caused Stalin further doubt about the Western Allies' intentions. It was in this atmosphere that the Berlin crisis arose.

Berlin

• Berlin was located completely within the eastern side of Germany which was occupied by the Russians.

GermanyBerlin

Unification of Western Zones

• Britain and the United States unified the western zones of Berlin in 1948, and announced a new currency there.

Berlin Blockade

• Stalin responded on June 24 by attempting to force the western allies out of Berlin altogether.

• He cut off rail and road access to the western side of the city.

Berlin Airlift

• Between June 1948 and May 1949, the Western Allies mounted a massive airlift to keep the western sectors supplied. This broke the blockade. On may 12, 1949 Stalin lifted the blockade and the Cold War was underway.

Two Armed Camps

• In May 1949 the Federal Republic of Germany was created.

• In September the Soviet-supported Republic of Germany was established in the East.

• The establishment of NATO and The Warsaw Pact (military organization) in the same year gave teeth to this formal division. Europe was now two armed camps.

Soviet Development of Atomic Bomb

• The Soviets were not far behind the US in developing the atomic bomb and accomplished it in 1949

The Arms Race

• Once the Soviet Union successfully tested the atomic bomb, the arms race was on.

• MAD (mutually assured destruction) was designed to keep both sides from "pushing the button," by giving both sides equality in "kill power."

American backyard fallout shelter 1960

Origins of theCold War

Developmentof the Cold War

• The Cold War (1945-91) was one of perception where neither side fully understood the intentions and ambitions of the other. This led to mistrust and military build-ups.

• United States – U.S. thought that Soviet expansion would

continue and spread throughout the world.– They saw the Soviet Union as a threat to their way

of life; especially after the Soviet Union gained control of Eastern Europe.

Developmentof the Cold

War• Soviet Union

– They felt that they had won World War II. They had sacrificed the most (25 million vs. 300,000 total dead) and deserved the “spoils of war.” They had lost land after WWI because they left the winning side; now they wanted to gain land because they had won.

– They wanted to economically raid Eastern Europe to recoup their expenses during the war.

– They saw the U.S. as a threat to their way of life; especially after the U.S. development of atomic weapons.

Cold War Mobilizationby the U.S.

• Alarmed Americans viewed the Soviet occupation of eastern European countries as part of a communist expansion, which threatened to extend to the rest of the world.

• In 1946, Winston Churchill gave a speech at Fulton College in Missouri in which he proclaimed that an “Iron Curtain” had fallen across Europe.

• In March 1947, U.S. president Harry Truman proclaimed the Truman Doctrine.

The Truman Doctrine (1947)

• Reasoning– Threatened by Communist influence in Turkey

and Greece – “Two hostile camps” speech

• Financial aid “to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation”

• Sent $400 million worth of war supplies to Greece and helped push out Communism

• The Truman Doctrine marked a new level of American commitment to a Cold War.

The Policy of Containment

• Definition: – By applying firm diplomatic, economic, and

military counterpressure, the United States could block Soviet aggression.

• Formulated by George F. Kennan as a way to stop Soviet expansion without having to go to war.

• Ironically, the Soviets were looking for insulation from the Capitalist West.

NSC-68

• The Containment Doctrine would later be expanded in 1949 in NSC-68, which called for a dramatic increase in defense spending

• From $13 billion to $50 billion a year, to be paid for with a large tax increase.

• NSC-68 served as the framework for American policy over the next 20 years.

The Marshall Plan(1947-48)

• War damage and dislocation in Europe invited Communist influence

• Economic aid to all European countries offered in the European Recovery Program

• $17 billion to western Europe

• Soviets refused – The blame for dividing Europe fell on the Soviet union, not the United States. And the Marshall Plan proved crucial to Western Europe’s economic recovery.

DividingGermany

• U.S., Britain, and France merged their zones in 1948 to create an independent West German state.

• The Soviets responded by blockading land access to Berlin. The U.S. began a massive airlift of supplies that lasted almost a year. (7,000 tons a day) In May 1949 Stalin lifted the blockade, conceding that he could not prevent the creation of West Germany.

