1450-17501450-1750 satellite view of europe regionsregionsregionsregions...
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1450-17501450-17501450-17501450-1750
Satellite View of EuropeSatellite View of EuropeSatellite View of EuropeSatellite View of Europe
RREEGGIIOONNSS
RREEGGIIOONNSS
Continents by Size Continents by Size (sq. km.)(sq. km.)Continents by Size Continents by Size (sq. km.)(sq. km.)
AsiaAsia 44,579,00044,579,000
AfricaAfrica 30,065,00030,065,000
North AmericaNorth America 24,256,000 24,256,000
South AmericaSouth America 17,819,00017,819,000
AntarcticaAntarctica 13,209,00013,209,000
EuropeEurope 9,938,0009,938,000
Oceania (incl. Oceania (incl. Australia) Australia) 7,687,000 7,687,000
Why exploration?
• Basic Resources and Trade– Land, cash crops, new crops
• New trade routes to Asia– Silk, spices, porcelain, etc.
• Expand influence of Christianity– Missionary religion– Franciscan and Dominican Monks– Reconquista
THE 3 G’s
A Map of the Known World, A Map of the Known World,
pre- 1492pre- 1492
A Map of the Known World, A Map of the Known World,
pre- 1492pre- 1492
Trade Winds
Earlier ExplorationsEarlier ExplorationsEarlier ExplorationsEarlier Explorations1. Islam & the Spice Trade in Malacca
2. A New Player in Europe
3. Marco Polo, 1271
4. Expansion becomes a state enterprise and monarchs had the authority & the resources.
5. Better seaworthy ships.
6. Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”
Motives for European ExplorationMotives for European ExplorationMotives for European ExplorationMotives for European Exploration
1. Crusades -->by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
2. Renaissance -->curiosity about other lands and peoples.
3. Reformation-->refugees & missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.
New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologiesNew Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Better Maps [Portulan]
Sextant
Mariner’s Compass?
New Weapons TechnologyNew Weapons TechnologyNew Weapons TechnologyNew Weapons Technology
Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator
Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator
School for Navigation, 1419
1394-1460
West Africa
Museum of NavigationMuseum of Navigationin Lisbonin Lisbon
Museum of NavigationMuseum of Navigationin Lisbonin Lisbon
Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire
Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire
1. Exploring the west coast of Africa.
2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487
-Cape of Good Hope
1. Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut.
2. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).
Bartolomeu Dias- 1487
• nobleman of the Portuguese royal household was a Portuguese explorer who sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488
• the first European known to have done so
De Gama- 1498
• a Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India.
• For a short time in 1524, he was the Governor of Portuguese India, under the title of Viceroy
Alfonso de Albuquerque- 1510
• Portuguese nobleman, an admiral whose military and administrative activities as second governor of Portuguese India conquered and established the Portuguese colonial empire in the Indian Ocean.
• He is generally considered a world conquest military genius, given his successful strategy: he attempted to close all the Indian ocean naval passages to the Atlantic, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and to the Pacific
• The Terrible, The Great, The Caesar of the East
Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]
Genoese mariner
Christopher Columbus
• explorer, colonizer, and navigator, born in the Republic of Genoa
• Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere
• Those voyages, and his efforts to establish permanent settlements in the island of Hispaniola, initiated the process of Spanish colonization, which foreshadowed the general European colonization of the "New World".
Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages
Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages
Christopher Columbus (14521-1504)
• In the context of emerging western imperialism and economic competition between European kingdoms seeking wealth through the establishment of trade routes and colonies, Columbus' far-fetched proposal to reach the East Indies by sailing westward received the support of the Spanish crown.
• Instead of reaching Japan as he had intended, Columbus landed in the Bahamas archipelago, at a locale he named San Salvador.
• The Land Grab begins…
Other Voyages of ExplorationOther Voyages of ExplorationOther Voyages of ExplorationOther Voyages of Exploration
Voyages of Exploration
• Vasco Nunez de Balboa-->Pacific Ocean (Walked across Panama to see Pacific Ocean)
• Fernao de Magalhaes (1480-1521)-->Service of Spain (First to sail around world) Got ATE
• James Cook (1728-1779)-->Polynesia and Hawaii and Australia (Sailed for the British)
• British, French, Russians?• Trade and Conflict would follow
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
• Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador.
• Crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World
• Founded a settlement in present-day Colombia in 1510, which was the first permanent European settlement on the mainland of the Americas
Fernando de Magallanes
• Portuguese explorer Served King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the "Spice Islands" (modern Maluku Islands in Indonesia).
• Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean
• the first circumnavigation of the EarthMagellan himself did not complete
Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & Circumnavigation: Circumnavigation: Early Early
1616cc
Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & Circumnavigation: Circumnavigation: Early Early
1616cc
John Cabot / Giovanni Caboto
• Italian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of parts of North America is commonly held to have been the first European encounter with the continent of North America since the Norse Vikings
• Position of the Canadian and United Kingdom governments is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland
Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations
Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”
James Cook (1728-1779)
• British explorer, navigator and cartographer
• Made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean
• First European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, as well New Zealand
• Saw action in the Seven Years' War, and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec
The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”
The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet
Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple
Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization
Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization
Explorers Conquistadores
Mission
arie
s
PermanentSettlers
OfficialEuropeanColony!
TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americasfrom the Americas
TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americasfrom the Americas
African Trade [15c-17c]
Pre-19c European Trade with Africa
IndustrialRevolutionIndustrialRevolution
Source forRaw
Materials
Source forRaw
Materials
Markets forFinishedGoods
Markets forFinishedGoods
EuropeanNationalismEuropean
Nationalism
MissionaryActivity
MissionaryActivity
Military& NavalBases
Military& NavalBases
EuropeanMotives
For Colonization
EuropeanMotives
For Colonization
Places toDump
Unwanted/Excess Popul.
Places toDump
Unwanted/Excess Popul.
Soc. & Eco.Opportunities
Soc. & Eco.Opportunities
HumanitarianReasons
HumanitarianReasons
EuropeanRacism
EuropeanRacism
“WhiteMan’s
Burden”
“WhiteMan’s
Burden”
SocialDarwinism
SocialDarwinism
Why is Why is access to access to
water water importantimportant
??
Why is Why is access to access to
water water importantimportant
??