The Cold War Abroadand at Home

The Truman Doctrine

The Marshall Plan

• Secretary of State George C. Marshall

• Aka: the European Recovery Program

• Congress approved in 1948

• Soviets refused to accept aid

• France, UK, W. Germany, Belgium, Italy, Norway, Denmark, Greece, Turkey, & 8 other European nations received loans and grants of $13 billion over 4 years

Extreme measure to stop the exodus from E. Europe

Partitioning of Berlin, 1949

A Massive Operation

Berlin Airlift

• 2.5 West Berliners• June 1948/ Sept. ’49• 200,000 flights• 13,000 tons per day• Food, fuel, medicine• C-47 & C-54 planes• 77 men died including

31 Americans

NATO

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization

• 1946: Louis St. Laurent proposed idea

• Truman agreed

• 1949 Charter

• Canada, USA, Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway and Portugal

• Collective security

Warsaw Pact

• 1955 Soviet Union’s answer to NATO

• Military Alliance• USSR, Albania,

Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, East Germany, Hungary, Romania

Soviets Get the Bomb

• Sept. 1949 Truman reports explosion in the USSR

• 1952 first U.S. thermonuclear test

China Falls to Communism

• Nationalists vs. Communists since 1920s

• United against Japan in WWII

• Split after Japan left• U.S. support Jiang

Jieshi & Nationalists• 1949 Mao in Peking

Cold War At Home

• Active Communist party during Depression

• WWII changed acceptance

• Anti-Communist crusade persecutes members and former members.

• Knowledge of espionage fueled fears

• Truman established “Loyalty Review Board” for Federal employees

• Several million examined

HUAC

• The House Un-American Activities Committee (est. 1938)

• 1947 HUAC accused Hollywood Ten

• “Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist party?”

• Fifth Amendment plea led to jail sentences

• Paranoia led to “blacklisting”

McCarran-Walter Act

• 1952 Congress passed this law establishing quotas for immigrants from Asia, Southern and Central Europe

• Truman vetoed McCarran-Walter

• Congress overrode the veto

Spy Cases

• Alger Hiss, former high ranking State Dept. official; accused by Whittaker Chambers

• Convicted of Perjury and sentenced to 4 years in prison

• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

• Passing atomic weapon secrets to Soviet Union during WWII

Alger Hiss Soviet SpyRichard Nixon

Commie Slayer

TREASONConvicted spies Julius & Ethel Rosenberg Their innocent sons