• Thus, the creation of East and West Germany

North Atlantic Treaty Organization & the Warsaw Pact

• Stalin’s aggressive actions accelerated the American effort to use military means to contain Soviet ambitions.

• The U.S. joined with Canada, Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg to establish NATO, a mutual defense pact in 1949.

• Pledged signers to treat an attack against one as an attack against all.

• When West Germany joined NATO in 1955, the Soviet Union countered by creating its own alliance system in eastern Europe– the Warsaw Pact (1955)

The Cold War Heats Up:Problems of the Atomic Age

• The most frightening aspect of the Cold War was the constant threat of nuclear war.– Russia detonated its first atom bomb in 1949.– Truman ordered construction of the hydrogen

bomb.

• Call for buildup of conventional forces to provide alternative to nuclear war.

Global Nuclear Confrontation

• The Soviet army had at its command over 260 divisions. • The United States, in contrast, had reduced its forces by

1947 to little more than a single division. – American military planners were forced to adopt a nuclear

strategy in face of the overwhelmingly superiority of Soviet forces.

– They would deter any Soviet attack by setting in place a devastating atomic counterattack.

• For the next quarter century, the U.S. and the USSR would engage in a nuclear arms race that constantly increased the destructive capability of both sides.

“Losing China”• Truman was preoccupied with

Europe. • Events in Asia would soon

bring charges from Republicans that the Democrats were letting the Communists win.

• After “losing” China, the United States sought to shore up friendly Asian regimes.

The Korean War(1950-53)

• Since World War II the country had been divided along the 38th parallel– The North was controlled

by the Communist government of Kim Il Sung

– The South by the dictatorship of Syngman Rhee.


• Soviet-backed troops from North Korea invaded U.S.-backed South Korea in June 1950.

• The confrontation between capitalist and Communist blocs turned into open military struggle.

The Korean War (1950-53)• Stalin had agreed to the North Korean attack, but

promised only supplies. – He would eventually send pilots dressed in Chinese uniforms

and using Chinese phrases over the radio

• Having already “lost” China, it was decided that the United States would fight the North Koreans. – It would use enough force to deter aggression, but without

provoking a larger war with the Soviet Union or China.– The U.S. would not declare war. The United Nations

sanctioned aid to South Korea as a “police action.”


• The U.N. Security Council declared North Korea the aggressor and sent troops from 15 nations to restore peace.– Under the command of General Douglas MacArthur – U.S. 350,000; South Korean 400,000; other UN members 50,000

– The move succeeded only because the Soviet delegate, who had veto power, was absent because he was protesting the UN’s refusal to recognize the Communist government in China.

Side effects of the Korean War

• Energized America’s anti-Communist commitments– No longer did elected officials hesitate about the need to

contain Soviet communism at any cost. • NATO forces were rapidly expanding.

– By 1952, there were 261,000 American troops stationed in Europe, three times the number in 1950.

– By 1953, NATO forces had reached 7 million.• Truman also increased assistance to the French in

Indochina, creating the Military Assistance Advisory Group for Indochina. – This was the start of America’s deepening involvement in

Vietnam.

MilitaryDevelopments

• MacArthur pushed the North Koreans back to the 38th Parallel.– He then decided to

invade the North in an effort to unify Korea

– Chinese Communist “volunteers” entered the war and pushed U.S. back.

Map of the Korean War

Dismissal of MacArthur

• MacArthur wanted to blockade China and use Taiwanese Nationalists to invade mainland China. – He ordered China to make peace or be attacked.

• Truman removed MacArthur from all his commands and replaced him with General Matthew Ridgway who gradually pushed back almost to original line.

End of war

• Snags in negotiations.• Truce talks lasted for two years.• Truce signed on July 27, 1953• Cost of the war

– U.S. – 33,000 deaths and 103,000 wounded and missing.

– S. Korean – 1 million– N. Korean and Chinese – about 1.5

million

The Cold War 1947-1989… 1.What is it?

• Constant global confrontation between the Soviet Union and United States.

