1Institute "Paolo Sotgiu" Quantitative & Quantum Psychiatry & Cardiology, L.U.de.S. University, Lugano, Switzerland.2Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna

1,2Massimo Cocchi, 1Lucio Tonello, 1Fabio Gabrielli

Mathematics

Mathematics

MedicineMedicine

Philosophy

Philosophy

together for a better science

Centre for Medical, Mathematical and Philosophical Studies

Three

Platelets

Fatty

Acids:

Palmiti

c, Lin

oleic & Ara

chid

onic

have

class

ified

the

M

ood

Disord

ers

ISCHEMIA

DEPRESSION

NORMAL

i Name

1 Palmitic A. C 16:0

2 Linoleic A. C 18:2

3 Arachidonic A. C 20:4

3

1i i

ii2 )

WeightMolecular

Point Melting(AB

Three Platelets Fatty

Acids:

Palmitic, Linoleic & Arachidonic

have classi

fied the

Mood

Disorders:

Bipolar & Depressi

on

Classificatio

n of Major

Depression

and Bipolar Diso

rder

The B2 Index

Corner:

OCD

Corner:

Psychotic

The aggressive features observed in OCD patients were more similar to healthy controls than to depressed patients. This suggests that aggression in OCD is a complex phenomenon that probably requires specific instruments of evaluation. Marazziti D. et al. (2005). Aggression and Platelet 3h-Paroxetine Binding in Patients Suffering from Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. In: Psychology of Aggression, J.P.Morgan (ed).

C16:0 C18:0 C18:1n9 C18:2n6 C20:4Normals 20.68 11.23 22.19 19.41 14.06Young people 18.16 10.45 22.54 21 14.71Ischemic 1 23.32 17.65 17.48 10.51 15.17Ischemic 2 19.59 42.57 13.02 4.74 12.73

C16:0 C18:0 C18:1n9 C18:2n6 C20:4Normals 20.68 11.23 22.19 19.41 14.06Young people 18.16 10.45 22.54 21 14.71 Bipolar 19.94 19.97 28.17 7.86 23.99 M. Depression 17.30 18.93 27.50 9.40 26.87

C16:0 C18:0 C18:1n9 C18:2n6 C20:4Ischemic 1 23.32 17.65 17.48 10.51 15.17Ischemic 2 19.59 42.57 13.02 4.74 12.73 Bipolar 19.94 19.97 28.17 7.86 23.99 M. Depression 17.30 18.93 27.50 9.40 26.87

C 18:2C 16:0 C 20:4

Minimun (blue) and Maximum (brown) levels of the three fatty acids

Phosphatidyl – Choline (Figure 1a) Phosphatidyl - Serine (Figure 2a)

Phosphatidyl –Ethanolamine (Figure 3a) Phosphatidyl -Inositol (Figure 4a)

Figures show the fatty acids of the brain phospholipid fractions during chick embryo development until the first day of hatching

Cocchi & Noble

Phosphatidyl – Choline Human Gray Matter (Figure 1c) Phosphatidyl – Serine Human Gray Matter (Figure 2c) from

fetal age to 1 month (CB1) and 7 months (CB2) from fetal age to 1 month (CB1) and 7 months (CB2)

Phosphatidyl – Ethanolamine Human Gray Matter (Figure 1c) Phosphatidyl –Inositol Human Gray Matter (Figure 2c)

From fetal age to 1 month (CB1) and 7 months (CB2) from fetal age to 1 month (CB1) and 7 months (CB2)

Figures show the fatty acids of the phospholipid fractions (Human Gray Matter) during human fetus development (12 wk old fetus [FB 1], 35 wk old premature fetus [FB 2], 38 wk old premature fetus [FB 3] and at 1 month (CB1) and 7 months (CB2)

Phosphatidyl – Coline Human Gray Matter (Figure 1 d) Phosphatidyl – Serine Human Gray Matter (Figure 2 d)

Phosphatidyl – Ethanolamine Human Gray Matter (Figure 3 d) Phosphatidyl – Inositol Human Gray Matter (Figure 4 d)

Figures show the fatty acids of the phospholipid fractions (Human Gray Matter) from the age of 4 to the age of 82 [4 yr old female (CB 3), 16 yr old male (AB 1), 26 yr old female (AB 2), 52 yr old female (AB 3), 81 yr old male (AB 4), 82 y-r old male (AB 5)]

Brain

& L

inoleic

AcidChicken

Palmitic Acid 23,12Linoleic Acid 1,83Arachidonic

Acid 10,59

LizardPalmitic Acid 34,7Linoleic Acid 0,5Arachidonic

Acid 14,1

PythonPalmitic Acid 26,1Linoleic Acid 2,2Arachidonic

Acid 12

B2 Index=2.4

B2 Index=8.42

B2 Index=6.29

GoosePalmitic Acid 32Linoleic Acid 0,9Arachidonic

Acid 9,1

MallardPalmitic Acid 30Linoleic Acid 0,5Arachidonic

Acid 7,6

Moorhen HenPalmitic Acid 32,8Linoleic Acid 0,5Arachidonic

Acid 9,4

King PenguinPalmitic Acid 31,4Linoleic Acid 0,4Arachidonic

Acid 5

B2 Index=7.72

B2 Index=7.50

B2 Index=7.91

B2 Index=7.54

PigPalmitic Acid 12,43Linoleic Acid 0,31Arachidonic

Acid 7,32

ManPalmitic Acid 18,16Linoleic Acid 0,35Arachidonic

Acid 11,47

B2 Index=2.92

B2 Index=4.34

IguanasPalmitic Acid 30,02Linoleic Acid 19,04Arachidonic

Acid 10,2

TurtlePalmitic Acid 6,9Linoleic Acid 12,1Arachidonic

Acid 21,8

B2 Index=1.63

B2 Index=7.3

“What is opposition is reconciled, and by different things the more beautiful harmony is created, and everything is generated by the contrast.” Heraclitus

Illustration of symmetry breaking with a clown standing on a balloon. In (A), the clown is in unstable equilibrium and the situation is symmetrical. However, any movement will make him fall down and the system (clown+balloon) then loses its symmetry (B). If the balloon is slightly flat on its base (C–F), then the system is metastable, i.e., a slight perturbation of the clown will not break the symmetry (C, D), whereas a larger perturbation will destabilize the clown (F).

The linoleic acid, may be an element of symmetry breaking?(low level: Suicide?, Ischemia?)

Linoleic Acid, is still a secret?

Perhaps, yes