• Avoidance of direct armed conflict between the two “Superpowers”.

from www.SchoolHistory.co.uk

The Cold War begins 1945 -1948

Key issue:

• Why did the wartime alliance fall apart?

• What were the major points of difference?

• The importance of Yalta and Potsdam conferences

• The roles of Stalin and Truman

2. Yalta and Potsdam

YALTA (in the USSR)YALTA (in the USSR)Date: Feb 1945Date: Feb 1945

Present: Churchill, Present: Churchill, Roosevelt and StalinRoosevelt and Stalin

War Time Allies-The Big Three

Winston Churchill

Franklin Roosevelt

Joseph Stalin

POTSDAM (Germany)POTSDAM (Germany)Date: July 1945Date: July 1945

Present: Churchill, Present: Churchill, Truman and StalinTruman and Stalin

3. From Allies to Enemies3. From Allies to EnemiesFollowing victory the allies could not agree over the spoils of war. The U.S. wanted to establish democracy in war torn Europe, while the U.S.S.R. hoped for communism. They agreed to occupy Germany with the Allied Control Council. The Soviets had 2.5 million troops in Eastern Europe.

Potsdam July 1945

4. The Iron Curtain

• Winston Churchill– Speech at Westminster College in Fulton,

Missouri on March 5, 1946.

• “An iron curtain has descended across the Continent.”

• Describes Soviet sphere of influence and control in eastern Europe.

An Iron CurtainAn Iron Curtain The "Iron Curtain"

speech defined postwar relations with the Soviet Union for citizens of Western democracies. Although it initially provoked intense controversy in the United States and Britain, criticism soon gave way to wide public agreement to oppose Soviet imperialism.

Winston Churchill

5. NATONorth Atlantic Treaty

Organization

Established in 1949.– Military Alliance between U.S., Canada, and western Europe with

a formal command structure.– Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (Brussels, Belgium)

• U.S. Commander in Chief, European Command

– Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic (Norfolk, Virginia)• U.S. Commander in Chief, Atlantic Command

– Warsaw Pact established by the Soviet Union to counter NATO in 1955 - includes eastern European communist states.

…KEEP THIS IN MIND

• Major point: The USSR lost around 20 million people in WW2

• Stalin was determined to make the USSR secure in the future

• By contrast GB lost around 370,000 and the USA lost 297,000 people.

5. The rise of the superpowers

• Before WW2 there were a number of countries which could have claimed to be superpowers – USA, USSR,GB, France, Japan, Germany.

• The damage caused by the war to these countries left only two countries with the military strength and resources to be called superpowers…USA and USSR.

What they believed

• Don’t forget USA was capitalist and USSR was communist

• They were complete opposites

• They had allied against Fascism ….. Now the common enemy had been defeated the reason for co-operation was gone

• Differences soon emerged

Europe at the end of WW2

• After the war, who would lead the countries and form new governments?

• The USSR favoured the communist groups, the USA favoured the non-communists

• Examples would be Greece and Yugoslavia

• This was one cause of tension between the superpowers

Harry Truman gives Japan an ultimatum to end the Pacific theatre after the first atomic bomb explodes.

6. The Atomic Bomb6. The Atomic BombHiroshima August 1945Hiroshima August 1945

The atomic bomb dropped by the U.S.to end W.W. II August 1945

Continued ExperimentationContinued ExperimentationThe Bikini Atoll-The Bikini Atoll-Marshall IslandsMarshall Islands.

A bomb test , July 1946. The U.S. relocated the residents prior to this test, but the indigenous people of this island have not been able to return since.

ExperimentationExperimentation in the Soviet Union in the Soviet Union

August 29, 1949

The Soviets called their first atomic

test “First Lightning.“

The weapons laboratory in Russia is in Kazakhstan.

Nov. 1, 1952, the first H-bomb Mike tested,mushroom cloud was 8 miles across and 27 miles high;the canopy was 100 miles wide, 80 million tons of earth was vaporized. H-bomb exploded Mar. 1, 1954 at Bikini Atoll yielded 15 megatons and had a fireball 4 miles in diameter.USSR H-bomb yields 100 megatons.

H-bomb

7. Capitalism & Communism In other words

• United Nations established.– Security Council - Veto power for permanent members.– General Assembly.

• MacArthur commands U.S. army of occupation in Japan.• U.S., Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union divide

Germany into zones of occupation.– Federal Republic of (West) Germany - 1949.

• U.S. initially enjoys atomic bomb monopoly.– Neglect of conventional military forces begins.

• Communist control of Eastern Europe.– “Puppet” states dominated by the Soviet Union.

The cold The cold warwar

• The term “Cold War” was coined by newspaper columnist, Walter Lippmann, to refer to a state of war that did not involve actual bloodshed.

• It came to be used to describe the icy rivalry that existed between the U.S. and Soviet Union

East – West suspicions

• once the common enemies of Germany and Japan were defeated, the fragile alliance between the democratic nations and the Soviet Union fell apart

• Why?

Satellites

• As fighting ended, Soviet troops occupied much of Eastern Europe and “encouraged” the development of communist governments in these countries– satellite nations

• Heightened American fears of communism

The Iron Curtain

• In a speech in Fulton, Missouri in March of 1946, Winston Churchill warned that an “iron curtain” had fallen across Europe

• This phrase would be used to describe Soviet policy in Europe from 1945 - 1989

What’s so good about COMMUNISM ??

• Promised to abolish poverty, privilege, and private property

• Guaranteed work, shelter, education, health care, and a classless society

Western response• “get tough” policy of

meeting Soviet challenge with force if necessary

• The containment policy was based on the belief that foreign policy goals of Soviet leaders included conquering other nations

Aid to Europe

• Truman Doctrine: military support for countries believed to be in danger of a communist takeover– first applied to Greece and Turkey

What was the Marshall Plan?• American aid to Europe in the form of

money, supplies, and machinery

• How would this benefit the U.S.?

Cold war alliances

• NATO (1949)• Military alliance between North America

and Western Europe against the Soviets

• Based on collective security

The Soviets Respond to NATO

• Warsaw Pact (1955)

• alliance between Soviet Union and its satellites

COLD WAR in ASIA

Ch. 20.2

U.S. goals

At the close of World War II, the aims of the U.S. in Asia were to restore peace, help Asian peoples to resist foreign rule, and restore Asian trade with the world.

The U.S. felt it had a special commitment to the Philippines, Japan, and China

Occupation of Japan

• The agreement regarding Japan (Potsdam Declaration) provided that:

• Japanese militarists be punished• Japan disarmed• Japanese rule be restricted to their home

islands• the Japanese be reeducated so that a

democratic Japanese nations could be formed

OCCUPIED JAPAN

• These goals were overseen by General Douglas MacArthur

• Japan gained back its independence in 1951

Communism in China

• Civil war between Nationalists and Communists since 1930s but put on the back burner during World War II to fight the Japanese

Civil War in China • After Japan surrendered, the conflict

flared up.

• As the Communists, led by Mao Zedong, gained strength, the Nationalists appealed to the U.S.

• the U.S. focused on containment in Western Europe instead

• China fell to Communist forces

Invasion of Inchon, Korea.

Bob Hope, radio and screen star, sits with men of X Corps, as members of his troupe entertain at Wonsan, Korea.

Marilyn Monroe sings several songs for men of the First Marine Division.

• Truman would come head-to-head with his Commanding Officer, MacArthur, over the general’s outspoken criticism of military decisions and insistence that victory be attained by direct bombing of Chinese cities.

Taft-Hartley Act

• intended to check the power of unions

• outlawed the closed shop

• Unions were forbidden to use their money to support political campaigns

• required labor leaders to take loyalty oaths

1948 election

• Split in Democratic party

1. Southern Democrats (Dixicrats) supported South Carolina governor Strom Thurmond

• Liberal Democrats supported Progressive candidate former VP Henry Wallace

• Harry Truman was re-nominated only after party leaders failed to persuade General Eisenhower to run

• Republican candidate was Thomas Dewey (Governor of New York)

• Truman won a close race by winning support of labor, African Americans and farmers (former New Deal coalition)

Fair Deal

• Truman called for a return to Roosevelt’s New Deal policies.

• Congress blocked most of Truman’s proposals

Fear of communism

• Cold war

• Korean war

• China

• Spies

• Atomic bomb

McCarthy’s Witch Hunt• McCarthyism: use of indiscriminate,

unfounded political accusations to destroy the character of one’s opponent

Seeing Red McCarthyism was

mainly used against Democrats associated with the New Deal policies introduced by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s.

Blacklisted!

The paranoid hunt for infiltrators was notoriously difficult on writers and entertainers, many of whom were labeled communist sympathizers and were unable to continue working.

The power of television

In 1954, Senator Joseph McCarthy went too far when he took on the United States Army, accusing it of promoting communists. The Senate held special hearings, known as the Army-McCarthy hearings, which were among the first to be televised nationally.

The end of the witch hunt Before the year was out McCarthy, whose

charges had first hit the headlines in February 1950, was censured by his colleagues for "conduct unbecoming a senator."

Truman’s legacy

• Seen as “soft” on communism

• Corruption in his administration

• Most of the Fair Deal measures he called form eventually became law

• Containment policy was continued by other Presidents

Postwar Society and EconomySome Generalizations

Economy

•“Boom” Times •Age of Affluence•GNP - $500 Billion•Reasons •Keynesian Eco.•Flaws

Society

•Population Boom•200 Million of Us•Greater Mobility•Homogenization•Social Change•The Other America

In the Arena of Politics…•America’s Rise to Globalism•Waging the Cold War•Domestic Politics – Key Issues

•The State of the Economy •Liberalism v. Conservatism •Social Fabric Issues

Two Presidents Governed During Our Crucial Decade: Harry Truman and Dwight Eisenhower

Why or Why Not?

•Goals?•Truman’s Policies?•Assessment?

Liberalism and Reconversion•The “Twenty-One Points”•The Employment Act•“Reconversion” Issues

•What to Do with the Army?•What to Do with Controls?•Inflation Concerns•The “Wage-Price Spiral”•Postwar Labor Unrest•1946 – 5,000 Strikes!

•1946 Midterm Elections•“Had Enough?”•“To Err is Truman”•The 80th Congress

•Tax Cut•Taft-Hartley Act•22nd Amendment

•1947 – Pres. Secession Act

The 1948 Election

•Issues•Candidates

•Dem’s: Truman•S. Dem’s: Thurmond•Progressives: Wallace•Rep’s: Dewey

Thomas Dewey Harry Truman

What’s Wrong with This Picture?

The Results…

The Fair DealSome Gains

•Liberalism Continued•Minimum Wage•Social Security•Farm Subsidies•Low Income Housing

Shortcomings

•Retreat from Lib.•Health Care•Aid to Education•No Repeal of T-H•Civil Rights Laws

Truman andCivil Rights•Ex. Commission•“To Secure These Rights”•Recommended Legislation•No Action•Truman?•New FEPC•Exe. Orders…

In 1945 Winston Churchill said that the United States stood at the summit of the world. Discuss the developments in the thirty years following Churchill's speech which called the global preeminence of the United States into question.

Why did United States foreign policy after the Second World War (1945-1960) take a different direction from that after the First World War (1918-1939)?Give approximately equal attention to both periods.

Analyze the influence of TWO of the following on American-Soviet relations in the decade following the Second World War.Yalta ConferenceCommunist revolution in ChinaKorean WarMcCarthyism

"Harry S. Truman was a realistic, pragmatic President who skillfully led the American people against the menace posed by the Soviet Union."Assess the validity of this generalization for President Truman's foreign policy from 1945-1953.

Analyze the ways in which THREE of the following called into question United States preeminence as a global power.

The postwar reconstruction of Germany and JapanNuclear proliferationThe Vietnam WarThe Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

How do you account for the appeal of McCarthyism in the United States in the era following the Second World War?

29 truman - cold war 2015

Education

world ussr

world trade

world war2

world opinion4

body of nations

nonaligned nations

current us ambassador

nations nonaligned